A China no Atlântico Sul: uma questão de segurança
Resumo
Embora seja um ator relativamente tardio no Atlântico Sul, a China tem vindo a envolver-se cada vez mais nas dinâmicas da região em virtude dos seus compromissos económicos, das suas necessidades logísticas e da perceção da existência de ameaças à segurança dos seus investimentos e diáspora. Por conseguinte, este artigo argumenta que num contexto em que a geoeconomia é inseparável da geopolítica, o Atlântico Sul, embora remoto para a China, tem vindo a assumir uma crescente relevância nas operações que a People’s Liberation Army Navy (PLAN) tem conduzido, desde 2014, na região. Como procuraremos demonstrar, o papel que o Atlântico Sul assume no quadro da estratégia marítima chinesa não é qualitativamente diferente daquele que o Índico e o Pacífico desempenham. Ao invés, a diferença reside sobretudo na intensidade, já que em virtude da geografia o Atlântico Sul é um mar distante, o que faz dele menos urgente que o Pacífico onde a assertividade chinesa é elevada. Todavia, embora distante, o Atlântico Sul tende a permitir, a médio e/ou longo prazo, à PLAN aliviar a pressão exercida pelos EUA nas águas costeiras da China.
Referências
BBC News. 2010. “Angola's railways back on track”. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-11295533
Blaxekjær, L., Lanteigne, M, & Shi, M. (2018). “The Polar Silk Road & the West Nordic Region”. Retrieved from
https://www.ucviden.dk/ws/files/145608951/Arctic_Yearbook_2018.pdf#page=439, accessed on 26 February 2023.
Buzan, B. )2010). “China in International Society: Is ´Peaceful Rise` Possible?”. The Chinese Journal of International Politics, 3(1), 5-36.
China Daily. 2013. “Xi in call for building of new 'maritime silk road'. 4 October. Retrieved from https://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2013-10/04/content_17008940.htm
Duarte, P. (2017). Pax Sinica. Lisboa: Chiado Editora.
Duarte, P., Leandro, F. & Galán, E. (2023). The Palgrave Handbook of Globalization with Chinese Characteristics. Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan.
Ferreira-Pereira, L. C., & Duarte, P. (2021). China and the Belt and Road Initiative in Europe: The case of Portugal. In V. Ntousas, & S. Minas (Eds), The European Union and China's Belt and Road (pp.218-234). London: Routledge.
Ferreira-Pereira, L., & Duarte, P. (2023). The South Atlantic in China’s Global Policy: Why It Matters?. In P. Duarte, F. Leandro, & E. Galán (Eds.), The Palgrave Handbook of Globalization with Chinese Characteristics (pp.703-720). Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan.
Foreign Policy (2022). Fears of a Chinese Naval Base in West Africa are overblown. Retrieved November, 14 2022 from https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/03/03/china-pla-navy-base-west-africa-atlantic-equatorial-guinea/
Ghiselli, A. (2021). The Chinese Government, the ideia of Security, and Foreign Policy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Global Development Policy Center (2020). New China-Latin American Economic Bulletin, 2020. https://www.bu.edu/gdp/2020/03/18/new-china-latin-american-economic-bulletin-2020/
Global Security (2022). “Equatorial Guinea - Bata Port Project”. Retrieved from https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/africa/gq-bata.htm
Grieger, G. (2019). China’s growing role as a security actor in Africa. European Parliamentary Research Service. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2019/642232/ EPRS_BRI(2019)642232_EN.pdf
Levaggi, A. (2023). Great Power Competition in the Southern Oceans. From the Indo-Pacific to the South Atlantic. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Luque, J. (2019). Chinese Foreign Direct Investment and Argentina: Unraveling the Path. Journal of Chinese Political Science, 24, 605-622.
Mahan, A. (1890). Influence of Sea Power Upon History. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1660-1783.
Martinson, R. (2019). China as an Atlantic Naval Power. The RUSI Journal, 164 (7), 18-31.
Mantelet, T. (2022). The Road to Atlantic: China's naval projection. FINABEL European Army Interoperability Centre. Retrieved from https://finabel.org/the-road-to-atlantic-chinas-naval-projection/
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of PRC (People’s Republic of China). (2017). Wang Yi: The Belt and Road Initiative Becomes New Opportunity for China-Latin America Cooperation. Retrieved from https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/zxxx_662805/t1494844.shtml
Oudenaren, Van J. (2022). Military Operations Other Than War: Antidote to the PLA´s ´Peace Disease´?. China Brief, 22(4), 1-5.
Philips (2021). China Seeks First Military Base on Africa’s Atlantic Coast, U.S. Intelligence Finds. Wall Street Journal. Retrieved from https://www.wsj.com/articles/china-seeks-first-military-base-on-africas-atlantic-coast-u-s-intelligence-finds-11638726327.
Schreer, B. (2019). Towards Contested ‘Spheres of Influence’ in the Western Pacific: Rising China Classical Geopolitics, and Asia-Pacific Stability. Geopolitics, 24(2), 503-522.
Struye, T. (2009). La piraterie maritime: un nouveau rapport de force dans l’Océan Indien ?. Chaire InBev Baillet – Latour Programme «Union Européenne – Chine». Note d’Analyse, 1, 7-13.
The Diplomat (2015, March 28). “s China Secretly Building a Navy Base in Africa?. Retrieved from https://thediplomat.com/2015/03/is-china-secretly-building-a-navy-base-in-africa/
The 12th Five-Year Plan. (2011). National Development and Reform Commission. Retrieved from http://www.npc.gov.cn/englishnpc/news/.
The 13th Five-Year Plan. (2016). National Development and Reform Commission. Retrieved from http://www.ndrc.gov.cn/fgwSearch/enSearchResult.jsp
The State Council Information Office of the People’s Republic of China. (2018). China's cranes to promote Namibia's port construction. Retrieved from http://english.scio.gov.cn/beltandroad/2018-02/11/content_50483293_3.htm.
Turcsanyi, R., & Kachlikova, E. (2020). The BRI and China’s Soft Power in Europe: Why Chinese Narratives (Initially) Won. Journal of Current Chinese Affairs, 49(1), 58-81.
Xinhua (2020). Xinhua Headlines: How one Chinese-built railway is igniting economic growth in Africa. October 10. Retrieved from http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-10/10/c_139430917.htm
Tillman, S. H., Yang, J, & Nielsson, E. (2018). The Polar Silk Road: China’s New Frontier of International Cooperation. China Quarterly of International Strategic Studies, 4(3), 345-362.
Warsaw Institute (2021). China and the “Malacca Dilemma. Retrieved from https://warsawinstitute.org/china-malacca-dilemma/
Xinhua (2021, November 21). More than 200 illegal migrants rescued off Libyan coast: UNHCR. Retrieved from .http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/africa/2021-02/21/c_139755924.htm
Xue, G. (2020). Non-traditional security cooperation between China and south-east Asia: implications for Indo-Pacific geopolitics. International Affairs, 96(1), 24-48.
Zhao, J. (2020). 21st-century Maritime Silk Road Initiative: Aims and Objectives, Implementation Strategies and Policy Recommendations. Singapore: World Scientific.
Zhou, H. & Seibel, K. (2015). Maritime Insecurity in the Gulf of Guinea: A Greater Role for China?. China Brief, 15(1), 14-18. Available at https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/31337/1/index.html, accessed on 1 March 2023.
Este trabalho está licenciado com uma Licença Creative Commons - Atribuição 4.0 Internacional.
Os direitos permanecem com os autores.
Licença Creative Commons: Atribuição 4.0 Internacional.
