Estudo das populações de pequenos mamíferos através da análise de egagrópilas de coruja-das-torres (Tyto alba)
Palavras-chave:
aves de rapina noturnas; monitorização; dieta; roedores;
Resumo
O estudo das populações de pequenos mamíferos pode ser efetuado através de métodos diretos que envolvem a sua captura através de armadilhas, e métodos indiretos não invasivos como a armadilhagem fotográfica, a prospeção e recolha de índicos de presença e análise de egagrópilas de coruja-das-torres. A coruja-das-torres (Tyto alba) é uma ave de rapina noturna com distribuição global, com exceção das regiões árticas. Esta espécie alimenta-se preferencialmente de pequenos mamíferos que são ingeridos inteiros, as estruturas ósseas e o pelo não são digeridos durante o processo digestivo e são posteriormente regurgitados sob a forma de uma massa ovoide, designada de egagrópila. O conteúdo das egagrópilas contem todas as estruturas não digeridas da presa e a identificação das espécies de pequenos mamíferos é efetuada através da sua dentição. A análise da dieta alimentar da coruja-das-torres reflete a diversidade e abundância de pequenos mamíferos capturados no seu território de caça, sendo um método valiosos e amplamente utilizado para estimar a abundância relativa das presas numa determinada região. Existem numerosas espécies de pequenos mamíferos que podem ser estudados no norte de Portugal, nomeadamente da ordem Soricomorpha o musaranho-de-dentes-brancos (Crocidura russula), o musaranho-de-dentes-vermelhos (Sorex granarius), e da ordem Rodentia o rato-cego (Microtus lusitanicus), o rato-do-campo-lusitano (Microtus rozianus) e o rato-de-Cabrera (Microtus cabrerae).
As populações de pequenos mamíferos entre as diferentes regiões bioclimática de Portugal são importantes para estudar as populações de roedores e avaliar estratégias de conservação que considerem as particularidades climáticas e ambientais de cada região. Proteger os habitats naturais das regiões é crucial para manter a biodiversidade e assegurar a sobrevivência das espécies, numa lógica de desenvolvimento sustentável.
Referências
Abdullahi, Aminu & Atabo, Shaibu Mohammed. (2019). Gross Morphology and Morphometric Studies of Digestive Tract of Barn Owl (Tyto alba). Animal Review, 6(1), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.18488/journal.ar.2019.61.1.4
Al Sayegh Petkovšek, S., Kopušar, N., & Kryštufek, B. (2014). Small mammals as biomonitors of metal pollution: A case study in Slovenia. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 186(7), 4261–4274. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-014-3696-7
Andrade, A., de Menezes, J. F. S., & Monjeau, A. (2016). Are owl pellets good estimators of prey abundance? Journal of King Saud University - Science, 28(3), 239–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2015.10.007
Avenant, N. L. (2005). Barn owl pellets: A useful tool for monitoring small mammal communities? Belgian Journal of Zoology, 135(SUPPL.1), 39–43.
Babaei, M., Kalantari-Hesari, A., Esfandiyari, K., & Morovvati, H. (2022). Morphological and histological investigation of proventriculus structure in common kestrel (Falco tinnunculus), steppe eagle (Aquila nipalensis), golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos), and imperial eagle (Aquila heliacal). Iranian Veterinary Journal, 18, 5–17.
Bae, A., & Peña, J. L. (2024). Barn owls specialized sound-driven behavior: Lessons in optimal processing and coding by the auditory system. Hearing Research, 443(January). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heares.2024.108952
Coulthard, S. (2022). The Book of the Barn Owl. Bloomsbury Publishing.
Dunning, J. B., Danielson, B. J., & Pulliam, H. R. (1992). Ecological populations affect processes that in complex landscapes. Nordic Society Oikos, 65(1), 169–175.
Freeman, E. D., Sharp, T. R., Larsen, R. T., Knight, R. N., Slater, S. J., & McMillan, B. R. (2014). Negative effects of an exotic grass invasion on small-mammal communities. PLoS ONE, 9(9). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0108843
Galantinho, A., Eufrázio, S., Silva, C., Carvalho, F., Alpizar-Jara, R., & Mira, A. (2017). Road effects on demographic traits of small mammal populations. European Journal of Wildlife Research, 63(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-017-1076-7
Glen, A. S., Cockburn, S., Nichols, M., Ekanayake, J., & Warburton, B. (2013). Optimising Camera Traps for Monitoring Small Mammals. PLoS ONE, 8(6), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0067940
González-Esteban, J., Villate, I., & Irizar, I. (2004). Assessing camera traps for surveying the European mink, Mustela lutreola (Linnaeus, 1761), distribution. European Journal of Wildlife Research, 50, 33–36.
Gracanin, A., Minchinton, T. E., & Mikac, K. M. (2022). Estimating the density of small mammals using the selfie trap is an effective camera trapping method. Mammal Research, 67(4), 467–482. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13364-022-00643-5
Grothe, B. (2018). How the Barn Owl Computes Auditory Space. Trends in Neurosciences, 41(3), 115–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2018.01.004
Harkins, K. M., Keinath, D., & Ben-David, M. (2019). It’s a trap: Optimizing detection of rare small mammals. PLoS ONE, 14(3), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213201
Heisler, L. M., Somers, C. M., & Poulin, R. G. (2016). Owl pellets: A more effective alternative to conventional trapping for broad-scale studies of small mammal communities. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 7(1), 96–103. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.12454
Huang, K. Y., Lin, Y. S., & Severinghaus, L. L. (2006). Comparison of three common methods for studying the diet of nestlings in two Accipiter species. Zoological Studies, 45(2), 234–243.
Hyde, N., & Matthews, K. (2017). Winter mortality of barn owl (Tyto alba) in Northland, New Zealand. Notornis, 64(1), 27–30.
Krebs, C. J., Boonstra, R., Gilbert, S., Reid, D., Kenney, A. J., & Hofer, E. J. (2011). Density estimation for small mammals from livetrapping grids: Rodents in northern Canada. Journal of Mammalogy, 92(5), 974–981. https://doi.org/10.1644/10-MAMM-A-313.1
Krings, M., Rosskamp, L., & Wagner, H. (2018). Development of ear asymmetry in the American barn owl (Tyto furcata pratincola). Zoology, 126(December 2017), 82–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.zool.2017.11.010
Krumm, B., Klump, G., Köppl, C., & Langemann, U. (2017). Barn owls have ageless ears. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 284(1863). https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.1584
Kucera, T. E., & Barrett, R. H. (2011). Camera traps in animal ecology: Methods and analyses. Camera Traps in Animal Ecology: Methods and Analyses, January 2011, 1–271. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-99495-4
LePiane, K., & Clark, C. J. (2020). Evidence that the dorsal velvet of barn owl wing feathers decreases rubbing sounds during flapping flight. Integrative and Comparative Biology, 60(5), 1068–1079. https://doi.org/10.1093/ICB/ICAA045
Mathias, M. L., Fonseca, C., Rodrigues, L., Grilo, C., Lopes-Fernandes, M., Palmeirim, J. M., Santos-Reis, M., Alves, P. C., Cabral, J. A., Ferreira, M., Mira, A., Eira, C., Negrões, N., Paupério, J., Pita, R., Rainho, A., Rosalino, L. M., Tapisso, J. T., J. (2023). Livro vermelho dos mamíferos de Portugal continental.
McCleery, R., Monadjem, A., Conner, L. M., Austin, J. D., & Taylor, P. J. (2022). Methods for ecological research on terrestrial small mammals. JHU Press.
Meek, W. R., Burman, P. J., Sparks, T. H., Nowakowski, M., & Burman, N. J. (2012). The use of Barn Owl Tyto alba pellets to assess population change in small mammals. Bird Study, 59(2), 166–174. https://doi.org/10.1080/00063657.2012.656076
Miller-Brown, A. (2022). eDNA and Dissection Analysis of Owl Pellets: A Method Validation Study of Benamane et al. (2019).
Oliveira, A., Medinas, D., Craveiro, J., Milhinhas, C., Sabino-Marques, H., Mendes, T., Spadoni, G., Oliveira, A., Guilherme Sousa, L., Tapisso, J. T., Santos, S., Lopes-Fernandes, M., da Luz Mathias, M., Mira, A., & Pita, R. (2023). Large-scale grid-based detection in occupancy surveys of a threatened small mammal: A comparison of two non-invasive methods. Journal for Nature Conservation, 72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnc.2023.126362
Orlowski, J., Harmening, W., & Wagner, H. (2012). Night vision in barn owls: Visual acuity and contrast sensitivity under dark adaptation. Journal of Vision, 12(13), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1167/12.13.4
Ortmann, C. R., & Johnson, S. D. (2021). How reliable are motion-triggered camera traps for detecting small mammals and birds in ecological studies? Journal of Zoology, 313(3), 202–207. https://doi.org/10.1111/jzo.12849
Palmeirim, A. F., Santos-Filho, M., & Peres, C. A. (2020). Marked decline in forest-dependent small mammals following habitat loss and fragmentation in an Amazonian deforestation frontier. PLoS ONE, 15(3), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0230209
Piedrahita, P., Krings, M., Nikolay, P., Mundt, N., Quezada, G., Masaquiza Chango, E., & Wagner, H. (2021). Integrity of and damage to wings, feather vanes and serrations in barn owls. Zoology, 147(August 2020), 125930. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.zool.2021.125930
Presley, S. J., Cisneros, L. M., Klingbeil, B. T., & Willig, M. R. (2019). Landscape ecology of mammals. Journal of Mammalogy, 100(3), 1044–1068. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyy169
Roulin, A. (2020). Barn owls: evolution and ecology. Cambridge University Press.
Sachdev, S. S., D’Souza, Z. I., Chettiankandy, T. J., Sardar, M. A., Pakhmode, V., & D’Souza, T. (2020). Characteristic Features and Terminologies of Mammalian Dentition – A Conspectus. International Journal of Forensic Odontology, 5, 23–29.
Sagar, P., Teotia, P., Sahlot, A. D., & Thakur, H. C. (2017). An analysis of silent flight of owl. Materials Today: Proceedings, 4(8), 8571–8575. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2017.07.204
Sieradzki, A. (2022). Designed for Darkness: The Unique Physiology and Anatomy of Owls. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/57353
Smith, C. R., & Richmond, M. E. (1972). Factors Influencing Pellet Egestion and Gatric pH in the Barn Owl. The Wilson Bulletin, 84(2), 179–186.
Stefke, K., & Landler, L. (2020). Long-term monitoring of rodent and shrew communities in a biodiversity hot-spot in Austria using barn owl (Tyto alba) pellets. Acta Oecologica, 109(December 2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actao.2020.103660
Stoddart, D. M. (Ed. ). (2012). Ecology of small mammals. Springer Science & Business Media.
STRI - Rapinas Noturnas de Portugal. (2013). https://www.casadasciencias.org/imagem/7277
Taylor, I. (2003). Barn owls: predator-prey relationships and conservation. Cambridge University Press.
Thomas, M. L., Baker, L., Beattie, J. R., & Baker, A. M. (2020). Determining the efficacy of camera traps, live capture traps, and detection dogs for locating cryptic small mammal species. Ecology and Evolution, 10(2), 1054–1068. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.5972
Tores, M., Motro, Y., Motro, U., & Yom-Tov, Y. (2005). The barn owl - A selective opportunist predator. Israel Journal of Zoology, 51(4), 349–360. https://doi.org/10.1560/7862-9E5G-RQJJ-15BE
Torre, I., Guixé, D., & Sort, F. (2010). Confronto di tre metodi di trappolaggio dei micromammiferi in aree coltivate della Spagna nord-orientale. Hystrix, 21(2), 147–155. https://doi.org/10.4404/Hystrix-21.2-4558
Turner, M. G. (1989). Landscape ecology: the effect of pattern on process. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. Vol. 20, 165, 171–197. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.20.110189.001131
Vale-Gonçalves, H. M., & Cabral, J. A. (2014). New records on the distribution of three rodent species in NE Portugal from barn owl (Tyto alba) diet analysis. Galemys, Spanish Journal of Mammalogy, 26, 100–104. https://doi.org/10.7325/galemys.2014.n3
Weger, H., Weger, M., Klaas, M., & Schröder, W. (2017). Features of owl wings that promote silent flight. Interface Focus, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2016.0078
WOLFF, J. O. (2007). Social biology of rodents. Integrative Zoology, 2(4), 193–204. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-4877.2007.00062.x
Al Sayegh Petkovšek, S., Kopušar, N., & Kryštufek, B. (2014). Small mammals as biomonitors of metal pollution: A case study in Slovenia. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 186(7), 4261–4274. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-014-3696-7
Andrade, A., de Menezes, J. F. S., & Monjeau, A. (2016). Are owl pellets good estimators of prey abundance? Journal of King Saud University - Science, 28(3), 239–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2015.10.007
Avenant, N. L. (2005). Barn owl pellets: A useful tool for monitoring small mammal communities? Belgian Journal of Zoology, 135(SUPPL.1), 39–43.
Babaei, M., Kalantari-Hesari, A., Esfandiyari, K., & Morovvati, H. (2022). Morphological and histological investigation of proventriculus structure in common kestrel (Falco tinnunculus), steppe eagle (Aquila nipalensis), golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos), and imperial eagle (Aquila heliacal). Iranian Veterinary Journal, 18, 5–17.
Bae, A., & Peña, J. L. (2024). Barn owls specialized sound-driven behavior: Lessons in optimal processing and coding by the auditory system. Hearing Research, 443(January). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heares.2024.108952
Coulthard, S. (2022). The Book of the Barn Owl. Bloomsbury Publishing.
Dunning, J. B., Danielson, B. J., & Pulliam, H. R. (1992). Ecological populations affect processes that in complex landscapes. Nordic Society Oikos, 65(1), 169–175.
Freeman, E. D., Sharp, T. R., Larsen, R. T., Knight, R. N., Slater, S. J., & McMillan, B. R. (2014). Negative effects of an exotic grass invasion on small-mammal communities. PLoS ONE, 9(9). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0108843
Galantinho, A., Eufrázio, S., Silva, C., Carvalho, F., Alpizar-Jara, R., & Mira, A. (2017). Road effects on demographic traits of small mammal populations. European Journal of Wildlife Research, 63(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-017-1076-7
Glen, A. S., Cockburn, S., Nichols, M., Ekanayake, J., & Warburton, B. (2013). Optimising Camera Traps for Monitoring Small Mammals. PLoS ONE, 8(6), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0067940
González-Esteban, J., Villate, I., & Irizar, I. (2004). Assessing camera traps for surveying the European mink, Mustela lutreola (Linnaeus, 1761), distribution. European Journal of Wildlife Research, 50, 33–36.
Gracanin, A., Minchinton, T. E., & Mikac, K. M. (2022). Estimating the density of small mammals using the selfie trap is an effective camera trapping method. Mammal Research, 67(4), 467–482. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13364-022-00643-5
Grothe, B. (2018). How the Barn Owl Computes Auditory Space. Trends in Neurosciences, 41(3), 115–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2018.01.004
Harkins, K. M., Keinath, D., & Ben-David, M. (2019). It’s a trap: Optimizing detection of rare small mammals. PLoS ONE, 14(3), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213201
Heisler, L. M., Somers, C. M., & Poulin, R. G. (2016). Owl pellets: A more effective alternative to conventional trapping for broad-scale studies of small mammal communities. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 7(1), 96–103. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.12454
Huang, K. Y., Lin, Y. S., & Severinghaus, L. L. (2006). Comparison of three common methods for studying the diet of nestlings in two Accipiter species. Zoological Studies, 45(2), 234–243.
Hyde, N., & Matthews, K. (2017). Winter mortality of barn owl (Tyto alba) in Northland, New Zealand. Notornis, 64(1), 27–30.
Krebs, C. J., Boonstra, R., Gilbert, S., Reid, D., Kenney, A. J., & Hofer, E. J. (2011). Density estimation for small mammals from livetrapping grids: Rodents in northern Canada. Journal of Mammalogy, 92(5), 974–981. https://doi.org/10.1644/10-MAMM-A-313.1
Krings, M., Rosskamp, L., & Wagner, H. (2018). Development of ear asymmetry in the American barn owl (Tyto furcata pratincola). Zoology, 126(December 2017), 82–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.zool.2017.11.010
Krumm, B., Klump, G., Köppl, C., & Langemann, U. (2017). Barn owls have ageless ears. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 284(1863). https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.1584
Kucera, T. E., & Barrett, R. H. (2011). Camera traps in animal ecology: Methods and analyses. Camera Traps in Animal Ecology: Methods and Analyses, January 2011, 1–271. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-99495-4
LePiane, K., & Clark, C. J. (2020). Evidence that the dorsal velvet of barn owl wing feathers decreases rubbing sounds during flapping flight. Integrative and Comparative Biology, 60(5), 1068–1079. https://doi.org/10.1093/ICB/ICAA045
Mathias, M. L., Fonseca, C., Rodrigues, L., Grilo, C., Lopes-Fernandes, M., Palmeirim, J. M., Santos-Reis, M., Alves, P. C., Cabral, J. A., Ferreira, M., Mira, A., Eira, C., Negrões, N., Paupério, J., Pita, R., Rainho, A., Rosalino, L. M., Tapisso, J. T., J. (2023). Livro vermelho dos mamíferos de Portugal continental.
McCleery, R., Monadjem, A., Conner, L. M., Austin, J. D., & Taylor, P. J. (2022). Methods for ecological research on terrestrial small mammals. JHU Press.
Meek, W. R., Burman, P. J., Sparks, T. H., Nowakowski, M., & Burman, N. J. (2012). The use of Barn Owl Tyto alba pellets to assess population change in small mammals. Bird Study, 59(2), 166–174. https://doi.org/10.1080/00063657.2012.656076
Miller-Brown, A. (2022). eDNA and Dissection Analysis of Owl Pellets: A Method Validation Study of Benamane et al. (2019).
Oliveira, A., Medinas, D., Craveiro, J., Milhinhas, C., Sabino-Marques, H., Mendes, T., Spadoni, G., Oliveira, A., Guilherme Sousa, L., Tapisso, J. T., Santos, S., Lopes-Fernandes, M., da Luz Mathias, M., Mira, A., & Pita, R. (2023). Large-scale grid-based detection in occupancy surveys of a threatened small mammal: A comparison of two non-invasive methods. Journal for Nature Conservation, 72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnc.2023.126362
Orlowski, J., Harmening, W., & Wagner, H. (2012). Night vision in barn owls: Visual acuity and contrast sensitivity under dark adaptation. Journal of Vision, 12(13), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1167/12.13.4
Ortmann, C. R., & Johnson, S. D. (2021). How reliable are motion-triggered camera traps for detecting small mammals and birds in ecological studies? Journal of Zoology, 313(3), 202–207. https://doi.org/10.1111/jzo.12849
Palmeirim, A. F., Santos-Filho, M., & Peres, C. A. (2020). Marked decline in forest-dependent small mammals following habitat loss and fragmentation in an Amazonian deforestation frontier. PLoS ONE, 15(3), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0230209
Piedrahita, P., Krings, M., Nikolay, P., Mundt, N., Quezada, G., Masaquiza Chango, E., & Wagner, H. (2021). Integrity of and damage to wings, feather vanes and serrations in barn owls. Zoology, 147(August 2020), 125930. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.zool.2021.125930
Presley, S. J., Cisneros, L. M., Klingbeil, B. T., & Willig, M. R. (2019). Landscape ecology of mammals. Journal of Mammalogy, 100(3), 1044–1068. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyy169
Roulin, A. (2020). Barn owls: evolution and ecology. Cambridge University Press.
Sachdev, S. S., D’Souza, Z. I., Chettiankandy, T. J., Sardar, M. A., Pakhmode, V., & D’Souza, T. (2020). Characteristic Features and Terminologies of Mammalian Dentition – A Conspectus. International Journal of Forensic Odontology, 5, 23–29.
Sagar, P., Teotia, P., Sahlot, A. D., & Thakur, H. C. (2017). An analysis of silent flight of owl. Materials Today: Proceedings, 4(8), 8571–8575. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2017.07.204
Sieradzki, A. (2022). Designed for Darkness: The Unique Physiology and Anatomy of Owls. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/57353
Smith, C. R., & Richmond, M. E. (1972). Factors Influencing Pellet Egestion and Gatric pH in the Barn Owl. The Wilson Bulletin, 84(2), 179–186.
Stefke, K., & Landler, L. (2020). Long-term monitoring of rodent and shrew communities in a biodiversity hot-spot in Austria using barn owl (Tyto alba) pellets. Acta Oecologica, 109(December 2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actao.2020.103660
Stoddart, D. M. (Ed. ). (2012). Ecology of small mammals. Springer Science & Business Media.
STRI - Rapinas Noturnas de Portugal. (2013). https://www.casadasciencias.org/imagem/7277
Taylor, I. (2003). Barn owls: predator-prey relationships and conservation. Cambridge University Press.
Thomas, M. L., Baker, L., Beattie, J. R., & Baker, A. M. (2020). Determining the efficacy of camera traps, live capture traps, and detection dogs for locating cryptic small mammal species. Ecology and Evolution, 10(2), 1054–1068. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.5972
Tores, M., Motro, Y., Motro, U., & Yom-Tov, Y. (2005). The barn owl - A selective opportunist predator. Israel Journal of Zoology, 51(4), 349–360. https://doi.org/10.1560/7862-9E5G-RQJJ-15BE
Torre, I., Guixé, D., & Sort, F. (2010). Confronto di tre metodi di trappolaggio dei micromammiferi in aree coltivate della Spagna nord-orientale. Hystrix, 21(2), 147–155. https://doi.org/10.4404/Hystrix-21.2-4558
Turner, M. G. (1989). Landscape ecology: the effect of pattern on process. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. Vol. 20, 165, 171–197. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.20.110189.001131
Vale-Gonçalves, H. M., & Cabral, J. A. (2014). New records on the distribution of three rodent species in NE Portugal from barn owl (Tyto alba) diet analysis. Galemys, Spanish Journal of Mammalogy, 26, 100–104. https://doi.org/10.7325/galemys.2014.n3
Weger, H., Weger, M., Klaas, M., & Schröder, W. (2017). Features of owl wings that promote silent flight. Interface Focus, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2016.0078
WOLFF, J. O. (2007). Social biology of rodents. Integrative Zoology, 2(4), 193–204. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-4877.2007.00062.x
Publicado
2025-06-23
Edição
Secção
Artigos
Direitos de Autor (c) 2025 João Soares Carrola, Sofia Bettencourt, Hélia Vale-Gonçalves, Rafael Ferreira
Este trabalho está licenciado com uma Licença Creative Commons - Atribuição 4.0 Internacional.
