Why do some ICBT initiatives survive and fail? Insights from Indigenous Governance in Indonesia

Abstract

This study examines the factors shaping the survivability of Indigenous Community Based Tourism (ICBT) initiatives in Fatumnasi, Indonesia, emphasising governance practices, cultural integration, and collaborative partnerships. Employing a qualitative, multiple-case study approach, it categorises ICBT survivability into three levels: non-survivability, limited survivability, and full-scale survivability. Key findings highlight localised capacity-building, inclusive decision-making, transparent benefit accountability, and consistent external support as critical for survivability. Cultural values such as Naketi (customary deliberation), Ume Kbubu (solidarity), and spiritual beliefs in Uis Neno (Sky Ruler) and Uis Pah (Earth Ruler) foster trust, collective responsibility, and resilience. This research bridges gaps in Community- -Based Tourism (CBT) literature by showcasing how Indigenous governance and participatory mechanisms address challenges in culturally rich but economically vulnerable contexts. It offers theoretical advancements and practical guidance for integrating Indigenous traditions, equity-focused governance, and community empowerment into sustainable tourism models, providing actionable insights for global policymakers and practitioners.