Medir la Felicidad con Instagram. ¿Cuáles son las Ciudades más Felices de España?
(Measure happiness with Instagram. What are the Happiest Cities in Spain?)
Abstract
El uso de emoticonos supone un recurso expresivo de gran utilidad para los usuarios de las redes sociales digitales, debido a su capacidad para transmitir ideas y conceptos de forma visual e inmediata. Este estudio explora la posibilidad de medir la felicidad a través de los emojis empleados por los usuarios de Instagram. Dado que esta aplicación permite la geolocalización de sus publicaciones, proponemos una taxonomía basada en la clasificación de Novak et al. (2015) que aplicamos a las seis ciudades más pobladas de España, como son: Madrid, Barcelona, Valencia, Sevilla, Zaragoza y Málaga.
Fueron identificadas, desde el 10 hasta el 21 de diciembre de 2017, un total de 15234 publicaciones para su posterior análisis y que contenían, al menos, uno de los emojis seleccionados para integrar nuestra ficha de codificación, compuesta por variables como el tipo de publicación (fotografía o vídeo) o su número de “likes” y comentarios. Asimismo, se generó un “Índice de Felicidad en Instagram” (IFI) a partir de la asignación ponderada de valores numéricos a cada emoji, lo que nos permitió calcular el nivel de felicidad expresado mediante esta red social en cada una de las seis ciudades, que manifestaron, a su vez, diferencias estadísticamente significativas.
(The use of emoticons supposes an expressive resource of great utility for the users of the digital social networks, due to its capacity to transmit ideas and concepts of visual and immediate form. This study explores the possibility of measuring happiness through the emojis used by Instagramusers. Since this application allows the geolocationof their publications, we propose a taxonomy based on the classification of Novak et al. (2015) that we apply to the six most populated cities in Spain, as they are: Madrid, Barcelona, Valencia, Seville, Zaragoza and Malaga. From 10 to 21 December 2017, a total of 15234 publications were identified for subsequent analysis and which contained at least one of the emojis selected to integrate our coding card, made up of variables such as the type of publication (photograph or video) or its number of "likes" and comments. Likewise, an "Instagram Happiness Index" (IHI) was generated from the weighted assignment of numerical values to each emoji, which allowed us to calculatethe level of happiness expressed through this social network in each of the six cities,whichin turn showed statistically significant differences.)
Downloads
References
Aldunate, N., & González-Ibáñez, R. (2017). An Integrated Review of Emoticons in Computer-Mediated Communication. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.02061.
Bellens, A., Banc, N. V. L., Eloire, F., Grabar, N., Kergosien, E., & Severo, M. (2016). Social Media and European Cultural Routes: Instagram Networks on the Via Francigena. En Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Management of Digital EcoSystems(pp. 122–128). New York, NY, USA: ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/3012071.3012082.
Bhatnagar, V., Sinha, S., & Bansal, A. (2018). Multi-Label NaïVeBayes Classifier for Identification of Top Destination and Issuesto Accost by Tourism Sector. J. Glob. Inf. Manage., 26(3), 37–53. https://doi.org/10.4018/JGIM.2018070104.
Blagdon, J. (2013,marzo 4). How emoji conquered the world. TheVerge. Recuperado de https://www.theverge.com/2013/3/4/3966140/how-emoji-conquered-the-world.
Chen, X., Vo, H., & Wang, F.(2016).Annotating Geographical Objects in OpenStreetMap with Geo-tagged Social Media. En Proceedings of the 9th ACM SIGSPATIAL Workshop on Location-based Social Networks(pp. 2:1–2:8). New York, NY, USA: ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/3021304.3021306.
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences(2nd ed.). Hillsdale. New Jersey: Lawrence Earlbaum Associates.
Commission of the European Communities (2016): Flash Eurobarometer 419(Jan 2016). Quality of life in European Citieshttp://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/sources/docgener/studies/pdf/urban/survey2015_en.pdf. DOI: 10.2776/870421.
Corcoran, S. (2009, diciembre 16).Defining Earned, Owned, And Paid Media. Recuperado de:https://go.forrester.com/blogs/09-12-16-defining_earned_owned_and_paid_media/.
Danesi, M. (2016). The semiotics of emoji: The rise of visual language in the age of the internet. London, UK: Bloomsbury Acdemic.de Lis, P.F. (2017, mayo 30). Instagram tiene 12 millones de usuarios en España. El País. Recuperado de: https://elpais.com/tecnologia/2017/05/30/actualidad/1496130523_675595.html.
Durahim, A. O., & Coşkun, M. (2015). #iamhappybecause: Gross National Happiness through Twitter analysis and big data. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 99, 92-105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2015.06.035
Emojipedia (s.f.). Emojipedia—Home of Emoji Meanings . Recuperado a partir dehttps://emojipedia.org/
Fowler, J. H., & Christakis, N. A. (2008). Dynamic spread of happiness in a large social network: Longitudinal analysis over 20 years in the Framingham Heart Study. BMJ, 337. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.a2338
Ge, J., & Gretzel, U. (2018). Emoji rhetoric: a social media influencer perspective. Journal of Marketing Management, 0(0), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1080/0267257X.2018.1483960.
Gilbert, G., & Barton, H. (2013). The motivations and personality traits that influence Facebook usage. In A. Power, & G. Kirwan (Eds.). Cyberpsychology and new media: A thematic reader(pp. 26–37). New York: Psychology Press.
González-Bailón, S., Wang, N., Rivero, A., Borge-Holthoefer, J., & Moreno, Y. (2012). Assessing the bias in communication networks sampled from twitter. arXiv preprint arXiv:1212.1684.
Guo, W., Gupta, N., Pogrebna, G., & Jarvis, S. (2016). Understanding happiness in cities using twitter: Jobs, children, and transport. Presentado en IEEE 2nd International Smart Cities Conference: Improving the Citizens Quality of Life, ISC2 2016-Proceedings. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISC2.2016.7580790.
Hammer, M. (2017). Ethical Considerations When Using Social Media for Research. Oncology Nursing Forum, 44(4), 410–412. doi:10.1188/17.ONF.410-412
Heine, C. (2014). 14 Instagram Data Findings That Every Marketer Needs to Know. Recuperado 17 de diciembre de 2019, de AdWeek website: https://www.adweek.com/digital/14-instagram-data-findings-every-marketer-needs-know-160969/
Jaeger, S. R., Lee, S. M., Kim, K.-O., Chheang, S. L., Jin, D., & Ares, G. (2017). Measurement of product emotions using emoji surveys: Case studies with tasted foods and beverages. Food Quality and Preference, 62, 46-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2017.05.016
Kmieckowiak, T. (2017, enero 24). Use of Emojis Leads to 47.7% More Interactions on Instagram. Quintly Blog. Recuperado de: https://www.quintly.com/blog/2017/01/instagram-emoji-study-higher-interactions/.
Kramer, A. D. I., Guillory, J. E., & Hancock, J. T. (2014). Experimental evidence of massive-scale emotional contagion through social networks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(24), 8788-8790. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1320040111
Loiseau, T., Djebali, S., Raimbault, T., Branchet, B., & Chareyron, G. (2017). Characterization of daily tourism behaviors based on place sequence analysis from photo sharing websites. En2017 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data)(pp. 2760-2765). https://doi.org/10.1109/BigData.2017.8258241.
Mamlin, B.W., & Tierney, W.M. (2016). The promise of information and communica-tion technology in healthcare: Extracting value from the chaos. American Jour-nal of the Medical Sciences, 351, 59–68. doi:10.1016/j.amjms.2015.10.015
Martín-Mora Parra, G. (2017). Caracterización de los Usos y Funciones de los Emojis en la Comunicación Mediada Electrónicamente(Tesis doctoral). Universidad de Extremadura. Extremadura. Recuperado dehttp://hdl.handle.net/10662/6173.
Martínez-Rolán, Xabier (2018) Instagram como herramienta de análisisturistico. Uso de banderas emoji para rastrear la procedencia de los turistas. En nuevo paradigma comunicativo: lo 2.0, 3.0 y 4.0. Barcelona: Gedisa. Pp 311-325
Massip Cano, E. (2017). Popularity prediction on Instagram using machinelearning (Bachelor's thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya).
Nguyen, Q. C., Kath, S., Meng, H.-W., Li, D., Smith, K. R., VanDerslice, J. A., ... Li, F. (2016). Leveraging geotagged Twitter data to examine neighborhood happiness, diet, and physical activity. Applied Geography, 73, 77-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2016.06.003.
Novak, P. K., Smailović, J., Sluban, B., & Mozetič, I. (2015). Sentiment of Emojis. PLOS ONE, 10(12). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0144296.
OMS(2011)Bulletin of the World Health Organization. Nº 89pp. 246–247. doi:10.2471/BLT.11.020411
Pavalanathan, U., & Eisenstein, J. (2015). Emoticons vs. emojis on Twitter: A causal inference. En IAAA Spring Symposium on Observational Studies through Social Media and Other Human-Generated Content.
Pittman, M., & Reich, B. (2016). Social media and loneliness: Why an Instagram picture may be worth more than a thousand Twitter words.Computers in Human Behavior, 62, 155-167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.03.084.
Reece, A. G., & Danforth, C. M. (2017). Instagram photos reveal predictive markers of depression. EPJ Data Science, 6(1), 15.https://doi.org/10.1140/epjds/s13688-017-0110-z.
Rothenberg, M. (2016). emojitracker: realtime emoji use on twitter. Recuperado de:http://www.emojitracker.com/.
Royal Society for Public Health (RSPH) & Young Health Movement (YHM). (2017). #StatusOfMind Social media and young people's mental health and wellbeing. Recuperado de https://www.rsph.org.uk/uploads/assets/uploaded/62be270a-a55f-4719-ad668c2ec7a74c2a.pdf.
Schouteten, J. J., Verwaeren, J., Lagast, S., Gellynck, X., & De Steur, H. (2018). Emoji as a tool for measuring children’s emotions when tasting food. Food Quality and Preference, 68, 322-331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2018.03.005
Stark, L., & Crawford,K. (2015). The Conservatism of Emoji: Work, Affect, and Communication. Social Media + Society, 1(2), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305115604853.
Tauch, C., & Kanjo, E. (2016). The roles of emojis in mobile phone notifications. The Proceedings ofthe 2016 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing: Adjunct, Heidelberg, Germany. doi: 10.1145/2968219.2968549.
The Social Media Family. (2018, febrero). IV Estudio sobre los usuarios de Facebook, Twitter e Instagram en España. Recuperado a partir de https://thesocialmediafamily.com/news-posts/informe-redes-sociales/.
Vuillier, L., Brooks, A. W., & Norton, M. I. (2018).Amount and diversity ofdigital emotional expression predicts happiness. Harvard Business School.
Ward, D. M., Dill-Shackleford, K. E., & Mazurek, M. O. (2018). Social Media Use and Happiness in Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 21(3), 205-209. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2017.0331.
Williams, S. (2012). “Here Now! Social Media and the Psychological City”. In Mapin: Atlas of Design, (pp. 86 –92) (EDs) Wallace, T. & Huffman, D. North American Cartographic Information Society: Milwaukee.
Wu, M. S., Zhou, C., Chen, H., Cai, H., & Sundararajan, L. (2018). Cultural value mismatch in urbanizing China: A large-scale analysis of collectivism and happiness based on social media and nationwide survey. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12523.
Martínez-Rolán, O Tymoshchuk, T Piñero-Otero, D Renó(2019): “Instagram como red de promoción e hipermediación del turismo rural: el caso de Aldeias Históricas”. Revista Latina de Comunicación Social, 74, pp. 1610 a 1632.DOI: 10.4185/RLCS-2019-1401-84
You, S., DesArmo, J., & Joo, S. (2013). Measuringhappiness of US cities by mining user-generated text in flickr.com: A pilot analysis. Proceedings of the ASIST Annual Meeting, 50(1). https://doi.org/10.1002/meet.14505001167.
Zhou, X., Xu, C., & Kimmons, B. (2015). Detecting tourism destinations using scalable geospatial analysis based on cloud computing platform. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 54, 144-153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2015.07.006.
Copyright (c) 2019 Xabier Martínez Rolán, Valeriano Piñeiro Naval
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish in the JDMI agree to the following terms:
-
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal the right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons BY-NC-ND 4.0. This licensing allows others to share the work with no changes and acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal, but not for commercial use.
-
Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
-
Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) after publication, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
Copyrights to illustrations published in the journal remain with their current copyright holders.
It is the author's responsibility to obtain permission to quote from copyright sources.
Any fees required to obtain illustrations or to secure copyright permissions are the responsibility of authors.
Additional Information
All correspondence concerning contributions, books and other review material should be sent to: deca-jdmi@ua.pt
