Guidelines for Manuscript preparation

In order for a manuscript to be considered for review by JT&D, it must clearly demonstrate its theoretical contributions by explaining how the research advances existing knowledge within the field. The work should also present an innovative and distinctive dimension, whether in its methodological, conceptual or empirical approach, showing how it adds value beyond what is already established in the literature. Furthermore, the manuscript is expected to reflect critically on its societal impact, outlining the relevance and potential application of its findings beyond the academic sphere. These elements are essential for editorial consideration and should be clearly articulated within the main body of the text and summarised in the abstract.

Complementarily, submitted papers will only be sent to scientific reviewers if the following formal rules of preparation and presentation of scientific papers are observed:

Authors' Information - Authors must provide their name, institutional affiliation, and email address. Whenever possible, a unique researcher identifier such as ORCID iD, ResearcherID or Ciência Vitae should also be included. One corresponding author must be clearly identified and any potential conflicts of interest and sources of funding must be disclosed, where applicable. This information must be provided in a separate file, as the manuscript should not contain any identifying details about the authors in order to ensure a double-blind review process.

1. Title – The title should be concise and informative, be formatted in bold and should not be capitalized except at the beginning or when words are used whose rule requires it. If there is a subtitle, it should be separated by “:” and the first word of the subtitle should begin with a capital letter (for example, "Tourism research: Experience of Portugal"). Therefore, capital letters should only be used for the first letter of the first word in the title, the first letter of the first word in the subtitle (where there is one), and for proper nouns or in other cases where spelling rules so require. The same rule also applies to titles of sections, which should be formatted in Arabic numerals. Avoid abbreviations, wherever possible.

2. Text

The text must be written in impersonal language (third person – e.g., “it was developed”, “it was concluded”). The use of the first-person plural (“we”) or a narrative style (e.g., “the author concluded”) is also permitted. In all cases, consistency must be ensured throughout the manuscript.

Paragraphs should not be indented, and 1.5 line spacing must be used. The text must be written in Times New Roman, size 12.

Bullet points must be presented in lower-case Roman numerals and separated by semicolons (e.g., (i) text; (ii) text; (iii) text).

Foreign terms or expressions must be italicised, except when they are commonly used in Portuguese/English academic writing. Isolated expressions may be highlighted using single quotation marks (e.g., ‘authenticity’).

The use of underlining and bold in the body text should be avoided, with bold reserved exclusively for titles.

Footnotes must be used instead of endnotes to facilitate reading and the immediate comparison of supplementary information. Footnotes must use a smaller font size than the main text and single line spacing.

2.1 Structure and manuscript requirements

Manuscripts submitted must follow the structure defined in the provided template: Title; Abstract (up to 1,500 characters); Keywords (up to 5); Introduction; Literature review (or theoretical framework); Methodology; Results; Discussion; Conclusions; and References. In exceptional cases, namely literature review articles or other manuscripts with a specific methodological nature, a different structure may be adopted, provided that this is duly justified.

Detailed formatting and structural rules are defined in the mandatory template. Pages must be set with 2.5 cm margins (top, bottom, left, and right). Manuscripts must contain between 5,000 and 8,000 words, excluding notes, figures, tables, and references, and must not exceed 10,000 words in total, including figures, tables, and references.

The journal accepts submissions in the form of Full Papers and Special Issue articles, the latter within the scope of specific calls for papers.

Manuscripts must be submitted in MS Word format via the PROA platform, using the mandatory template. Author information must be submitted in a separate file, using the specific template provided, in order to ensure a double-blind peer review process.

Figures and tables must be legible and comply with the rules defined in the template and in the journal’s specific guidelines (found ahead in section 5).

APA (7th edition) guidelines apply exclusively to references, unless otherwise specified in the journal instructions or in the template.

Additional detailed guidelines can be found here.

3. Abbreviations – Abbreviations may be used in the text. However, when they are mentioned for the first time, the full expression should be used, followed by the abbreviation in parentheses (for example, "... World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) ..."). The following times, the abbreviation can be used.

4. Numbers

Numbers with one digit should be written in full when the context is not statistical (e.g., one to nine). For numbers with two or more digits, figures should generally be used.

However, in non-statistical contexts, it is acceptable to write in full numbers that can be expressed in a single word (e.g., ten, twenty, ninety, one hundred, five hundred). Numbers that require more than two words (e.g., twenty-three, one hundred and twenty-five) should preferably be written in figures for clarity and ease of reading.

Examples:

The government approved 53 tourism projects.
The hotel group plans to build 19 hotels by 2020.
Of the nine researchers addressed five said they had read more than 250 scientific articles in the last ten months.
In a period of fifty years, 976 projects in tourism were carried out.

Any number that begins a sentence or title should be written in full. However, wherever possible, sentences should be rephrased to avoid starting with a number.

Commas should be used to separate thousands (e.g., 1,000,000), and a full stop should be used to indicate decimals (e.g., 100.5).

Note: In texts written in Portuguese, the convention is reversed (a full stop is used to separate thousands and a comma is used for decimals).

5. Figures and tables – All figures (a designation that includes graphs, diagrams, photographs, maps and other forms of cartographic representation) and tables or appendices (if any) must be numbered consecutively using Arabic numerals, referenced in the text and, where necessary, analysed. They should be referred to, for example, as follows: “In Figure 1 it can be observed that …” or in parentheses: “(Figure 1)”. Only those that are strictly necessary for understanding the article should be included.

Titles must be preceded by “Figure” or “Table” and the corresponding number, and placed immediately above tables and immediately below figures. Titles should not be written in capital letters, except at the beginning or when required by standard grammatical rules.

Figures and tables must follow a consistent format, using Times New Roman font, size 11, with single line spacing, no space before (0 pt) and 6 pt after.

Abbreviations and symbols used must be explained. Where necessary, an explanatory note should be placed at the bottom of the table or figure.

The source of non-original figures or tables must also be indicated at the bottom, in accordance with citation standards. If the work is the author’s own, ‘Own elaboration’ should be stated. When the source results from the combination and/or adaptation of secondary data, it should be indicated as “Adapted from …”.

6. Citations

All cited authors must appear in the reference list. Citations should follow the “author, date, page” format (e.g., Smith, 1990, p. 9).

6.1 Two authors

When there are two authors, both surnames should always be included in the citation. Outside parentheses, they are connected by “and”; within parentheses, they are connected by “&”, followed by the year of publication and, where applicable, page numbers.

Examples:
… tourism in the Azores (Silva & Rodrigues, 1985, pp. 34–35).

Silva and Rodrigues (1985, pp. 34–35) argue that tourism in the Azores …

6.2 Three or more authors

When there are three or more authors, “et al.” is used from the first in-text citation. This includes the surname of the first author followed by “et al.” (not italicised), the year of publication, and, where applicable, page numbers.

When the authors form part of the narrative, only the year (and page numbers, if applicable) is placed in parentheses.

Examples:
… tourism in the Azores (Silva et al., 1985, pp. 34–35).

Silva et al. (1985, pp. 34–35) argue that tourism in the Azores …

Note: In the reference list, all authors should be included up to a maximum of 20 authors, in accordance with APA 7th edition guidelines.

6.3 Formal citations should always present the page number of the original work in the reference (the page number should be preceded by "p." for one page, or "pp." when it spans more than one page). Square brackets and ellipsis "[...]" should be used to indicate that a fragment of the cited text was omitted. Square brackets are also used when you want to introduce letters or words that do not belong to the original text, in order to include information that is not on the cited work (e.g. "... [in] the tourism sector ... . "). The ellipsis should not be used at the beginning and at the end of the citations, unless the omission thereof causes misinterpretation of the cited text.

6.3.1 Short quotations – when they contain fewer than 40 words.

The quotation should be integrated into the main text and enclosed in double quotation marks. If the original source contains quoted words, these should be replaced with single quotation marks (' ').

Tourism is widely recognised as a globalised activity, whose scale places it among the most important economic activities worldwide. Indeed, “around ‘700 million international tourists cross borders’ each year for holidays and leisure” (Matias, 2001, p. 56), and this number is expected to more than double within two decades.

Cooper (2003) argues that “climate change will produce significant changes in tourist destinations […], with some regions likely to experience [substantial] declines” (p. 45).

6.3.2 Long quotations – when they contain 40 words or more.

The quotation should be presented as a separate paragraph, indented on both the left and right margins, without quotation marks. Line spacing should be single and font size should be 11.

Tourism is now one of the main sectors of economic activity. Its contribution to GDP, approaching 8% and employing around 4.5% of the active population (approximately 200,000 people), has long been a compensatory factor for the traditional negative trade balance. In addition, this activity presents two key characteristics of great importance: its increases have a limited effect on imports (not inducing more than 17% per unit of expenditure in tourism), and variations in demand have a significant multiplier effect (1.4) on overall economic activity. (Sousa & Farto, 1997, p. 1)

6.4 Indirect citations

In secondary citations (i.e., when citing a source cited in another work), the original author(s) should be identified, followed by the expression “cited in” and the author(s) of the work actually consulted.

Modern thought, which underpinned the emergence of mass production, influenced urban planning models, the growth of cultural production, and the development of tourism (Le Corbusier, 1929, cited in LeGates & Stout, 1999, pp. 336–344).

Note: Wherever possible, the original source should be consulted. Only the work actually consulted should be included in the reference list.

6.5 Citations of the same author

When citing multiple works by the same author, these should be presented in chronological order.

… tourism in the Azores (Silva, 1996, 1998).

Silva (1996, 1998) argues that tourism in the Azores …

When referring to multiple works by the same author published in the same year, lowercase letters (a, b, c, …) should be added to the year. These are assigned according to the alphabetical order of the titles in the reference list.

… tourism in the Azores (Silva, 1996a, 1996b).

Silva (1996a, 1996b) argues that tourism in the Azores …

6.6 Multiple citations

When more than one source is cited to support the same idea, all relevant references should be included, separated by semicolons (“;”) and ordered alphabetically by the author’s surname and, where applicable, chronologically.

If authors share the same surname, the initial of the first name should be added to avoid ambiguity.

Nature Tourism consists of a programme designed for protected areas, aiming to reconcile the preservation of natural and cultural values with the development of sustainable tourism activity (Amaro, A., 2003; Amaro, J., 2000; Vincent, 1985, 1987).

Citations must follow the guidelines of the American Psychological Association (APA, 7th edition).

7. References

References should be presented in alphabetical order at the end of the document and must follow the guidelines of the American Psychological Association (APA, 7th edition) (https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines). All works cited in the text must be included in the reference list.

Titles of cited works should not be written in capital letters, except for the first word of the title and subtitle, and any proper nouns. If a work includes a subtitle, it should be separated by a colon, and the first word of the subtitle should be capitalised. Journal titles retain the capitalisation of all major words (e.g., Pizam, A. (1999). A comprehensive approach to classifying acts of crime and violence at tourism destinations. Journal of Travel Research, 38(1), 5–12).

If a document has a DOI (Digital Object Identifier), it must be presented in URL format (https://doi.org/xxxxx).

The reference list should be formatted using a hanging indent (i.e., the second and subsequent lines of each reference are indented) and should be double-spaced.

Note: As a general guideline, the reference list should not exceed thirty titles, unless justified by the nature of the work.

Examples

Book
O'Connor, P., & Buhalis, D. (1999). Electronic information distribution in tourism & hospitality (2nd ed.). CAB International.

Journal article
Buhalis, D. (1998). Strategic use of information technologies in the tourism industry. Tourism Management, 19(3), 409–423. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(98)00038-7

Book chapter
Breda, Z., & Costa, C. (2005). Safety and security issues affecting inbound tourism in the People’s Republic of China. In Y. Mansfeld & A. Pizam (Eds.), Tourism, safety and security: From theory to practice (2nd ed., pp. 187–208). Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann.

Online document
Forrester. (1999). Online travel bookings. http://www.forrester.com

Conference paper
Lowry, L. (1993). Sun, sand, sea. In K. Chon (Ed.), Proceedings of the Society of Travel and Tourism Educators Annual Conference (Vol. 5, pp. 16–28).

Thesis
Gilbert, D. (1992). A study of the factors of consumer behaviour related to overseas holidays from the UK (Doctoral dissertation, University of Surrey).

8. Acknowledgements – Should appear in a separate section at the end of the paper, before the references. This section should not appear in the first version of the paper, which will be under revision. It should only be included in the final version, after acceptance.