Older Adults’ Safety and Security Online: A Post-Pandemic Exploration of Attitudes and Behaviors
Keywords:
internet usage, online risks, cybersecurity, online safety, digital literacy, older adults
Abstract
Older adults’ growing use of the internet and related technologies, further accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic, has prompted not only a critical examination of their behaviors and attitudes about online threats but also a greater understanding of the roles of specific characteristics within this population group. Based on survey data and using descriptive and inferential statistics, this empirical study delves into this matter. The behaviors and attitudes of a group of older adults aged 60 years and older (n=275) regarding different dimensions of online safety and cybersecurity are investigated. The results show that older adults report a discernible degree of concern about the security of their personal information. Despite the varied precautions taken, most of them do not know where to report online threats. What is more, regarding key demographics, the study found some significant differences in terms of gender and age group, but not disability status. This implies that older adults do not seem to constitute a homogeneous group when it comes to attitudes and behaviors regarding safety and security online. The study concludes that support systems should include older adults in the development of protective measures and acknowledge their diversity. The implications of the results are discussed and some directions for future research are proposed.
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References
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Boise, L., Wild, K., Mattek, N., Ruhl, M., Dodge, H. H., & Kaye, J. (2013). Willingness of older adults to share data and privacy concerns after exposure to unobtrusive in-home monitoring. Gerontechnology : International Journal on the Fundamental Aspects of Technology to Serve the Ageing Society, 11(3), 428–435. https://doi.org/10.4017/gt.2013.11.3.001.00
Branley-Bell, D., Coventry, L., Dixon, M., Joinson, A., & Briggs, P. (2022). Exploring age and gender differences in ICT cybersecurity behaviour. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/2693080
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Elueze, I., & Quan-Haase, A. (2018). Privacy attitudes and concerns in the digital lives of older adults: Westin’s privacy attitude typology revisited. American Behavioral Scientist, 62(10), 1372–1391.
Faverio, M. (2022). Share of those 65 and older who are tech users has grown in the past decade. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2022/01/13/share-of-those-65-and-older-who-are-tech-users-has-grown-in-the-past-decade/
Feng, D., Rafih, H., & Munteanu, C. (2023). Understanding older adults’ safety perceptions and risk mitigation strategies when accessing online services. In A. Moallem (Ed.), HCI for Cybersecurity, Privacy and Trust (pp. 467–491). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-35822-7_31
Friemel, T. N. (2016). The digital divide has grown old: Determinants of a digital divide among seniors. New Media & Society, 18(2), 313–331.
Frik, A., Nurgalieva, L., Bernd, J., Lee, J., Schaub, F., & Egelman, S. (2019). Privacy and security threat models and mitigation strategies of older adults. 21–40. https://www.usenix.org/conference/soups2019/presentation/frik
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Grimes, G. A., Hough, M. G., Mazur, E., & Signorella, M. L. (2010). Older adults’ knowledge of internet hazards. Educational Gerontology, 36(3), 173–192. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601270903183065
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Hargittai, E., Piper, A. M., & Morris, M. R. (2019). From internet access to internet skills: digital inequality among older adults. Universal Access in the Information Society, 18(4), 881–890.
Hou, B., Li, Y., & Wang, H. (2022). Internet use and health status among older adults: The mediating role of social participation. Frontiers in Public Health, 10. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2022.1072398
Huang, H.-Y., & Bashir, M. (2018). Surfing safely: Examining older adults’ online privacy protection behaviors. Proceedings of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 55(1), 188–197. https://doi.org/10.1002/pra2.2018.14505501021
Jacobson, J., Lin, C. Z., & McEwen, R. (2017). Aging with technology: Seniors and mobile connections. Canadian Journal of Communication, 42(2), 331–357. https://doi.org/10.22230/cjc.2017v42n2a3221
The Jamovi Project. (2023). Jamovi (Version 2.3) [Computer software]. https://www.jamovi.org
Jiang, M., Tsai, H. S., Cotten, S. R., Rifon, N. J., LaRose, R., & Alhabash, S. (2016). Generational differences in online safety perceptions, knowledge, and practices. Educational Gerontology, 42(9), 621–634. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601277.2016.1205408
Kakulla, B. (2021). Older adults are upgrading tech for a better online experience. AARP. https://doi.org/10.26419/res.00420.001
Knight, T., Yuan, X., & Bennett Gayle, D. (2022). Illuminating privacy and security concerns in older adults’ technology adoption. Work, Aging and Retirement, 10(1), 57–60. https://doi.org/10.1093/workar/waac032
Kolimi, S., Zhu, F., & Carpenter, S. (2012). Is older, wiser? An age-specific study of exposure of private information. Proceedings of the 50th Annual Southeast Regional Conference, 30–35. https://doi.org/10.1145/2184512.2184520
Lee, S. (2023). Internet use and well-being of older adults before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: Findings from European Social Survey. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 0(0), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/01634372.2023.2217682
Lehdonvirta, V., Oksanen, A., Räsänen, P., & Blank, G. (2021). Social media, web, and panel surveys: Using non-probability samples in social and policy research. Policy & Internet, 13(1), 134–155. https://doi.org/10.1002/poi3.238
Lichtenberg, P. A., Sugarman, M. A., Paulson, D., Ficker, L. J., & Rahman-Filipiak, A. (2016). Psychological and functional vulnerability predicts fraud cases in older adults: Results of a longitudinal study. Clinical Gerontologist, 39(1), 48–63. https://doi.org/10.1080/07317115.2015.1101632
Lips, M., Eppel, E., & Craig, B. (2020). Understanding, explaining and self-evaluating digital inclusion and exclusion among senior citizens. https://www.wgtn.ac.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/1866672/2020-digital-inclusion-among-senior-citizens.pdf
Liu, B. C.-P. (2021). The impact of intersectionality of multiple identities on the digital health divide, quality of life and loneliness amongst older adults in the UK. The British Journal of Social Work, 51(8), 3077–3097. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcaa149
Livingstone, S. (2013). Online risk, harm and vulnerability: Reflections on the evidence base for child Internet safety policy. ZER: Journal of Communication Studies, 18(35).
Makita, M., Mas-Bleda, A., Stuart, E., & Thelwall, M. (2021). Ageing, old age and older adults: A social media analysis of dominant topics and discourses. Ageing & Society, 41(2), 247–272. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X19001016
Mannheim, I., Schwartz, E., Xi, W., Buttigieg, S. C., McDonnell-Naughton, M., Wouters, E. J., & Van Zaalen, Y. (2019). Inclusion of older adults in the research and design of digital technology. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(19), 3718.
McGill, T., & Thompson, N. (2021). Exploring potential gender differences in information security and privacy. Information & Computer Security, 29(5), 850–865. https://doi.org/10.1108/ICS-07-2020-0125
Medero, K., Merrill Jr, K., & Ross, M. Q. (2022). Modeling access across the digital divide for intersectional groups seeking web-based health information: National survey. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 24(3), e32678. https://doi.org/10.2196/32678
Mentis, H. M., Madjaroff, G., & Massey, A. K. (2019). Upside and downside risk in online security for older adults with mild cognitive impairment. Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300573
Mohan, G., & Lyons, S. (2022). High-speed broadband availability, Internet activity among older people, quality of life and loneliness. New Media & Society, 14614448221095218. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448221095218
Moore, T. (2010). The economics of cybersecurity: Principles and policy options. International Journal of Critical Infrastructure Protection, 3(3), 103–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcip.2010.10.002
Morrison, B. A., Coventry, L., & Briggs, P. (2021). How do older adults feel about engaging with cyber-security? Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 3(5), 1033–1049. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbe2.291
Nicholson, J., Coventry, L., & Briggs, P. (2019). If it’s important it will be a headline. Cybersecurity Information Seeking in Older Adults. Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300579
Parti, K. (2022). “Elder scam” risk profiles: Individual and situational factors of younger and older age groups’ fraud victimization. https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/handle/10919/112369
Quan-Haase, A., Williams, C., Kicevski, M., Elueze, I., & Wellman, B. (2018). Dividing the grey divide: Deconstructing myths about older adults’ online activities, skills, and attitudes. American Behavioral Scientist, 62(9), 1207–1228.
Ray, H., Wolf, F., Kuber, R., & Aviv, A. J. (2020). Why older adults (don’t) use password mnagers (arXiv:2010.01973). arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2010.01973
Rea, L., & Parker, R. (2014). Designing and conducting survey research: A comprehensive guide (4th ed.). Jossey-Bass.
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2024-12-30
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