Níveis atmosféricos e doses inaladas de material particulado (PM10) em ambientes escolares em Luanda
Palavras-chave:
PM10, Dose inalada, Crianças, Escolas, Luanda
Resumo
Apesar dos muitos estudos sobre concentrações de material particulado em ambientes escolares em países desenvolvidos, o impacto dos poluentes atmosféricos nas crianças em idade escolar em África tem recebido relativamente pouca atenção. Neste estudo, as concentrações atmosféricas de material particulado com diâmetro aerodinâmico inferior a 10 µm (PM10) foram avaliadas em ambientes interiores e exteriores de quatro escolas primárias de Luanda, Angola, em setembro e outubro de 2023, usando monitores fotométricos e amostradores gravimétricos. As concentrações médias de PM10 variaram entre 34,4 ± 27,5 e 118 ± 88,5 μg m-3 nas salas de aula e de 60,2 ± 19,1 a 125 ± 26,7 μg m-3 nos pátios exteriores das escolas. Em geral, os rácios interior/exterior para PM10 foram inferiores a 1. As doses diárias inaladas nos períodos letivos oscilaram entre 63 e 221 μg e entre 65 e 238 μg para as crianças do sexo masculino e feminino, respetivamente. Verificou-se que as concentrações de PM10 e as doses inaladas nas escolas de Luanda são mais elevadas do que as reportados para estabelecimentos de ensino de países europeus, excedendo os valores guia recomendados pela Organização Mundial da Saúde.
Referências
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Ayuni, N. A., Juliana, J., & Ibrahim, M. H. (2014). Exposure to PM10 and NO2 and Association with Respiratory Health among Primary School Children Living Near Petrochemical Industry Area at Kertih, Terengganu. Journal of Medical and Bioengineering. https://doi.org/10.12720/jomb.3.4.282-287
Baloch, R. M., Maesano, C. N., Christoffersen, J., Banerjee, S., Gabriel, M., Csobod, É., … Dewolf, M. C. (2020). Indoor air pollution, physical and comfort parameters related to schoolchildren’s health: Data from the European SINPHONIE study. Science of the Total Environment, 739. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139870
Becerra, J. A., Lizana, J., Gil, M., Barrios-Padura, A., Blondeau, P., & Chacartegui, R. (2020). Identification of potential indoor air pollutants in schools. Journal of Cleaner Production, 242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118420
Coker, E., & Kizito, S. (2018). A narrative review on the human health effects of ambient air pollution in sub-saharan Africa: An urgent need for health effects studies. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2018, Vol. 15, Page 427, 15(3), 427. https://doi.org/10.3390/IJERPH15030427
Faria, T., Martins, V., Correia, C., Canha, N., Diapouli, E., Manousakas, M., … Almeida, S. M. (2020). Children’s exposure and dose assessment to particulate matter in Lisbon. Building and Environment, 171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.106666
Fonseca, G. M., Paciência, I., Felgueiras, F., Cavaleiro Rufo, J., Castro Mendes, F., Farraia, M., … de Oliveira Fernandes, E. (2021). Environmental quality in primary schools and related health effects in children. An overview of assessments conducted in the Northern Portugal. Energy and Buildings, 250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2021.111305
Harrison, R. M., & Deacon, A. R. (1998). Spatial correlation of automatic air quality monitoring at urban background sites: Implications for network design. Environmental Technology (United Kingdom), 19(2). https://doi.org/10.1080/09593331908616664
Harrison, Roy M., Allan, J., Carruthers, D., Heal, M. R., Lewis, A. C., Marner, B., … Williams, A. (2021). Non-exhaust vehicle emissions of particulate matter and VOC from road traffic: A review. Atmospheric Environment, 262, 118592. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ATMOSENV.2021.118592
Huang, F., Zhao, Y., Wang, P., Wang, Y., Zhang, L., & Luo, Y. (2021). Short-term exposure to particulate matter on heart rate variability in humans: a systematic review of crossover and controlled studies. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(27), 35528–35536. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11356-021-14494-1/FIGURES/2
Kalisa, E., Archer, S., Nagato, E., Bizuru, E., Lee, K., Tang, N., … Lacap-Bugler, D. (2019). Chemical and Biological Components of Urban Aerosols in Africa: Current Status and Knowledge Gaps. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2019, Vol. 16, Page 941, 16(6), 941. https://doi.org/10.3390/IJERPH16060941
Kalisa, E., Kuuire, V., & Adams, M. (2023). Children’s exposure to indoor and outdoor black carbon and particulate matter air pollution at school in Rwanda, Central-East Africa. Environmental Advances, 11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envadv.2022.100334
Lv, Y., Wang, H., Wei, S., Zhang, L., & Zhao, Q. (2017). The Correlation between Indoor and Outdoor Particulate Matter of Different Building Types in Daqing, China. Procedia Engineering, 205, 360–367. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PROENG.2017.10.002
Mentz, G., Robins, T. G., Batterman, S., & Naidoo, R. N. (2018). Acute respiratory symptoms associated with short term fluctuations in ambient pollutants among schoolchildren in Durban, South Africa. Environmental Pollution, 233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.10.108
Morawska, L., Ayoko, G. A., Bae, G. N., Buonanno, G., Chao, C. Y. H., Clifford, S., … Wierzbicka, A. (2017). Airborne particles in indoor environment of homes, schools, offices and aged care facilities: The main routes of exposure. Environment International. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2017.07.025
Nsompi, F., Kounga, P. R. M., Moussouami, S. I., Boussana, A., Bouhika, E. J., & Messan, F. (2023). Levels of Fine Particle Concentrations in Schools and Postexercise Pulmonary Function Disorders in Schoolchildren in Brazzaville. Journal of Biosciences and Medicines, 11(04). https://doi.org/10.4236/jbm.2023.114002
Paciência, I., Cavaleiro Rufo, J., Mendes, F., Farraia, M., Cunha, P., Silva, D., … Moreira, A. (2021). A cross-sectional study of the impact of school neighbourhood on children obesity and body composition. European Journal of Pediatrics, 180(2). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-020-03798-y
Rajagopalan, P., Andamon, M. M., & Woo, J. (2022). Year long monitoring of indoor air quality and ventilation in school classrooms in Victoria, Australia. Architectural Science Review, 65(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/00038628.2021.1988892
Ramachandran, S., & Cherian, R. (2008). Regional and seasonal variations in aerosol optical characteristics and their frequency distributions over India during 2001–2005. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 113(D8), 8207. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD008560
Saavedra, B. J., Sepúlveda, A. F., Sierra, R. J., & Blanco-Becerra, L. C. (2022). Association between particulate matter and respiratory symptoms in students in the municipality of Guachetá, Colombia. Revista Facultad de Ingenieria, (104). https://doi.org/10.17533/udea.redin.20210954
Salvi, S. (2007). Health effects of ambient air pollution in children. Paediatric Respiratory Reviews, 8(4), 275–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PRRV.2007.08.008
Son, Y. S. (2023). A review on indoor and outdoor factors affecting the level of particulate matter in classrooms of elementary schools. Journal of Building Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2023.106957
Sunyer, J., Esnaola, M., Alvarez-Pedrerol, M., Forns, J., Rivas, I., López-Vicente, M., … Querol, X. (2015). Association between Traffic-Related Air Pollution in Schools and Cognitive Development in Primary School Children: A Prospective Cohort Study. PLoS Medicine, 12(3). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001792
Szabados, M., Csákó, Z., Kotlík, B., Kazmarová, H., Kozajda, A., Jutraz, A., … Szigeti, T. (2021). Indoor air quality and the associated health risk in primary school buildings in Central Europe – The InAirQ study. Indoor Air, 31(4). https://doi.org/10.1111/ina.12802
Trompetter, W. J., Boulic, M., Ancelet, T., Garcia-Ramirez, J. C., Davy, P. K., Wang, Y., & Phipps, R. (2018). The effect of ventilation on air particulate matter in school classrooms. Journal of Building Engineering, 18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2018.03.009
USEPA. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2011). Exposure Factors Handbook: Chapter 6—Inhalation Rates.
USEPA. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2020). Exposure Assessment Tools by Routes – Inhalation. https://www.epa.gov/expobox/exposure-assessment-tools-routes-inhalation
Wu, Y., Li, H., Xu, D., Li, H., Chen, Z., Cheng, Y., … Chen, R. (2021). Associations of fine particulate matter and its constituents with airway inflammation, lung function, and buccal mucosa microbiota in children. Science of the Total Environment, 773. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145619
Yan, M., Xu, J., Li, C., Guo, P., Yang, X., & Tang, N. jun. (2021). Associations between ambient air pollutants and blood pressure among children and adolescents: A systemic review and meta-analysis. Science of the Total Environment. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147279
Publicado
2024-09-16
Edição
Secção
Artigos
Direitos de Autor (c) 2024 Yago Alonso Cipoli, Isabella Fandino Charres, Leonardo Furst, Joaquim Ituamba, Anabela Leitão, Célia Alves
Este trabalho está licenciado com uma Licença Creative Commons - Atribuição 4.0 Internacional.
