INVTUR Proceedings

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2024-12-31T11:23:42+00:00

Proceedings of The INVTUR 2024 - “Tourism in unprecedented times: Looking for new directions”

The critical success factors for tourism route development

2024-12-31T11:23:43+00:00

Objectives | Tourism routes are initiatives that involve stakeholder’s partnerships, including public and/or private members, led by associations to facilitate collective decision-making (UNWTO (World Tourism Organization) & ETC (European Travel Commission), 2017).These initiatives have the potential to boost tourism destinations and products, as well as promote cooperation and knowledge exchange among stakeholders (Brás et al., 2010; Cloutier et al., 2016; Del Chiappa et al., 2019), among other benefits. However, there is limited research on factors influencing their overall success, namely, the critical success factors (CSFs) (Del Chiappa et al., 2019; Marais et al., 2017). Accordingly, the aim of this research is to identify CSFs by assessing their differences through a comparison of route typologies. The route typologies were developed based on the thematic group (UNWTO & ETC, 2017), the territory (UNWTO & ETC, 2017) the structure (UNWTO, 2015), the members sectors, and defined goals. To achieve that, we conducted five case studies, which included the European Route of Industrial Heritage, the Traditional Salt-Making: the Atlantic Route, the European Federation of the Way of Saint James, the Asociación de Municipios del Camino de Santiago (Spain), and the Rota da Bairrada (Portugal).

Methodology | Data collection involved semi-structured interviews with current and former members of these tourism routes. The participants comprised technicians or representatives from public institutions; members of academia; and technicians, managers, or proprietors of private companies in the tourism and wine sectors. The interviews, conducted between May 2022 and December 2022, primarily engaged potential interviewees through email communication facilitated by the technical secretariats of their respective entities. The CSFs, outlined in an interview script, were categorized into four phases: Networking, Operational Activities, Resources, and Performance Measurements. This categorization drew from Bornhorst et al. (2010), encompassing determinants of success for destination management organizations and tourism destinations, further enriched by extant research on governance, critical success factors, and wine tourism management. Additionally, official documents, websites, and promotional materials from the selected case studies underwent analysis. Subsequently, the data underwent content analysis employing the WebQDA software.

Main Results and Contributions | The main findings highlight that these organizations primarily focus on tourist promotion and creating a network of stakeholders as their main objectives. However, there is underperformance in monitoring the attainment of defined objectives. Commitment and collaboration among all members are among the most emphasized CSFs, forming the cornerstone of networking activities. Funding-related factors are pervasive, with public entities playing a predominant role in funding these initiatives. Concerning human resources, the availability of time, staff, and working capacity is deemed essential for establishing these initiatives. Nevertheless, some differences between typologies were identified. In territorial-based tourism routes, greater challenges are encountered in terms of cooperation compared to linear-based routes. In these instances, increased efforts in internal marketing are required to establish and cultivate connections between producers and tourism agents. When the goal is tourist promotion, there is a greater concern with the number of visitors, whereas in cases where the main goal is territorial development, the perception of its members is defined by the quality of the presented projects. Moreover, this research contributes theoretically by highlighting variations and commonalities among various route typologies in terms of CSFs for tourism route development. By considering a diverse range of case studies, this research provides a comprehensive overview that was previously lacking in the literature. It also offers practical recommendations for establishing and enhancing tourism routes.

Limitations | One of the main limitations relies on the fact that there may be a risk of bias in participant selection, as participants who take part in this research may potentially be more deeply involved members in route activities. Furthermore, this study employs an exploratory approach limited to specific case studies, and, as a result, the findings should not be generalized. Therefore, it could also be beneficial to assess the importance of these CSFs through confirmatory research.

Conclusions | Regarding the importance of Networking factors, these results are in line with the conclusions drawn from previous works on the management of other tourism routes, which gave a central role to these factors (Cloutier et al., 2016; Del Chiappa et al., 2019). Furthermore, in addition to the importance of public institutions in funding these initiatives and facilitating collaboration among private agents, success also depends on the leadership and capabilities of specific individuals. This research suggests certain hypotheses for confirmatory approaches in future research.

Evolução do ecoturismo em Unidades de Conservação no Brasil

2024-12-31T11:23:43+00:00

O objetivo da pesquisa é discutir criticamente a evolução das políticas públicas de ecoturismo e turismo de base comunitária (TBC) no Brasil ao longo do período de 2012 até 2022, comparando ações governamentais federais implementadas nas áreas de uso público em Unidades de Conservação (UCs) de Proteção Integral e de Uso Sustentável. Estudo de caráter exploratório e descritivo com pesquisa bibliográfica e documental. Na primeira fase, foi realizado consulta bibliográfica em meios eletrônicos, de textos científicos e legislação para traçar histórico de políticas públicas em UCs brasileiras. Na segunda fase, coletou-se notícias sobre ecoturismo em portais eletrônicos do Ministério do Turismo (MTUR) e do Meio Ambiente e Mudanças Climáticas (MMA). Para a coleta buscou-se pelas palavras-chave: “ecoturismo”, “turismo de base comunitária ou TBC” e “unidades de conservação ou UCs” e limitou-se ao período de 01/01/2012 a 31/12/2022. Das notícias filtradas, foram extraídas as informações: link da informação encontrada, data de publicação, tipo de ação governamental, UCs mencionadas e quantidade de UCs contempladas, separadas por Proteção Integral e de Uso Sustentável. As notícias selecionadas foram categorizadas em: 1. Ações de Promoção e Divulgação, 2. Investimentos em Infraestrutura Turística nas UCs, 3. Capacitação e Qualificação. Na terceira fase, as notícias foram analisadas, com uma abordagem qualitativa. Nesta pesquisa, foram encontradas 1.057 notícias nos portais eletrônicos do MTUR e MMA e selecionadas 326, sob os critérios de evidenciarem políticas públicas, estratégias de divulgação, investimentos e qualificação realizados em UCs. As políticas públicas têm fomentado o turismo de natureza como forma de conservação do patrimônio natural e cultural nas UCs e gerador de emprego e renda nas comunidades no entorno das áreas.

Turismo e Memória pela História Oral sobre viagens dos idosos LGBT+

2024-12-31T11:23:44+00:00

A pesquisa aqui apresentada sobre o turista idoso LGBT+, é o resultado de uma Dissertação de mestrado, no Programa de Pós – Graduação em Turismo na EACH-. Notou-se quão distantes estão as políticas públicas destinadas às pessoas idosas de suas reais necessidades, principalmente quando estes fazem parte do grupo de pessoas LGBT+ (Lésbicas, Gays, Bissexuais, Transexuais e mais possibilidades de gêneros e sexualidades). Estima-se que no Brasil em 2050, haverá uma maior porção da população formada por idosos, e independente dos avanços ou retrocessos das leis vigentes, esse público LGBT+ terá envelhecido também. Deste modo, a pesquisa tem como objetivo principal analisar as experiências de viagens, por meio dos relatos dos turistas idosos LGBT+, público este assistido pela ONG Eternamente Sou, o primeiro Centro de referência e Convivência de idosos LGBT+ no país, e identificar aspectos relacionados à sexualidade destes idosos, suas memórias em relação ao turismo e seus anseios. O referencial teórico estruturou- se a partir destes três temas principais pelas lentes das Ciências Sociais, Turismo e Humanas. Para tanto, a metodologia selecionada utilizou técnicas de abordagem qualitativa, com o tipo de pesquisa descritivo-exploratória e como meio de análise das informações coletadas durante as entrevistas estruturadas, a história oral. Os resultados obtidos permitiram concluir que esta pesquisa contribui com a questão no qual o conhecimento sobre este público no turismo está se estruturando e que trata da relação entre as memórias dos idosos LGBT+ e suas viagens. Portanto, este trabalho demonstra ser um importante cenário para a realização, continuidade e aprofundamento de novas pesquisas que abordem questões sobre a sexualidade, os anseios e as memórias do público idoso LGBT+ e que consequentemente perpassam pelos conhecimentos do turismo como uma ferramenta para formulação de propostas para este segmento.

COVID-19 e Festivais: Uma análise bibliométrica

2024-12-31T11:23:44+00:00

O vírus COVID-19 e as medidas tomadas para impedir a sua propagação tiveram um enorme impacto na sociedade e, especificamente, no comportamento de lazer das pessoas (Leeuwen et al. 2020). O turismo, onde e incluem os festivais, foi um dos setores mais atingidos pela COVID-19 (Rowen, 2020; Davies, 2020). Assistiu-se ao encerramento das fronteiras e foram impostas várias restrições à circulação. Consequentemente, muitos eventos foram cancelados, incluindo muitos festivais. Com o aliviar das restrições, e devido à importância estratégica que os festivais desempenham no desenvolvimento económico e sociocultural dos territórios, vemos na atualidade, um retomar destas atividades. Desta forma, o assunto tem despertado o interesse de pesquisadores para compreender os impactos e/ou desafios da COVID-19 nos festivais. Com vista a aumentar o conhecimento nesta área, este artigo analisa as pesquisas desenvolvidas sobre esta temática, com o objetivo de identificar os tópicos analisados e as metodologias utilizadas e sugerir futuras linhas de investigação.

Tourism Observatories as an intelligent center in tourism planning and management

2024-12-31T11:23:45+00:00

Tourism observatories could be defined as tourism intelligence organizations whose mission is to be a stable structure for collecting and analyzing data in order to be able to tell a historical series of information that is truly useful for managers. Therefore, it is important that there is a commitment and interrelation between universities, administration, and companies in this type of organization that allows their continuity. In this context, this article aims to describe and analyze the case of the A Coruña Tourism Observatory, the first municipal one in its region. The methodology applied has been mainly descriptive and qualitative. Thus, the project is described in detail through a case analysis and the information is completed with the collection through in-depth interviews carried out with the main actors involved (public and private). The results show that a project of these characteristics will be useful if the information obtained is concise, precise, and reliable. Likewise, the participation of public and private actors is essential for the success of the Project. Finally, it should be noted that one of the main challenges in extracting value from data is its quality, that is, processing is one of the most relevant phases, as well as its correct interpretation, use, and dissemination.

Challenges of Hotel Management in Historic Buildings

2024-12-31T11:23:45+00:00

Este estudo consiste numa abordagem exploratória sobre a problemática dos hotéis históricos e, mais concretamente, na identificação dos principais desafios que se colocam na gestão hoteleira destes espaços com caraterísticas arquitetônicas e funcionais muito específicas. O processo de adaptação de edifícios históricos para se converterem em estabelecimentos de alojamento é encarado numa perspetiva da inovação, de diferenciação de mercado e de aumento da qualidade de serviço. Contudo, este processo de adaptação aporta desafios inerentes à gestão hoteleira, não só na perspetiva operacional, mas também na perspetiva conceptual. O estudo que serve de base a esta reflexão crítica baseia-se num trabalho desenvolvido em contexto de sala de aula, envolvendo professores e alunos de diferentes unidades curriculares, estruturando aquilo que se designa de projeto interdisciplinar. O trabalho de investigação com os respetivos alunos consistiu na aplicação do método científico e no desenvolvimento de um estudo empírico de caráter qualitativo, optando-se pela recolha de dados através da realização de conjunto de entrevistas a diretores de hotéis com estas caraterísticas. Os estudantes trabalharam individualmente a problemática da gestão hoteleira em edifícios históricos sob distintas perspetivas, nomeadamente: as estratégias de conservação de edíficos históricos que albergam este tipo de empreendimentos turísticos; o perfil dos colaboradores mais frequentemente associadas a este segmento hoteleiro; os desafios ao nível da sustentabilidade e da acessibilidade inerentes a esta tipologia de edíficos; bem como o tipo de estratégias de marketing aplicadas por este segmento de hotéis, tendo sido recolhida até ao momento uma amostra muito diminuta. Tratando-se de um trabalho em progresso, com este artigo pretende-se apresentar o enquadramento do trabalho realizado em contexto de sala de aula, de que forma se interliga com o setor profissional e quais os resultados esperados com este estudo, ainda que de forma exploratória.

Representações e organização das viagens turísticas na Estrada Nacional 2

2024-12-31T11:23:46+00:00

Não obstante o assinalável reconhecimento nacional (e mesmo internacional) alcançado pela Estrada Nacional 2 (EN2) enquanto atrativo turístico e propósito de viagem para uma procura significativa, o conhecimento acerca de muitas das dimensões desta realidade emergente é ainda escasso e, frequentemente, fragmentado. A sua condição de itinerário nacional, que percorre 35 municípios e quatro regiões turísticas se, por um lado lhe dá escala para se projetar aquém e além fronteiras, confere-lhe também dificuldades de governança, inerentes ao facto de ser uma realidade multi-escalar e, acima de tudo, multi-organizacional.

Neste sentido, procedeu-se a uma análise quantitativa, através do software de análise de dados SPSS, dos resultados obtidos a partir de 348 questionários validados. A recolha de dados decorreu de agosto de 2022 a setembro de 2023 com uma amostragem não probabilística realizada, essencialmente, a partir das redes sociais.

A partir dos objetivos de estudo propostos, os resultados apresentados permitem, em traços muito gerais, perceber alguns dos comportamentos do visitante de EN2.

“Não existe património sem nós”: O papel dos povos e comunidades tradicionais no Primeiro Sítio Misto Mundial do Brasil

2024-12-31T11:23:47+00:00

O reconhecimento como Patrimônio Mundial pode ser um marco importante para as comunidades tradicionais da região. Isso cria oportunidades de empoderamento, promove a preservação da cultura e do conhecimento ancestral, estimula práticas sustentáveis de gestão da natureza e incentiva a inclusão e participação nas decisões relacionadas aos territórios e ao turismo em um contexto global. Essa designação posiciona esses grupos como atores fundamentais na conservação do patrimônio e no desenvolvimento sustentável de suas áreas.

Production and consumption of data in tourism: Towards assertive decision-making

2024-12-31T11:23:47+00:00

Objectives | Literature indicates that smart tourism permits create value for firms and destinations, embracing economic, societal, and environmental aspects. Moreover, it significantly impacts destination management, where digital tools make it possible to collect, analyse and share data from the tourism ecosystem (Rodrigues et al., 2023). In this context, Business Intelligence (BI) plays a key role, as a big data analysis provides new opportunities for destinations in the marketing and management context (Ivars-Baidal et al., 2019). In the tourism industry, BI helps businesses improve efficiency, agility and the quality of decisions. It permits better decision-making as work is a drive for competitiveness (Korte et al., 2013).

However, there is a need for further studies to provide strategies for tourism firms to improve their performance (Rodrigues et al., 2023). Then, this study aims to assess how tourism data have been used to generate tourism intelligence. The goal is to understand whether the data is used in favour of more assertive decisions by companies to promote tourism intelligence. The analysis is carried out from the point of view of institutions that produce tourism data, as well as tourism companies that potentially consume this data for decision-making.

Three institutions were analysed from the point of view of the entities that produce data: one at a national level in Portugal and two at a regional level in Azores. Moreover, from the companies' perspective, 149 businesses in the tourism trade. In that way, this investigation attempts to answer three research questions. 1. How are tourism practitioners using open data in their decision-making process? 2. What is the level of implementation by tourism trade of data provided by the institutions? 3. What are the restrictions on providing and using data and using it efficiently?

Methodology | This research uses a quantitative approach. The data was collected from the business of tourism trade in the Azores using a quantitative survey online from April to September 2023.

Main Results and Contributions | The findings show an imbalance between firms' expectations for the data produced by institutions. On the one hand, national and regional institutions underestimate the applications of the available data. On the other hand, businesses underutilise information since it does not realise the importance of data or they do not know how to use it. The Institutions believe that tourism companies use the data their institution produces and/or makes available for "directing marketing actions" and "redesigning and improving tourist products or services". However, firms say data is used for "directing marketing actions", "redesigning and improving tourist products or services", "opening new markets", "improving processes or procedures", "defining tourism fairs to participate in", and "repositioning the brand".

From the point of view of data producers in tourism, the three institutions reported that they produce primary data based on the application of surveys. Regarding new technologies, only one of the institutions says it performs big data analysis, and none uses artificial intelligence. When asked if they can understand how tourism companies apply the data, only one is clear about how it is applied.

From companies' point of view, around 60% claim they need more human resources with data production and analysis skills. In this way, we found that in the sample studied, there need to be more qualified human resources to deal with data in tourism. From the point of view of companies operating in tourism, there is a gap between the importance they give to data and the use they make of it since the majority find it essential or very important, totalling 75.2% of the sample. However, only 10.7% use it a lot, 26.8% use it with some frequency, and 26.2% never use it. Regarding understanding the data available on national and regional tourism platforms, only 15.2% consider the data easy to understand. These results indicate improvements to be made in the availability and interpretation of data by data-promoting institutions.

Regarding usability, around 70% of companies have never used data from the national platform, and at the regional level, the non-use rates reach 42.3% and 63.1%. The main reasons for never using it are linked to the lack of knowledge of this platform, lack of need, not finding applicability of the data to the company's reality, and the fact that the data produced by this national platform highlights mainly the regions of mainland Portugal.

Limitations | The study findings are limited to tourism trade in a single region, the Azores. Then, the results cannot be generalised. For future research, this study may be replicated in different settings. Moreover, extending the data analysis method, including a qualitative approach with interviews, deepens the understanding of the motives and constraints for adopting open data for decision-making.

Conclusions | Government support is a condition to mediate tourism development (Shafiee et al., 2019). Data-producing institutions should invest in greater proximity to companies and have more clarity about what data they need and how they use it. Training of companies' human resources could be promoted in the interpretation and application of data. Mutual efforts should be made to effectively apply knowledge providing tourism intelligence in tourism territories. Through a quantitative study, we are uncovering the use of BI in tourism firms, specifically in the tourism trade of the Azores. Also, it brings practical implications for managers and marketers in the tourism industry as it highlights the importance of data mining and its benefits for decision-making. On the other hand, it guides institutions in delivering data, which includes, for example, expanding information about the digital footprints of tourists.

References

Ivars-Baidal, J. A., Celdrán-Bernabeu, M. A., Mazón, J.-N., & Perles-Ivars, Á. F. (2019). Smart destinations and the evolution of ICTs: a new scenario for destination management? Current Issues in Tourism, 22(13), 1581–1600. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2017.1388771

Korte, D., Ariyachandra, T., & Frolick, M. (2013). Business Intelligence in the Hospitality Industry. International Journal of Innovation, Management and Technology, 4(4).

Rodrigues, V., Eusébio, C., & Breda, Z. (2023). Enhancing sustainable development through tourism digitalisation: a systematic literature review. Information Technology & Tourism, 25(1), 13–45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40558-022-00241-w

Shafiee, S., Rajabzadeh Ghatari, A., Hasanzadeh, A., & Jahanyan, S. (2019). Developing a model for sustainable smart tourism destinations: A systematic review. Tourism Management Perspectives, 31, 287–300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2019.06.002

Lake tourism in Alqueva: a timeline from 2002 till 2023

2024-12-31T11:23:48+00:00

Objectives

A number of well-known tourism destinations around the world are based on lakes as their main attraction. Although is still difficult to determine the economic significance of lakes, lake tourism has been recognized as a relevant subfield of tourism studies. It is important to note that lakes are open water bodies, dams or reservoirs which might represent a valuable resource for a variety of human activities. In addition, lakes might also become an important resource for tourism development, based on their landscape features, flora, fauna and cultural attractions. Lakes offer a naturally defined core resource for tourism development (Hall and Härkönen, 2006). This is in fact a term that tends to be categorized by the location of the lake. Therefore, some authors prefer the term ‘water-based tourism’ since it relates to any activity or experience undertaken in or in relation to water (Jennings, 2011). For that reason, lake tourism is also grounded in creating unique experiences, strongly based on sensations, emotions and feelings that help to create memories associated with the lake itself (Rodrigues, 2015; Rodrigues, Correia & Kozak, 2017; Rodrigues, 2023). The site of this study work is the Alqueva man-made lake as an emerging destination in the Alentejo region in the south of Portugal with 250 km2 (also partly in Spain). This work aims to: (i) discuss the concept and main characteristics of lake-
destination areas applied to a particular lake in Portugal, Alqueva Lake; (ii) to establish a timeline

for the evolution of tourism development at Alqueva Lake; (iii) to present and describe some examples of well-organized tourism products related to several types of tourism, such as wine tourism, nature tourism, astrotourism, cultural tourism or nautical tourism that are being developed around Alqueva Lake, adding value to the lake
tourism experience; and finally (iii) based on a literature review of lake tourism, to introduce and briefly discuss important issues concerning Alqueva Lake as a future lake-destination area.

Methodology

In order to reach the proposed goals a multistage methodology will be applied: (i) a linear timeline with the important historical events related to the management of the lake which have occurred from 2002 till 2023 will be undertaken in order to have a clear picture about the chronological arrangement of important events related to management of Alqueva Lake. The goal is to contribute more effectively to a better understanding of the Alqueva Lake present days; (ii) an observation grid will be conducted to support the analysis of typologies of tourism, types of tourism products and companies that offer well organized tourism products at the Alqueva Lake, based on the analysis of websites; and (iii) analysis of some examples of tourism experiences surrounding the Alqueva Lake will be undertaken, in order to extract important elements of tourism product engineering.

Mains results and contributions

There seems to be no doubt that Alqueva is at the very beginning of the life-cycle as a lake-destination area. This is an ongoing study and does not have concrete results to present. However, some reflections can be presented at this moment. Firstly, an integrated lake management approach should be implemented since lakes are complex destination systems (Cooper, 2006). Coordination is essential in all types of destinations, but even more with lakes as open systems. The vulnerability of lakes, which represent fragile eco-systems, the multiple uses of lakes, and the level of complexity of coordinating all the different stakeholders involved in the destination, demands a holistic view of the lake. Given the difficulty of managing Alqueva Lake as a single entity due to the fact that this reservoir did not exist until 2002 and now a new situation has arisen, crossing different territorial boundaries; in the near future it will be useful to implement a specific authority consisting of representatives from the different public sector agents involved in the management of the lake. Additionally, a partnership task force could emerge with public, and private sector and the community that could provide strategic advice and recommendations in the creation, monitoring and review of policies for developing and managing Alqueva Lake and any issues related to its future. In addition, tourism at lakes takes place in the surrounding area of the lake and not exclusively on the lake itself (Hall and Härkönen, 2006). Naturally, linked to the definition of lake tourism is the idea that there is a geographical entity with particular environmental characteristics. This feature is, probably more evident at natural lakes which have always existed in a particular place than artificially created lakes. Given the background of Alqueva as a new lake that has existed only since 2002, one of the central discussions is the need for a clear delimitation of the territorial boundaries of Alqueva as a lake-destination area.

In terms of product development, the idea of the gateway approach first proposed by Gunn (1979) which Gartner (1993) explored applied to lake areas, could be implemented in Alqueva Lake in terms of product development, promotion and distribution. Gateways are seen as consumption centres, which offer products from different service providers in a central location. However, gateways are not only applied in terms of location in a physical space, but nowadays they can be understood in terms of new technologies in tourism. In the case of lake destinations this idea of gateways is of great importance due to the complex destination system as mentioned before. Presently, the concept of gateways applied to lakes involves the existence of a website as a promotion and distribution tool, providing information from the multiple services providers (e.g. accommodation, activities, events, restaurants) at the lake in an integrated and coordinated model. In the future Alqueva Lake should develop a website, since from a customer point of view destinations are viewed like any other product.

Limitations
This is an ongoing work that includes several stages in terms of methodology. At this stage, a review of the state of the art about the development of tourism at Alqueva Lake will be undertaken. There are no limitations to consider for now.

Conclusions

It can be concluded that: (i) the lake tourism concept is holistic and embraces not only touristic experiences at the lake, but also in the surrounding region; (ii) after 20 years of existence it is possible to have several proposals of tourism experiences based on several tourism products organized around the lake (nature, gastronomy, pedestrian, cultural or astrotourism), meaning that at the present moment, there can be an organized supply based on a multiproduct strategy.

Gênero e Lazer: Uma revisão bibliográfica sobre os usos e as representações dos corpos dissidentes nas publicações científicas

2024-12-31T11:23:49+00:00

Os estereótipos de gênero e sexualidade podem influenciar as percepções e expectativas das pessoas em relação aos corpos e comportamentos de gêneros dissidentes, inclusive nos usos e representações destes nos espaços de lazer. Partindo do entendimento do lazer como um direito de todes, questiona-se de que forma esses corpos estereotipados são representados e discutidos nos estudos de lazer. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste artigo é investigar o panorama das pesquisas de lazer que abordem/discutam a dissidência de gêneros, sobretudo não-binares, quanto a representação de seus corpos e usos dos espaços de lazer. Trata-se de um estudo de natureza qualitativa, descritiva e exploratória, com perspectiva multimetodológica, aliando a análise bibliográfica a partir da produção dos principais periódicos internacionais do lazer (classificação A) e a revisão narrativa dos resultados, com análise inspirada pelo paradigma da complexidade. Desvela-se que a inexpressiva produção sobre as temáticas demonstra uma escassez das discussões de corpos apara além da perspectiva do binarismo. Concomitantemente indica a relevância e possibilidades para a produção científica de um campo complexo e com expressivo ineditismo sobretudo pelas lentes dos estudos queers.

The role of gastronomy in the co-creation of visitors’ experience in wine regions

2024-12-31T11:23:53+00:00

Objetivos | The main aims of this study lie in recognizing the importance of gastronomy, with diverse contents and experience facets, when visitors co-create food & wine experiences in wine regions and understanding how exactly value was co-created in these experiences, in two Portuguese wine regions.

Metodologia | To address this exploratory study, a qualitative approach was implemented, comprising content analysis of 32 semi-structured interviews that were applied to visitors of two Portuguese wine regions – Bairrada and Dão. The analysis of the relevance of gastronomy in the co-creative food & wine experiences visitors were part of in both regions was based on interviews with both visitors and six supply agents (namely a wine producer, the owner of a wine farm and winery staff) from the referred regions. The latter allowed the understanding of the perspective of those who design and deliver food & wine experiences integrating local food. Nvivo 12 was used to support content analysis.

Principais resultados e contributos | The results of this study show that gastronomy is of fundamental importance in both wine regions, considering the visitors’ perspective that clearly reveals how it adds value to the tourist experience when travelling to these areas (Carvalho et al, 2021a). Gastronomy was not identified as the main motivation to travel by the interviewees of Bairrada and Dão. However, most participants expressed their appreciation of the contact with and enjoyment of local food products in experiences like food & wine pairing, wine tasting with food pairing and in a culinary workshop, and stressed the positive impact these experiences had on their cognitive (e.g. when learning about cultural features of the regions associated local food peculiarities) and sensorial engagement with the visited place (e.g. smell of local fruits, grape varieties, and local dishes). Through local food products, visitors were exposed to typical flavours of the regions like the suckling pig and the desserts from Bairrada or the roasted goat from Dão region. Visitors considered that experiencing gastronomy in wine regions is also an opportunity to live enriched and multisensory experiences, which combine perfectly with wine tasting. A large proportion of those interviewed mentioned their potential interest in gastronomic experiences when travelling, namely interest in food tours, culinary workshops or tasting experiences. This fact can be a relevant insight to foster co-creative experiences for visitors in wine regions.
Particularly in the Bairrada, visitors who were in the region for cycling and for having close contact with nature recognised the importance of gastronomy in the overall experience, without having had any expectations previously regarding this destination dimension. However, few learning opportunities and little sensory involvement was remarked in this group, and no reference was made to experiences of food& wine pairing, which underlines the relevance of fostering co-creation contexts in this field, enhancing the potential of promoting a more participative role of visitors. Even so, the interviewees were unanimous when recognising that the regular tasting experience of local gastronomy was a key element to the overall satisfaction with the experience in the wine destination.
For the supply agents interviewed, gastronomy is a fundamental part of the experiences they facilitate, most of the time paired with the wines of the regions. These experiences also highlight the unique character of the local products, contributing to fostering the visitors’ interest in the acquisition of food products or wines, i.e. to extend the experience over time, when returning home, and eventually sharing these products and stories regarding their experiences with others (Bernardo, et al, 2023). Besides facilitating co-creative experiences, supply agents also recognize the importance of the wineries’ and restaurants’ staff to promote interactive and valuable experiences.
This qualitative study also adds value to the literature and may contribute to complementing quantitative studies in the field, given the relative recent nature of food & wine tourism research and the need of empirical evidence to gain in-depth understanding of this special-interest tourism.

Limitações | In this study, the perspective of the local community was not analysed. The meanings associated to gastronomy for the regional experience could also be explored in further depth regarding the perspective of locals, which was not possible in this study given time constraints.

Conclusões | Understanding the relevance of gastronomy in wine regions is of crucial for appealing and distinct tourist experience and destination development. Visitors’ central role was identified, when food & wine experiences enabled greater involvement of the traveller (e.g., in the culinary workshop), which can be relevant in wine regions, given the growing interest visitors reveal in this domain. These experiences also enhance destinations’ authenticity and may contribute to their competitiveness as well as to sustainable, local resource-based development of respective territories. For supply agents, the key role of local products in the experience co-creation opportunities they provide is recognised combined with wine experiences (Carvalho et al, 2021a), as visitors have the opportunity to learn about the region and its products through the understanding of the regional cuisine, of which wine is an essential part and through interaction with the staff, the chef at a winery restaurant or/ and the winemaker and enologist at a winery (Carvalho et al, 2021b).

Referências bibliográficas
Bernardo, E. Sousa & Kastenholz, E. (2023). Souvenirs in tourism studies: a bibliometric retrospective and future research agenda. European Journal of Tourism Research. 29 (2), 249-264. https://doi.org/10.20867/thm.29.2.10.
Carvalho, M., Kastenholz, E., & Carneiro, M.J. (2023). Co-creative tourism experiences—a conceptual framework and its application to food & wine tourism. Tourism Recreation Research, 48(5), 668-692. DOI: 10.1080/02508281.2021.1948719
Carvalho, M., Kastenholz, E., & Carneiro, M.J. (2021a). Pairing co-creation with food and wine experiences—a holistic perspective of tourist experiences in Dão, a Portuguese wine region. Sustainability (Switzerland), 13(23). 13416. doi:10.3390/su132313416.
Carvalho, M., Kastenholz, E., & Carneiro, M. J. (2021b). Interaction as a central element of co-creative wine tourism experiences—Evidence from Bairrada, a Portuguese wine-producing region. Sustainability (Switzerland), 13(16). 9374. doi:10.3390/su13169374.
Eletxigerra, A., Caldeira, A., & Kastenholz, E. (2023). A cost-benefit approach of consumers’ intentions to participate in highly co-creative tourism activities during and after COVID-19: Evidence from wine tourism. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 56, 506-518. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhtm.2023.08.010
Emmendoerfer, M., Almeida, T., Richards, G., & Marques, L. (2023). Co-creation of local gastronomy for regional development in a slow city. Tourism & Management Studies, 19(2), 51-60. DOI: 10.18089/tms.2023.190204
Gao, D., Xia, H., Deng, W., Muskat, B., Li, G., & Law, R. (2022). Value creation in wine tourism – an exploration through deep neural networks. Journal of Vacation Marketing. DOI: 10.1177/13567667221140605
Stone, M., & Suiwen, Z. (2023). Consumption value in food tourism: the effects on purchase involvement and post-travel behaviours. Tourism Recreation Research. DOI: 10.1080/02508281.2023.2246737

Demand Trends on European Thermalism

2024-12-31T11:23:57+00:00

O termalismo é uma forma popular de terapia que envolve a utilização das propriedades curativas das águas minerais para fins de saúde e bem-estar. Na Europa, o termalismo tem uma longa história e é amplamente praticado em muitos países do continente (Rawlinson & Heap, 2017). Nas últimas décadas, a saúde e o bem-estar tornaram-se importantes motivos de consumo, atraindo o interesse de investigadores de diferentes disciplinas. No entanto, um dos desafios actuais na investigação académica e na indústria do turismo de bem-estar é o desenvolvimento concetual relacionado com o termo-chave bem-estar. Nos últimos anos, o termalismo clássico, centrado essencialmente na dimensão "cura", foi substituído pelo termalismo moderno, que se baseia particularmente na dimensão "bem-estar", e a oferta está mais centrada em motivações terapêuticas preventivas, combinadas com aspectos recreativos e turísticos. Seguindo esta tendência, as termas começam a recuperar algum dinamismo na aposta numa oferta diversificada, que considera não só os pressupostos terapêuticos mas também uma perspetiva holística, que inclui simultaneamente os pressupostos de saúde e bem-estar. Esta investigação tem como objetivo analisar os principais destinos termais europeus, de forma a traçar o perfil da procura. Para cumprir este objetivo, foi utilizada uma metodologia de abordagem qualitativa, com recurso a entrevistas semi-estruturadas. Nas principais conclusões, é possível destacar uma mudança no perfil do consumidor na Europa, que caminha para uma procura mais jovem, com serviços mais especializados e focados no bem-estar físico e psicológico, para além dos ditos "clássicos".

Wine tourism with children

2024-12-31T11:23:58+00:00

Objectives | Wine tourism is not just about tasting and buying wine, but also about allowing tourists to have different experiences in the wine territory based on its natural and cultural attributes. Therefore, it is expected to attract different audiences with different motivations (Byrd et al., 2016; Carlsen & Charters, 2006; Hall & Mitchell, 2002). Studies suggest that families with children are a potential - and even actual - demand for some wine tourism destinations (Cohen & Ben-Nun, 2006; Cho et al., 2019; Gu & Huang, 2019; Malerba et al., 2023). However, very little is known about their motivations and the perceived benefits or difficulties arising from this activity. At the same time, it is generally assumed that wine tourism is of no interest to this market, and little research has been done into the factors that inhibit families with children from visiting wineries (Sigala, 2019). Therefore, this study aims to analyse families with children as potential and actual visitors to wineries, cellars and wineries. It characterises wine tourists who have already visited wineries with children, in terms of their involvement with wine, their motivations for undertaking wine tourism in general and with their children, as well as the perceived benefits and difficulties encountered when visiting wineries with their children. At the same time, it identifies, among those who have not had this experience, the reasons that prevent them from doing the activity. Both groups identify elements of the supply that could increase their intention to participate in wine tourism with children.

Methods | This is a descriptive exploratory study based on a quantitative survey carried out using an online questionnaire made up of multiple choice questions, a Likert scale and open questions. The questionnaire was created in Portuguese, English, Spanish and French and publicised in communities and discussion forums on wine tourism and family tourism on different platforms and social networks. In addition, authors of social media posts with a hashtag relating to wine tourism and/or children were contacted. Finally, a snowballing procedure was used to select respondents, starting with the authors' personal and professional contacts. The questionnaire was available between August and September 2023, and 180 valid questionnaires were obtained from 18 different countries, including 122 respondents who had already visited wineries with children.

Main results and contributions | The main motivations for wine tourism, in general or with children, are to experience a different environment, taste wines, socialise with others, and spend a day out. Concerning motivations related to children, the desire to relax while children play outdoors, to provide entertainment for children and to provide children with learning opportunities stand out. Respondents who have already visited wineries with children mention family togetherness, an outdoor experience and learning as the main benefits of this activity. Both groups refer to the lack of activities for children, who soon get bored and don't allow their parents to enjoy the visit, as difficulties or constraints of family wine tourism. Some said that the environment was inappropriate for children. Among the main aspects that can influence the intention to practise family wine tourism are the offer of fun activities for children, adapted tastings with juices and food, activities with recreationists for children while their parents enjoy the tastings, and the availability of outdoor areas where they can run around safely and freely, such as gardens, as well as the existence of restaurants.

Limitations | This study is based on a limited sample, with a preponderance of respondents from countries that were more willing to answer the questionnaire (Brazil and the United States), which is partly due to the contacts and means of operation of the researchers, but also to the probable openness of these people to the subject or to answering online questionnaires. A face-to-face survey, carried out in different destinations, could provide more comprehensive results that are more representative of the market of families with children.

Conclusions| This study confirms the potential of families with children as a market for wine tourism. By identifying the motivations, perceived benefits, difficulties and constraints of this segment regarding wine tourism, it contributes to a greater understanding of the behaviour of this type of tourist and of the possibilities of wine tourism adapted for this market. At the same time, it raises awareness among supply agents and managers of wine tourism destinations to consider this segment and offer innovative, adapted and inclusive experiences, which can give them an important competitive edge.

References

Byrd, E. T., Canziani, B., (Jerrie) Hsieh, Y.-C., Debbage, K., & Sonmez, S. (2016). Wine tourism: Motivating visitors through core and supplementary services. Tourism Management, 52, 19–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2015.06.009

Carlsen, J., & Charters, S. (Eds.) (2006). Global wine tourism: research, management & marketing. Oxon, UK: CABI.

Cohen, E., & Ben-Nun, L. (2009). The Important Dimensions of Wine Tourism Experience from Potential Visitors' Perception. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 9(1), 20–31. https://doi.org/10.1057/thr.2008.42

Hall, C. M., & Mitchell, R. (2002). The tourist terroir of New Zealand wine: the importance of region in the wine tourism experience. In E. Montanari (Ed.), Food and environment: geographies of taste (pp. 69–91). Rome: Societa Geografica Italiana.

Cho, M., Bonn, M. A., & Brymer, R. A. (2017). A Constraint-Based Approach to Wine Tourism Market Segmentation. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research, 41(4), 415–444. https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348014538049

Gu, Q., & Huang, S. S. (2019). Profiling Chinese wine tourists by wine tourism constraints: A comparison of Chinese Australians and long-haul Chinese tourists in Australia. International Journal of Tourism Research, 21(2), 206–220. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.2255

Malerba, R., Kastenholz, E., Carneiro, M. J., & Carvalho, M. (2023). No whining at the winery: family-friendly winescape attributes. Revista Turismo & Desenvolvimento, 43, 27-47. https://doi.org/10.34624/rtd.v43i0.32986

Sigala, M. (2019). Winey Kids: Promoting Wine Tourism to People with Children. In Management and Marketing of Wine Tourism Business (pp. 127–134). Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75462-8_7

Por uma reestruturação de Políticas Públicas no ICMBio que favoreça a sustentabilidade

2024-12-31T11:23:59+00:00

Objetivo: A pesquisa visa apresentar nova modelagem de relacionamento entre a gestão das áreas protegidas e as comunidades locais, voltada para a otimização de recursos que traga benefícios reais para ambas as partes. Especificamente busca-se identificar e analisar o orçamento da Instituição; analisar os principais centros de custos do ICMBio; identificar e analisar aspectos gerenciais das terceirizações no ICMBio e sua relação com as comunidades locais bem como avaliar se há alternativas que tragam maior alinhamento entre a Missão Institucional e a sustentabilidade.

Metodologia: Dados da gestão administrativa foram obtidos em consulta aos Painéis Dinâmicos do Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMBio, 2023). Dados referentes ao orçamento do ICMBio foram obtidos no site “Painel do Orçamento Federal”, do Sistema Integrado de Planejamento e Orçamento – SIOP (SIOP, 2023). Informações acerca do detalhamento de despesas administrativas foram obtidas em Tesouro Transparente (2023).

Principais resultados e contributos: O ICMBio possui um orçamento anual próximo de R$700 milhões e a relação orçamento ICMBio/orçamento União demonstra que nos últimos dez anos tem ocorrido um visível decaimento, saindo de 0,025% em 2013 para 0,016% em 2023. Interrompem este decaimento decenal dois picos de recursos em 2017 e 2019, anos em que o pagamento de precatórios foi bastante expressivo. Estes precatórios, que são obrigações na justiça de indenizar trabalhadores das empresas terceirizadas lesados em seus direitos, somam mais de R$600 milhões entre 2017 e 2021, ou seja, praticamente o volume de recursos do orçamento anual do ICMBio. Este dado é um indicador de haver muito espaço para se aperfeiçoar as práticas de relacionamentos entre área protegida e população local. Primeiro porque a Instituição está tendo despesas dobradas, uma vez que na contratação das empresas terceirizadas, tem-se embutido no valor de posto de trabalho as verbas obrigatórias como pagamentos de direitos trabalhistas, que como visto, não foram pagos pelas empresas, tendo a Instituição ter que arcar novamente com tais custos. Segundo porque a média do valor do salário do trabalhador é cerca de ¼ do valor do posto, haja visto que neste são incutidos diversas outras despesas. Desta forma, ¾ do que foi gasto com a contratação das empresas não fica no local, não contribuindo desta forma para dinamizar economia na região da UC. Ainda há de se levar em conta a estagnação social com este tipo de relação, onde as chances de melhorias de qualidade de vida dos trabalhadores são muito restritas e ainda para um pequeno grupo de pessoas da comunidade. Por sua vez, a análise dos principais centros de custos da Instituição demonstra que as despesas administrativas cotidianas, como vigilância, limpeza e apoio administrativo são de ordem muito superior às despesas da área fim, como manejo para conservação, pesquisa, educação ambiental e afins. A exceção a este padrão se dá com as despesas com incêndios florestais e fiscalização, que são despesas menores do que as administrativas e cujo foco está na atuação na consequência e não na causa. Complementa o quadro o fato de o ICMBio ter uma média de um servidor para 40 mil hectares, o que praticamente inviabiliza a gestão da área, levando a se ter grandes vazios institucionais onde a pouca presença sistematizada leva a situações de inexistência de dados para a gestão. Por sua vez, a legislação brasileira tem na Lei 13.019/2014 a possibilidade de se realizar parcerias com as Organizações da Sociedade Civil - OSC, com ou sem repasse de verbas públicas. Logo, parece ser viável se escolher o caminho das parcerias ao invés das contratações por licitação de menor preço. Isto porque primeiramente todo o recurso iria para a região; também não há impedimentos de que a parceria tenha que realizar estritamente uma única atividade, como o é nas licitações. Ao contrário, toda uma gama de atividades pode ser colocada em prática, desde fomentos de arranjos produtivos locais, a ecoturismo, dentre tantos possíveis. Nestas situações, a comunidade local passaria a ser elevada a graus maiores de importância do que um simples empregado, onde é possível que seu comprometimento com o manejo adequado da área seja cada vez maior. Ademais, as parcerias podem se dar em rede e exigir também contrapartidas e com isto a instituição aumentaria muito sua governança como um todo. Por fim, organizações sociais locais podem captar verbas, pois seria parceria e ao invés de se limitar a repasses do ICMBio, pode inclusive em um futuro superar tais verbas com seus próprios mecanismos.

Limitações: Pela dimensão do artigo, não é possível apresentar toda a modelagem que envolve cálculos em diferentes fases de maturação bem como instrumentos de gestão da parceria.

Conclusão: Demonstra-se ser viável a troca do modelo de contratação por licitação menor preço para o modelo parceria com OSC, onde tal mecanismo irá propiciar um melhor acoplamento estrutural entre ICMBio e comunidade local, um caminho para se alcançar a missão institucional e a sustentabilidade.

Referências bibliográficas:

INSTITUTO CHICO MENDES DE CONSERVAÇÃO DA BIODIVERSIDADE – ICMBio. (2023). Painéis Dinâmicos de Informações do ICMBio. Disponível em https://www.gov.br/icmbio/pt-br/centrais-de-conteudo/paineis-dinamicos-do-icmbio

Sistema Integrado de Planejamento e Orçamento – SIOP. (2023). Disponível em: https://www1.siop.planejamento.gov.br/QvAJAXZfc/opendoc.htm?document=IAS%2FExecucao_Orcamentaria.qvw&host=QVS%40pqlk04&anonymous=true.

TESOURO TRANSPARENTE. (2023). Disponível em: https://www.tesourotransparente.gov.br/temas/contabilidade-e-custos/sistema-de-custos

Proposta de um novo modelo de gestão para áreas protegidas em mutualismo com comunidades locais

2024-12-31T11:24:00+00:00

Objetivo: o estudo visa apresentar uma proposta inovadora de gestão de áreas protegidas baseado na cooperação com comunidades locais e aberto a investimentos externos. Especificamente visa analisar o panorama de financiamento do ICMBio na última década; analisar a capacidade institucional atual para cumprimento da Missão Institucional; Identificar formas alternativas de prestação de serviços que favoreçam a comunidade local; apresentar proposta de financiamento coletivo de ações sustentáveis para gestão das áreas protegidas, analisar aspectos econômicos da proposta.

Metodologia: O estudo se baseou em dados do SIOP para construção do cenário atual de financiamento do ICMBio bem como utilizou base de dados dos Painéis Dinâmicos de Informações do ICMBio para discussão da capacidade institucional; dados acerca dos relacionamentos com comunidade local foram obtidos em outra pesquisa paralela a esta. Por fim, dados da modelagem inovadora de gestão apresentada foram obtidos junto a instituições do Mercado Financeiro (B3, ANBIMA, Banco Central e demais).

Principais resultados e contributos: O ICMBio é altamente dependente dos repasses de verbas do Tesouro Nacional e historicamente tem recebido verbas que garantem apenas o funcionamento mínimo da estrutura, havendo cortes sucessivos e mesmo descolamento do crescimento da economia, uma vez que sua participação no orçamento da União vem decaindo. A força de trabalho da Instituição é uma das adversidades que esta enfrenta para gerir com qualidade cerca de 10% do território nacional, uma vez que há uma relação média de 40 mil hectares para cada servidor. Por sua vez, a comunidade local, antes proprietária das áreas onde se criou as áreas protegidas, passou para um nível de trabalhador da conservação ou do ecoturismo, muitas vezes com condições precárias de trabalho, como demonstrado no pagamento de precatórios (direitos trabalhistas) entre 2017 e 2021 pelo ICMBio que somam praticamente o valor do orçamento anual da Instituição. A proposta passa pela aposta na organização das comunidades locais para que estas, sob forma de coletivos sociais com governança crescente, possam ser o canal por onde a sociedade como um todo possa investir em Unidades de Conservação, gerando maior governança a estas. Os dados demonstram que se aproximadamente 0,5% dos investidores renda fixa da B3 ou dos visitantes de UCs, ou seja, cerca de 75 mil pessoas tiverem interesse em investir R1.200,00 anuais (R$100 mensais), terá-se um aporte de R$90 milhões ao sistema. No caso, a proposta reside no fato de intermediários financeiros receberem estes aportes e realizarem tanto as operações de empréstimos específicos ao setor de ecoturismo quanto realizarem os pagamentos devidos aos investidores. Um exemplo deste mecanismo reside nas Letras de Crédito do Agronegócio – LCA, que rendem mais que a poupança ou mesmo em outros mecanismos, a exemplo do FINAPOP, mecanismo que possibilitou financiamento via investidores de cooperativas produtoras de alimentos do MST ou Contratos de Investimento Coletivo, utilizados para financiar múltiplas atividades econômicas. Por outro lado, de forma a entender como o sistema funcionaria na outra ponta, demonstra-se em outra simulação, utilizando dados do aluguel de bicicletas atualmente praticado no Parque Nacional da Serra do Cipó, a factibilidade do negócio. No caso, os valores correntes praticados na unidade com a atividade ultrapassam os R$75 mil mensais, beneficiando um pequeno conjunto de 10 pessoas com 15 bicicletas cada. O valor advém de cerca de 1500 aluguéis no total, onde cada aluguel custa R$50,0, gerando cerca de R$7.500 mensais para cada participante. Desta forma, para se iniciar um sistema deste do zero (10 participantes com 15 bicicletas cada) estima-se um investimento inicial de R$450 mil, onde cada kit contendo bicicletas e acessórios custaria R$3 mil, onde seriam necessários 375 investidores (R$1.200,00 no ano), que representam 0,5% dos visitantes do Cipó por ano. A partir das receitas estimadas, deduz-se despesas mensais com manutenção e pagamento do financiamento e pagamento dos trabalhadores (MEI), sobrando ainda cerca de R$8.000,00 mensais para a associação realizar serviços em prol da melhoria de qualidade de vida local e da área protegida. Na simulação, o financiamento seria cumprido em um ano. A simulação de valores envolvendo o aluguel das bicicletas pode ser extrapolado para outras esferas, desde a implantação de sistemas de cobrança de ingresso (ausente por exemplo em vários Parques Nacionais) ou mesmo produção agroecológica. Inclusive faz-se o alerta para não se investir apenas no turismo, mas em atividades que promovam desenvolvimento local em bases sustentáveis e que não estejam submetidas aos mesmos riscos que a atividade turística.

Limitações: Para este resumo expandido não há como demonstrar as diversas simulações realizadas.

Conclusões: As áreas protegidas caminharão para uma sustentabilidade somente quando estas forem uma aposta da sociedade, situação que pode ser iniciada com a possiblidade das pessoas (físicas e jurídicas) poderem investir e ter retornos financeiros. A ideia hoje já é realidade para outros setores, numa clara demonstração que pessoas podem ajudar a financiar o mundo que acreditam diretamente.

Referências Bibliográficas:

FINAPOP. https://finapop.com.br/

Experiência turística em destinos culturais de baixa densidade: O caso dos visitantes portugueses no Alentejo

2024-12-31T11:24:01+00:00

O turismo depende fortemente do património cultural enraizado nos distintos territórios. Por esse motivo, os promotores do turismo procuram constantemente recursos culturais possíveis de transformar em produtos turísticos. Num mercado, cada vez mais competitivo, os destinos enfrentam o desafio de sobressair através do seu património cultural e, portanto, a diferenciação através da herança patrimonial assume um papel fundamental para atrair visitantes e turistas das mais distintas sociedades.

A região Alentejo, território de baixa densidade, tem recebido cada vez mais atenção, distinções e turistas nos últimos anos. Têm existido alguns estudos académicos sobre o perfil do turista que visita o Alentejo, mas não há estudos específicos sobre as motivações e experiências vividas nesta região pelos turistas portugueses.

Perceções dos residentes sobre o turismo

2024-12-31T11:24:01+00:00

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Determinants of Consumers’ Acceptance of Robotic Restaurants: A Literature Review

2024-12-31T11:24:02+00:00

Determinants of Consumers’ Acceptance of Robotic Restaurants: A Literature Review

Keywords | Robots in the restaurant industry; Restaurants; Robotic Restaurants

Objectives | Robots are becoming extremely important in the restaurant industry and can represent an innovative dining approach, revolutionizing how food is made and served in restaurants. Considering this transformation brought about by robots in the restaurant industry, the main aim of this study is to identify the determinants of consumers’ acceptance of robotic restaurants. The findings provide invaluable insights into the adoption of automation in the hospitality sector.

Methodology | A literature review was carried out to find research regarding the use of robots in the restaurant industry. The search was conducted in Science Direct and Google Scholar. Each article was carefully read to ascertain its alignment with the purpose of the study.

Main Results and Contributions | Consumers' acceptance of robotic restaurants is multifaceted and influenced by several factors. One of the main findings is that studies have consistently found that a favorable Attitude toward robotics in restaurants positively influences consumer acceptance (e.g., Cha, 2020; Hwang et al., 2021; Kao & Huang, 2023; Lee et al., 2018; Sung & Jeon, 2020). A positive attitude indicates that consumers are more open and receptive to robotic restaurants. When consumers have a favorable view of robotic restaurants and believe they enhance their dining experience, they are more likely to visit them.

Perceived Usefulness and Perceived Ease of Use are other determinants from the Technology Acceptance Model that play a significant role in shaping consumers' acceptance of robotic restaurants. Several studies have found that the Perceived Usefulness of the robotic restaurant experience plays a pivotal role (e.g., Lee et al., 2018; Seo & Lee, 2021; Sung & Jeon, 2020). Consumers are motivated to visit these establishments when they perceive that robot technology enhances the convenience and efficiency of their dining experience. Perceived Ease of Use refers to consumers' perceptions of how effortless or straightforward they believe it is to interact with and use the robots in the restaurant. When consumers perceive robotic systems as easy and user-friendly, it positively influences their intentions to visit these establishments. Attitude is also positively influenced by Perceived Usefulness and Perceived Ease of Use (Choe et al., 2022; Kao & Huang, 2023; Lee et al., 2018).

Trust is another fundamental determinant of consumers' intentions to visit robotic restaurants (Cha, 2020; Lee et al., 2018; Seo & Lee, 2021). Trust refers to consumers' confidence and reliability in the robotic technology and the restaurant itself.

The voice and language used by the robot also can influence consumer intentions. When the service robot has high levels of humanlike voice language style, the likelihood of revisit and WOM intentions increases (Lu et al., 2021). However, regarding the robot’s appearance, consumers seem to prefer that robots appear plain, dull, and uninteresting rather than take the form of a humanoid (Zemke et al., 2020). Intentions to visit a restaurant with robots are higher when they do not have a humanoid appearance (Lu et al., 2021).

Another important determinant of consumers’ acceptance of robotic restaurants is perceived enjoyment (Cha, 2020; Guan et al., 2022; Sung & Jeon, 2020). If consumers believe dining in a robotic restaurant will be an enjoyable experience, it can significantly increase their intentions to visit. Finally, other determinants of consumers’ acceptance of robotic restaurants are robot service competence and servicescape (Guan et al., 2022).

Limitations | While this literature review provides valuable insights into the utilization of robots in restaurant settings, it exclusively relied on a comprehensive literature review approach. While this method provides a comprehensive overview of existing research, it needs primary data collection and original empirical analysis. Although the studies included in this review were sourced from well-known academic databases and journals, some relevant articles may have yet to be identified and, therefore, are not included. Moreover, the literature review only includes studies written in English and Portuguese.

Conclusions | A growing amount of research is exploring consumers' acceptance of robotic restaurants. Understanding the factors that shape consumers' intentions is crucial for restaurant operators and researchers aiming to optimize the adoption of robotics in the dining experience.

References

Cha, S. S. (2020). Customers’ intention to use robot-serviced restaurants in Korea: relationship of coolness and MCI factors. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 32(9), 2947–2968. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-01-2020-0046

Choe, J. Y., Kim, J. J., & Hwang, J. (2022). Innovative robotic restaurants in Korea: Merging a technology acceptance model and theory of planned behaviour. Asian Journal of Technology Innovation, 30(2), 466–489. https://doi.org/10.1080/19761597.2021.2005466

Guan, X., Gong, J., Li, M., & Huan, T. C. (2022). Exploring key factors influencing customer behavioral intention in robot restaurants. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 34(9), 3482-3501. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-06-2021-0807

Hwang, J., Kim, H., Kim, J. J., & Kim, I. (2021). Investigation of perceived risks and their outcome variables in the context of robotic restaurants. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 38(3), 263–281. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2021.1906826

Kao, W. K., & Huang, Y. S. (Sandy). (2023). Service robots in full- and limited-service restaurants: Extending technology acceptance model. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 54, 10–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2022.11.006

Lee, W. H., Lin, C. W., & Shih, K. H. (2018). A technology acceptance model for the perception of restaurant service robots for trust, interactivity, and output quality. International Journal of Mobile Communications, 16(4), 361. https://doi:10.1504/ijmc.2018.092666

Lu, L., Zhang, P., & Zhang, T. (2021). Leveraging “human-likeness” of robotic service at restaurants. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102823

Sung, H. J., & Jeon, H. M. (2020). Untact: Customer’s acceptance intention toward robot barista in coffee shop. Sustainability , 12(20), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12208598

Zemke, D. M. V., Tang, J., Raab, C., & Kim, J. (2020). How To Build a Better Robot…for Quick-Service Restaurants. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research, 44(8), 1235–1269. https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348020946383

Da Tela para a Aldeia: Monsanto e o Turismo Cinematográfico – um estudo de caso

2024-12-31T11:24:02+00:00

Objetivos | Os objetivos desta investigação consistem em perceber o impacto em termos económicos nas atrações, e nos destinos turísticos, resultante das filmagens dos locais, e consequente aparecimento em séries e cinema. Em específico, pretende-se avaliar o grau de conhecimento empírico sobre este conceito (turismo cinematográfico), identificar as motivações dos turistas para a prática deste tipo de turismo e avaliar os pontos positivos e negativos do turismo cinematográfico no desenvolvimento de uma localidade. De forma a melhor compreender o efeito do turismo cinematográfico em Portugal, procurou-se analisar o impacto das gravações da série “House of the Dragon” na aldeia de Monsanto.

Metodologia | Para a elaboração deste estudo foram utilizadas duas metodologias: a análise qualitativa, através da realização das entrevistas, e a análise quantitativa através da elaboração e aplicação de um questionário, ambas com o objetivo de recolher as informações e os dados relevantes para a realização da investigação. De modo a sustentar esta escolha, Gouveia (2012, p.56) refere que a pesquisa qualitativa permite “perceber com maior profundidade o tema em estudo, as suas particularidades, indagar sobre o seu ajustamento à realidade e afinar o modelo de pesquisa quantitativo”. Por outro lado, segundo Esperón (2017, p.1), a pesquisa quantitativa permite “identificar a natureza profunda das realidades, seu sistema de relações, sua estrutura dinâmica.”

Assim sendo, o questionário foi administrado junto dos residentes, dos comerciantes e dos turistas da aldeia de Monsanto, tendo-se obtido 137 questionários válidos. Por outro lado, as entrevistas foram realizadas a entidades ligadas ao turismo cinematográfico e a Monsanto, sendo elas, o Posto de Turismo de Monsanto, a Porta Raiana e a Sagesse Productions.

Principais resultados e contributos | Os principais resultados obtidos nas entrevistas e nos questionários permitiram perceber que todos os participantes reconhecem o turismo cinematográfico como sendo uma tipologia em desenvolvimento, percebendo-se também que, apesar de ser um tipo de turismo pouco conhecido, está em crescimento. Acredita-se que, futuramente poderá ter impactos bastante positivos nas regiões, quer em termos económicos, quer em termos sociais e infraestruturais. Além disso, percebeu-se que o turismo contribuiu para o desenvolvimento da aldeia de Monsanto; foi possível compreender que se verificou um aumento do número de turistas na aldeia. No entanto, há falta de dados e/ou evidências que permitam relacionar esse aumento com as gravações da série “House of the Dragon” no local, ou se este foi motivado por outras razões. O impacto sentido a nível de infraestruturas e criação de serviços foi praticamente nulo, apenas se registou um aumento (mas quase) irrelevante no número de alojamentos disponíveis.

Portugal poderá vir a distinguir-se como um destino de turismo cinematográfico, tendo em conta que está a ser desenvolvido um trabalho conjunto, a nível de produtores locais e da autoridade governante, em termos infraestruturais, administrativos e fiscais. Este trabalho tem como principal objetivo, a atração de mais produções para o território nacional, visto que, é uma indústria em constante crescimento e que beneficia vários outros setores, ligados direta e indiretamente ao turismo.

Contudo, conclui-se que, Portugal ainda possui uma grande margem para progredir no que diz respeito à evolução do turismo cinematográfico, tornando-se necessário mudar mentalidades e levar as pessoas a entenderem que o turismo cinematográfico é uma tipologia de turismo diferenciada de todas as outras, visto que, pode ser praticado em qualquer altura do ano. É um tipo de turismo que leva as pessoas a visitarem locais que nunca pensaram visitar, motivados apenas pelo cenário presente num filme ou numa série.

Limitações | A principal limitação deste estudo prende-se com a dimensão da amostra considerada (137 inquéritos válidos), que apesar de se pretender entrevistar residentes, turistas, visitantes, comerciantes, na prática tornou-se difícil administrar o inquérito, dado a população de Monsanto ser reduzida e envelhecida demonstrando pouca empatia e disponibilidade para responder aos inquéritos. Ainda no que diz respeito à recolha de dados, no processo de elaboração das entrevistas, também a falta de tempo e de disponibilidade por parte de alguns dos possíveis entrevistados, acabou por comprometer a qualidade do processo de recolha dos dados, uma vez que, foram realizadas inúmeras tentativas de contacto e de agendamento, sem qualquer êxito. Inicialmente, um dos objetivos deste estudo compreendia a realização de um maior número de entrevistas, de forma a conseguir obter diferentes perspetivas, oriundas das diferentes partes envolvidas, o que permitiria obter uma visão mais realista e fundamentada. Outra limitação deste estudo está relacionada com o momento em que foi feito, dado que a projeção da série na televisão tinha sido, apenas seis meses antes deste estudo, o que condicionou obviamente os resultados obtidos, e a avaliação do impacto em termos económicos na aldeia de Monsanto, do turismo cinematográfico.

Conclusões | No que diz respeito à influência das séries e cinema no desenvolvimento das atrações e dos destinos turísticos, pode constatar-se que o turismo cinematográfico é uma tipologia em desenvolvimento, e que se for bem aproveitada, pode transformar por completo uma localidade. Nos últimos anos tem-se assistido ao desenvolvimento de diversas localidades devido ao fenómeno do turismo cinematográfico, como por exemplo, a Nova Zelândia, que após a trilogia O Senhor dos Anéis, de Peter Jackson “contribuiu com cerca de 3,1 bilhões de libras esterlinas (3,5 bilhões de euros) ao PIB do país, especialmente depois do sucesso dos filmes” (Silva, 2012, p.35). Esta tipologia de turismo tem conseguido atrair imensos turistas a zonas de filmagens e sobretudo, tem a particularidade de conseguir despertar o interesse junto de pessoas que nunca pensariam visitar certos locais.

Após as gravações da série, o impacto sentido em termos económicos e infraestruturais ficou muito aquém das expectativas, visto que, em termos da procura turística, esta aumentou gradualmente, mas era de esperar que essa procura fosse muito superior. Em termos infraestruturais, pouco ou nada mudou, em Monsanto, desde as filmagens.

Estas conclusões podem também ser justificadas pelo tempo insuficiente para medir o impacto, uma vez que, as gravações na aldeia foram transmitidas pela televisão há relativamente pouco tempo e, outra justificativa poderá ser, a pouca divulgação em torno das filmagens da série em Monsanto.

Study of motivations for thermal spa tourism

2024-12-31T11:24:03+00:00

Objectives | Thermal spa, integrated into Health and Well-being Tourism, has tourism potential in terms of well-being, due to the current trend of searching for relaxation experiences and health prevention (Carneiro et al., 2021), due to the concern increasing with the achievement of well-being (Gonçalves & Guerra, 2019), and for a better physical shape and better quality of life (Ramos, 2008; Gonçalves & Guerra, 2019). According to Teixeira (2020), the main motivations that lead to the practice of thermal therapy have to do with health issues, namely respiratory, digestive, circulatory, rheumatic and musculoskeletal and skin problems and leisure and relaxation issues, particularly with a view to escaping from daily stress and spending time with family.

There are several factors that motivate the practice of thermal spa, with emphasis on the search for improving the population's quality of life (Pereira, 2022) but also “the increasing enjoyment of leisure time and practices, through the search for low-density spaces, for closer contact with natural resources and also for a growing appreciation of the body and care for it” (Mota, 2022, p.3).

Thus, the literature review led to the definition of the objectives of the present study. Therefore, the objective of this study is to provide an analysis of the motivational factors that lead tourists to practice thermal baths. Thus, the aim is to understand more specifically the holiday habits of the Portuguese, analyze the motivations of those who go to thermal spas in Portugal and understand the image that tourists have of thermal spas in Portugal.

Methodology | The methodology used was based on a literature review on destination image, health and well-being tourism and motivations for health and well-being thermal spa. Based on a quantitative methodology, primary data research was carried out, using an online survey applied through social networks to a convenience sample. The analysis of the data collected was carried out using the SPSS program, and was the subject of a descriptive statistical analysis.

Main Results and Contributions | The sample for this study consisted of 118 respondents, with 70.3% of respondents being female and 28% being male. The majority of respondents are between 18 and 24 years old (50.8%), 21.2% are between 42 and 56 years old, 13.6% of respondents are between 57 and 75 years old, 12 .7% are between 25 and 41 years old and 1.7% of respondents are over 75 years old. The vast majority of respondents, 66.9%, have higher education and 28% have education up to and including the 12th year.

We sought to find out, with regard to the use of the thermal service, which factors motivate the choice of health and well-being tourism and the image that respondents have of thermal resorts in Portugal. The analysis of the data collected allows us to understand that only 33.9% of respondents, 40 respondents, have already used the thermal services. Of these individuals, 25 responded that they are motivated to practice thermal therapy for the sake of well-being, 14 said it is to undergo treatments and 2 respondents practice thermal therapy to prevent diseases. Regarding the question about what led people to practice thermal therapy, respondents responded that they consider relaxation, the search for improving quality of life, the fact that it is a natural treatment, and concern for health to be most important. Respondents do not consider medical recommendations, the improvement of family relationships, the fact that spas are a tradition, and the fact that thermal spas are considered a healthier way of spending holidays as important.

Regarding the reasons that lead people not to practice thermal spas, the data shows that the main reason given by 50% of respondents is that they prefer another type of tourism, 32% understand that they do not have much knowledge of thermal spas, 14,1% mention the fact that thermal spas are very expensive, 12.8% do not practice thermal spas because they have no information about the spas and around 6% say that the reason is that they do not have company.

Regarding the image that tourists have of spa resorts in Portugal, they were asked about a set of 15 items, on a 5-point Likert scale (1 - I do not agree to 5 - I completely agree). The data indicates that respondents consider the fact that “The spas allow you to enjoy great relaxation” with an average of 4.18 to be very important, followed by “Helps to improve health” (4.13), “Escape from the everyday environment” (3.89) and “Allows you to enjoy nature” (3.63). The items with the lowest rating were “The entertainment activities are diverse” (2.88) and “They allow you to practice various sporting activities” (2.97).

Limitations | The results of this study have some limitations. The study sample is relatively small, so it is suggested to carry out the same study with a larger sample. The sample was carried out only online and given the target audience of the spas, an in-person study is suggested.

Conclusions | This study aimed to identify the factors that motivate the practice of thermal spas and the image that tourists have of spas. The data collected confirms that these are related to the search for well-being, the need for relaxation, concern for health, disease prevention, with a view to a better quality of life. In this way, these results are in line with the results of Teixeira (2020) who concluded that the main motivations for practicing thermal therapy are related to health issues, leisure and relaxation issues, to escape daily stress.

The results of this investigation show that similar to what the authors refer to regarding the tendency to search for relaxation and health prevention experiences (Carneiro et al., 2021; Medeiros & Cavaco, 2008, p. 16). The results of this study also show that respondents are motivated to practice thermal therapy due to the need for relaxation, the search for improved quality of life, the fact that it is a natural treatment, and concern for their health.

The results of the present study bring contributions to academia, as well as significant practical implications, as it provides a set of guiding clues for the management and marketing of more attractive and competitive thermal equipment.

References

Carneiro, M., Barbosa, M., Sobral, A. & Dias, R. (2021). Wellness and preventive health: a comparative analysis between the thermal spas of Monchique (Portugal) and vila de Vals (Switzerland). Journal of Education, Technologies, and Health, 8e, 158-158.

Gonçalves, E., & Guerra, R. (2019). O turismo de saúde e bem-estar como fator de desenvolvimento local: Uma análise à oferta termal portuguesa. PASOS. Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural, 17(2), 453-472.

Medeiros, C. L., & Cavaco, C. (2008). Turismo de saúde e bem-estar: termas, spas termais e talassoterapia. Universidade Católica Portuguesa.

Mota, A. (2022). O Turismo de Saúde e Bem-Estar na economia e desenvolvimento regionais: uma análise ao território do Estrela Geopark Mundial da UNESCO (Master's thesis).

Pereira, A. (2022). Fatores determinantes na escolha dos serviços termais. Dissertação de Mestrado. ISCET.

Ramos, A. (2008). O novo paradigma dos destinos turísticos termais. Gestión turística, (9), 9-36.

Teixeira, A. (2020). O Papel do Turismo de Saúde e Bem-estar nas Motivações dos Termalistas da Região Norte e Centro de Portugal. Dissertação de mestrado. Instituto Politécnico do Porto.

Mapping digital tools for assessing circular economy practices in restaurants

2024-12-31T11:24:04+00:00

In the last decades there has been an increasing concern with environmental issues which are particularly relevant to the tourism and hospitality industries. At the same time, theoretical and conceptual structures and systems have emerged to guide people, companies, public and private institutions towards a more sustainable and environmentally responsible future. These include the concept of the circular economy (CE), which can be seen as an alternative economic system that replaces the ‘end-of-life’ concept with the reduction, alternative reuse, recycling, recovery of materials in production, distribution, and consumption processes, while simultaneously seeking to guarantee environmental quality, economic prosperity and social equity, for the benefit of current and future generations (Kirchherr et al. 2017). It is also important to note that, in addition to guiding principles, stakeholders need operational tools to facilitate the adoption of these principles which can help them reducing costs (Rosendo, 2018). However, there is a lack of studies that focuses on these type of tools (Lindgreen, et al., 2020), particularly in the context of self-assessment processes. Based on these premises, the aim of this article is to identify and analyse existing self-assessment tools in the field of CE and Sustainability. This mapping will then allow the selection of the indicators and good practices considered most relevant and its eventual adaptation within the scope of the Project CEGaS: Circular Economy for a Sustainable Gastronomy – Diagnosis and Adoption of Good Practices in Restaurants.

Turismo e transportes: Uma revisão de literatura no contexto brasileiro

2024-12-31T11:24:04+00:00

Os transportes são um componente indissociável do turismo, fazendo inclusive parte da definição deste. Sem a infraestrutura e os modais de transporte, o turismo simplesmente não aconteceria (Page, 2009). O objetivo principal deste trabalho é revisar a literatura científica brasileira em turismo que verse sobre as relações entre turismo e transportes. Pretendeu-se identificar as principais abordagens teóricas e metodológicas, bem como os principais resultados obtidos em pesquisas empíricas. Verificou-se que ainda existem poucos estudos sobre as relações entre turismo e transportes no país, especialmente em comparação com outros campos de estudo, como planejamento turístico, marketing e patrimônio, e também considerando as dimensões continentais do Brasil. Há temáticas nas relações entre turismo e transporte emergentes em termos internacionais (impactos ambientais dos transportes, mobilidade suave, tecnologias da comunicação e da informação) cuja presença na amostra analisada é quase nula.

How to determine the tourism carrying capacity in a Thermal SPA?

2024-12-31T11:24:05+00:00

Thermalism (Spring SPA Industry), framed within health and well-being tourism, can contribute to the regeneration of certain tourist destinations and to reducing regional asymmetries in less developed locations. However, growth above a certain level can lead to a deterioration of available resources and a decrease in the quality of the visitor's experience.

To help control the disproportionate growth of villages and to contribute to sustainability of tourism activity, the determination of tourist carrying capacity is used. However, most published studies analyse this topic in theoretical terms and few studies present and apply methodologies to calculate this indicator (Neves & Eusébio, 2021). Carrying capacity for the World Tourism Organization (UNTWO, 2018) represents the largest number of individuals who can visit a given tourist destination, simultaneously, without causing physical, sociocultural and/or economic damage, without decreasing, to the point of becomes unacceptable, the quality of visitor satisfaction in relation to the experience. Tourist carrying capacity is also the capacity that a certain environment can support without losing the characteristics of its originality or having its integrity threatened (Pires, 2005), which points in the same direction. If this level is exceeded, deterioration of resources, less visitor satisfaction and adverse impacts on local society, culture and economy may occur (Ceballos-Lascurain, 1996).

In this sense, the objective of this study is to achieve the tourist load capacity of a thermal resort, in an unprecedented approach and cantered on an active thermal resort.

Portuguese Influence on Culinary Heritage Tourism Along the Sugar Road in Japan

2024-12-31T11:24:06+00:00

Objectives

When Portuguese missionaries came to Nagasaki, Japan, they brought the gift of sugar “that would transform Japanese cuisine forever” (Wilson, 2021). Sugar was first brought in on Portuguese vessels to the port of Nagasaki in the 16^th century and it became critical to the development of traditional Japanese sweets (wagashi) and sugar culture as it travelled along the Sugar Road (Sun, 2015). The Portuguese introduced European confectionaries including Castella sponge cake, Confetto (konpeito) candy, bolos and caramel even establishing these Portuguese food products as Japanese words (Sugar Road Council, 2022). During the Edo period (1600-1868) the Tokugawa Shogunate sealed off Japan’s borders under the policy of Sakoku (Craig, 2003) and Dejima island in Nagasaki became the only port open to foreign ships. In 1759 bulk shipments of sugar began moving through Dejima along the Sugar Road to Kitakyūshū and then on to Edo (Tokyo) and other parts of Japan (Sun, 2015). The Japanese combined local products with imported sugar from the Portuguese, Dutch and Chinese to transform Western cuisine into a unique food culture which has been passed down through the generations (Sugar Road Council, 2022). This culinary heritage has since become an important resource for contemporary food tourism along the Sugar Road. The objectives of this research project are to first trace the influence of Portuguese sweets on the historical evolution of traditional wagashi and secondly understand their influence on more contemporary wagashi offered along the Sugar Road and the resulting implications for food tourism.

Methodology

The methodology involves site visits, photo-documentation of Sugar Road products and the systematic analysis of secondary documents. In 2017, the authors conducted a site visit to Dejima Island in Nagasaki, the starting point of the Sugar Road and recreated trading post where bulk shipments of sugar arrived in Japan. Further research at that time was interrupted by the Covid-19 pandemic until 2023. In 2023 site visits were made to Saga City and Ogi City. Saga City is situated directly on Sugar Road and the authors documented souvenir food products in Saga City. Saga railway station explicitly references the Sugar Road and its Heritage designation. Ogi City is located just to the north on a linked secondary road and became well known for yokan (sweet bean jelly). Site visits were made to shops along ‘Yokan Street’ including Muraoka Yokan-shop founded by Muraoka Yasuhiro in 1899 and the Yokan Museum.

Main results and contributions

Research has identified important historical and contemporary food products that contribute new opportunities for food tourism along the Sugar Road. Countries such as Portugal have had a significant impact on the development of a unique food culture along the Sugar Road. During the Edo period these highways opened trade between the regions of Japan and while originally restricted to the movement of pilgrims, government officials and feudal lords travelling to and from Edo under the policy of sankin-kōtai (alternate periods of residence), in time, these highways become important democratised travel circuits with towns offering accommodation, supplies and local delicacies. The closing of the county to foreign trade in the Edo period forced sugar to be shipped through Nagasaki which then permeated though the country and on to Kyoto, today well known for its wagashi (Sugar Road Council, 2022). While some heritage food products have remained the same as they have been for centuries, others have evolved and adapted to meet new customer demands. The wagashi shops of today serve both historic and contemporary sweets that can trace their influence to the introduction of sugar by the Portuguese. The Sugar Road Liaison Council was formed in 2008 to leverage the culture and history of the Sugar Road to revitalize the western Kyushu region. The Council includes three prefectures (Nagasaki, Saga and Fukuoka), eight cities and private organisations and businesses. In June of 2020, Japan Heritage certified the ‘Sugar Culture’ of the Sugar Road which includes 52 cultural properties including traditional sweets, historic documents, and historic buildings along the Sugar Road. Businesses can now apply to use the ‘Japan Heritage logo’ and the ‘Sugar Road logo’ (sugar-road.net) in marketing their products. In addition to promoting sugar food products and the Sugar Road, the Sugar Road Liaison Council has also held joint exhibits, a road stamp rally, bus tours, walking tours and train tours.

Research limitations

Future research needs to be completed at other locations along the Sugar Road to investigate other opportunities to develop food tourism along the Sugar Road. This research is part of a wider research project on traditional Japanese sweets which incorporates both wagashi shops (some open for over centuries) and other more modern wagashi shops.

Conclusions

The Sugar Road offers a step back in time to the Portuguese introduction of sugar into Japan. The adoption of sugar into Japan has resulted in a distinctive food culture which remains both tied to the European influences of the past but also is embracing innovation now being marketed as new opportunities for food tourism.

References

Craig, A. (2003) The Heritage of Japanese Civilization. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education.

sugar-road.net. About Sugar Road Liaison Council. https://sugar-road.net/sugar_road_council/

Sugar Road Council (2022) Gourmet Kyushu, European trade meets Japanese tradition wihtr delicious results along Kyushu’s “Sugar Road”. https://www.visit-kyushu.com/en/see-and-do/gourmet-kyushu/ancient-european-trade-meets-japanese-tradition-delicious-result/

Sun, N. (2015) Nagaskai Kaido – Kyushu’s Sugar Road. Public Relations Office, Government of Japan, June 2015, https://www.gov-online.go.jp/eng/publicity/book/hlj/html/201506/201506_13_en.html#:~:text=The%20best%20way%20to%20explore,Period%20(710%E2%80%93794).

Wilson, J. (2021) Nagasaki Japan and its rich history of Kyushu’s Sugar Road. Sakuraco, https://sakura.co/blog/nagasaki-japan-and-its-rich-history-of-kyushus-sugar-road/

Governance of tourism destinations

2024-12-31T11:24:07+00:00

Este estudo pretende investigar as contribuições que os observatórios de turismo sustentável podem ter no contexto da governança pública dos destinos turísticos. Existem alguns estudos que analisam modelos de observatórios de turismo (e.g. Bertocchi et al., 2020; Brandão & Costa, 2010), governação pública (OCDE, 2020) e governação para o turismo sustentável (Borges et al., 2014), mas não existem estudos específicos foram identificados programas que abordam o seu papel específico no contexto da governação do destino em Portugal.

A atividade turística considerada um fator de desenvolvimento local: O caso do Município de Fafe

2024-12-31T11:24:07+00:00

Com este estudo, pretende-se analisar se o turismo pode ser considerado como um fator de desenvolvimento local em Fafe. Para tal, pretendemos elaborar uma análise SWOT, tendo em consideração as potencialidades turísticas existentes em Fafe, usando a comparação entre dois períodos, isto é, entre 2012 e 2015 e entre 2018 e 2023.

Esta análise será realizada após a abordagem qualitativa de entrevistas a atores públicos e privados, ligados ao turismo, cultura e hospitalidade, em Fafe.

Proxemics and Historic Housing Tourism

2024-12-31T11:24:07+00:00

Aims | The aim of this communication will be to compare the results obtained within the scope of a doctoral research – which materialized in the application of Grounded Theory methods to the substantive area of Historic Housing Tourism – with the theory of proxemics, developed in the 1960s by Edward T. Hall. This North American anthropologist, in his seminal work “The Hidden Dimension”, dated 1966, innovated by studying the individual's use of space in the context of culture. Furthermore, Hall distinguished formal spaces from informal spaces that surround human beings: the intimate space (access to which is only open to the closest friends and people with whom one maintains intimate relationships); social and consultative spaces (in which people feel comfortable carrying out routine social interactions with acquaintances as well as strangers) and public space (the spatial area beyond which individuals will view interactions as impersonal and relatively anonymous). In this sense, the Grounded Theory that was applied to Historic Housing Tourism allowed the emergence of two properties of the category “Accommodation Exploitation Modality” (AEM): “Segregating” and “Approximating”, that made clear the adjustment of the emerging theory to the theory of proxemics developed by Hall.

Methodology This study is based on 53 unstructured interviews and 5 participant observations conducted with owners and hosts of holiday homes (Historic Housing Tourism) between 2011 and 2014. As part of this study, 48 face-to-face interviews, 3 by telephone and 2 by email were conducted with owners/hosts of houses used in the aforementioned modality. In terms of sampling, owners/hosts of manor houses were interviewed in Minho (34), Douro Litoral (4), Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (3), Beira Litoral (4), Beira Alta (1), Ribatejo (1), Alto Alentejo (2), Baixo Alentejo (3), Algarve (1) and Azores (2). Historic Housing Tourism houses are small in size (2 to 15 rooms). Data analysis followed the precepts of Glaserian Grounded Theory, constituting an iterative process that goes through the following steps: open coding, constant comparative analysis, theoretical sampling, identification of the central category, selective coding, classification of memos, theoretical coding and writing memos.

Main results and contributions | The spatial "segregation" carried out by the owners/hosts can be implemented immediately when the main house is re-functionalised to accommodate the AEM, by prohibiting guest access to certain rooms of the house and by converting the outbuildings, which become exclusive hosting areas. In the professionalisation phase of the AEM, there seems to be a tendency to create spaces inside the house for the exclusive use of guests that are closer to the stereotypical structure of massive accommodation, as in the case of outbuildings, with the owners and their families remaining with a substantial part of the main house for themselves and, eventually, for family guests.

On the other hand, the closer the contact between the guests and the host family, the more the former will participate in the latter's family life during their stay. They will enjoy the house more, since their tastes are already known to the host, and the surroundings, since they already know them.

Internal separation can be achieved in the following ways: separation by floor, opening bedroom doors to the outside, creating outbuildings exclusively for tourism.

Another way of creating obstacles for guests is for the host to keep the doors closed. S/He may create these subterfuges to defend himself and preserve his privacy. Or he may have mental circuits that he runs in the main house to avoid inappropriate contacts.

In this way, each host will present a distinctive accommodation proposal, which may include more or less proximity to the host family and more or less autonomy for the guests in the house.

In the improvisation phase of the AEH (which took place, in most cases, during the 1980s), there is a greater closeness between the host and the guest that can lead to the former not felling fulfilled due to situations of sharing bad intimacy, owing to the forced cohabitation that is established between the host's family and the guests

Limitations | Although the data collected for this study were collected some time ago, which constitutes a limitation, the abstract nature of the categories generated by Grounded Theory allows them to remain current for a long time and can be modified at any time, in fact one of the criteria by which Grounded Theory should be judged is "Modifiability".

Conclusions | The present work constitutes an innovation, by maintaining that in Historic Housing Tourism the theory developed by Edward T. Hall can be verified, particularly with regard to distance in a social situation, that is, "a small protective sphere or bubble that an organism maintains between itself and others". The study will present the categories "approximating" and "segregating" that substantiate the application of this theory.

Measuring island destination image

2024-12-31T11:24:08+00:00

Objectives | Islands are complex physical and psychological spaces. Their ambivalent character, full of contradictory representations (Baldacchino, 2005; Baldacchino, 2007; Gillis, 2004; Luo & Grydehøj, 2017; Ronström, 2009), makes them unique and compelling destinations. On the one hand, islands have always been a source of fascination in human and literary imagination, having frequently been represented in the tourism imaginary as romantic idylls, the ideal places for finding paradise and utopia (Gillis, 2003; Harrison, 2004; Stephanides & Bassnett, 2008), the perfect getaways for those who desire to escape from routine in a remote destination (Almeida, Correia & Pimpão, 2013; Kearns & Coleman, 2018). On the other hand, their limited size, isolation, scarcity of resources and vulnerability to natural disasters present massive challenges to their sustainability (Gössling and Wall, 2006; Graci & Maher, 2018; Luo and Grydehøj, 2017; Royle and Brinklow, 2018; Russell and Kueffer, 2019). Therefore, identifying the attributes that determine the images that visitors have of these destinations is of major importance to ensure appropriate marketing strategies and competitive positioning of tourism destinations. Although many studies have been carried out on destination image, little is known about destination attributes that have a key role in shaping the image of island destinations. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to conduct a literature review involving an in-depth content analysis, to identify attributes and dimensions that determine tourists’ perceptions of such territories and discuss practical implications for island destination marketing. The analysis of such attributes allows the development of a comprehensive scale that permits measuring island destination image considering the scales that have already been used, as well as the peculiarities of island destinations. Furthermore, this study reveals potentialities and challenges that should be considered when marketing island destinations.

Methodology | This study is based on a literature review of articles, book chapters and conference papers on island destination image, aiming at the identification of attributes and dimensions determining perceived destination image of islands. Documents were identified via Scopus, permitting access to relevant academic content and a wide range of research results. A combination of the terms ‘island*’ and ‘destination image’ led to the identification of 107 documents from different subject areas. Subsequently, these documents were screened and only articles, reviews, and conference papers making a reference to attributes and/or dimensions used for assessing island destination image were selected for analysis. From the initial selection, only 45 documents were analysed, as several of the initially selected documents were unavailable (15), not relevant to the topic (5), corresponded to an erratum (1), or did not analyse attributes and/or dimensions in the measurement of island destination image (41).

Main results and contribution | The results show that the perceived image of island destinations is highly shaped by dimensions such as accessibility, attractions, climate, gastronomy, infrastructures, hospitality (friendly atmosphere) and safety. Furthermore, entertainment, relaxation and escape also play an important role in the perceived island destination image. Additionally, the abundance of water sports, beaches, natural resources and opportunities for adventure represents compelling attributes that draw tourists to islands. These results contribute to a better understanding of the nature, structure and specific content of island destination image, aiding in the design of respective measurement scales and in the definition of promotion strategies for island destinations.

Limitations | A limitation of this review lies in only identifying documents based on Scopus. Future studies may additionally select documents based on other scientific publication bases. Being a conceptual paper, attributes and dimensions to measure a destination image were identified. A future empirical study would offer the opportunity to validate a measurement scale for island destinations. In this context, it would be relevant to discuss the impact of the perceived image of island destinations on tourists’ behavioural intentions and destination loyalty.

Conclusions | The results obtained contribute to a better understanding of the attributes that should be highlighted in the promotion strategy of island destinations, and that should be considered when designing scales for measuring images of such territories, namely their natural landscapes, adventure activities, pleasant weather, and exoticism. Therefore, promoting such attributes in order to shape tourists’ perceived image of island destinations, while exploring their potentialities and overcoming their barriers, contributes to the successful marketing of such destinations.

Three styles of refunctionalization in Historic Housing Tourism

2024-12-31T11:24:08+00:00

Aims | The aim of this paper is to explain the three styles of refunctionalisation used by owners/hosts of guesthouses when running their hotel business. The aim is to describe each of the accommodation offers and to show that the behaviour of the hosts is more passive or active depending on the style of refunctionalisation adopted. The implications for the identity of the manor houses also vary according to the style of refunctionalisation chosen.

Methodology | Grounded Theory (GT) is a general inductive methodological approach (quantitative or qualitative) that enables the systematic generation of theory from systematic research. (Grounded Theory Institute, 2008). GT comprises a set of methodological phases (see figure 1): (1) identification of the substantive area of the study; (2) collection of data relating to the substantive area; (3) open coding of the data as we collect it; (4) writing memos throughout the process; (5) selective coding and theoretical sampling; (6) sorting of memos to find the theoretical code(s) that best organise the substantive codes; (7) reading and integrating literature into our theory by means of selective coding; (8) theoretical writing (Scott, 2009). In this paper, the study focused on the perspective of hosts/owners of manor houses (53 in total), which had been converted into Historic Housing Tourism enterprises. The sorting of memos to find theoretical codes enabled us to relate categories and their properties into an integrated theory around a core category. This sorting effort resulted in a combination of theoretical codes. One of the theoretical codes developed by Braga (2016) was three styles of manor house refunctionalisation ("classic"; "hybrid" and "modern") which will be analysed here.

Main findings and contributions | The characteristics of refunctionalisation styles in Historic Housing tourism are presented here. The classic style is characterised by accommodation in the main house, a more genuine identity for the house and a basic bed & breakfast type of accommodation. This style of refunctionalisation is typically promoted by the iniciator host. In the hybrid refunctionalisation style, accommodation is either in the main house and outbuildings or in outbuildings only. This style is aimed at guests who are sensitive and insensitive to the way their accommodation is run. Finally, the last style of refunctionalisation is the modern style. Its characteristics are that it is less genuine (it has a contemporary feel). On the other hand, the accommodation proposal is more differentiated (similar to a boutique hotel). This style of refunctionalisation is typical of the continuing host.

Limitations | The vast majority of the owners/hosts interviewed in this research owned manor houses in the Minho region, especially in the municipality of Ponte de Lima. In fact, the type of sampling used in grounded theory is theoretical sampling, which does not correspond to probabilistic sampling. As a result, other traditional Portuguese provinces such as Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, the Beiras, the Alentejo, Lisbon and the Tagus Valley, the Algarve and the islands are under-represented in the sample.

Conclusions | The classical style of accommodation opts for proximity while remaining in the improvisation phase, and thus differs in that it does not enter the professionalisation phase. The hybrid style, on the other hand, allows for greater autonomy, which allows for longer stays. This style can also reduce prices, since the fixed costs of self-sufficiency are lower, since the structure of the outbuildings is more modern. Finally, in the modern style there tends to be less close contact than in the classic style and there is greater autonomy for the guest. In this type of accommodation, the house is more integrated with its surroundings.

References

Braga J. L. (2016). Refuncionalizando a Casa Solarenga: uma Grounded Theory. Ph.D. thesis. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela. Retrieved from https://minerva.usc.es/xmlui/handle/10347/14805

Braga, J. L. (2021). Implicações da identidade da casa solarenga para a prática de turismo de habitação. Revista Turismo & Desenvolvimento, 36(2), 201-214. https://doi.org/10.34624/rtd.v36i2.10675

Braga, J.L., Magalhães, M., Brás, S., Silva, A., Mota, C. (2022). Means of Enhancing the Visibility of Historic Housing Tourism. In: Carvalho, J.V.d., Liberato, P., Peña, A. (eds) Advances in Tourism, Technology and Systems. Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies, vol 284. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9701-2_34

Braga, J.L., Silva, O. (2022). Considerations About the Economic Sustainability of Historic Housing Tourism. In: Leitão, J., Ratten, V., Braga, V. (eds) Tourism Entrepreneurship in Portugal and Spain. Tourism, Hospitality & Event Management. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-89232-6_5

Grounded Theory Institute (2008). What is grounded theory? http://www.groundedtheory.com/what-is-gt.aspx

Pereiro, X. (2018). Abordagem exploratória do turismo rural de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (Portugal). Análise Social, 53(226), 58-87. Retrieved from: http://analisesocial.ics.ul.pt/documentos/n226a03.pdf

Scott, H. (2009). How do you do grounded theory? Grounded Theory Online. http://www.groundedtheoryonline.com/what-is-grounded-theory/

Silva, L. (2010). Perspectiva antropológica do turismo de habitação. Pasos: Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural, 8(1), 31-46. Retrieved from: http://www.pasosonline.org/Publicados/8110/PS0110_3.pdf

The Pedra furada Restaurant on the Portuguese Way of Santiago

2024-12-31T11:24:09+00:00

Aims | The aim of this study is to get to know the family background of the Pedra Furada Restaurant, now in its second generation, with more than 50 years of existence, as well as its integration and interaction in the rural environment of the interior of the municipality of Barcelos. It will also be important to learn about the permanent relationship with the Portuguese Way of Saint James, through the assistance given to pilgrims of different nationalities, and its consequent internationalisation, as a result of the appearance of the establishment in several international pilgrimage guides. At the same time, it is important to study the contribution made to the establishment of Barcelos as a gastronomic destination of reference in terms of Galo (rooster), otherwise this establishment would not have been mentioned in the Michelin and Boa Cama Boa Mesa guides.

Methodology | For this study, the main methodology will be a case study. This methodology will make use of informal interviews to get in direct contact with the people who run the restaurant, seeking to reveal the dynamics established both in terms of the connection with the Portuguese Way of St James and the management of the restaurant itself, the dichotomy between innovation and gastronomic tradition, the brand image of this landmark establishment. We also plan to use the data collection techniques of participant observation and documentary analysis.

Main results and contributions | This study aims to provide an academic and scientific understanding of how this establishment has survived and moulded itself to different dynamics over more than half a century. How it has adapted to all social and economic circumstances, without ever leaving the family sphere. On the other hand, how it has become a local, regional, national and international reference point for Portuguese gastronomy and also, we venture to say, the most important private sector reference point on the entire Portuguese Way of St James.

Limitations | The main limitations relate essentially to the time frame for the study, which means that seasonality does not fully reflect the reality of the restaurant's dynamics, both internally and in terms of its position on the Portuguese Way of St James.

Conclusions | The Pedra Furada Restaurant has established itself on the national and international scene as a gastronomic benchmark after more than 50 years. A unique case study, where what began as a typical local "venda" is today, after two generations, a double international reference: gastronomic on the one hand and support for Pilgrims on the other! It is well documented in the most important national and international gastronomic guides, as well as in the most important international pilgrimage guides.

References

Brierley, J. (2021). A Pilgrim’s Guide to the Camino Portugués. Lisbon – Porto – Santiago. (Camino Guides), 12. ISBN: 978-1912216239

Coleman, S., & Eade, J. (Eds.). (2004). Reframing pilgrimage: Cultures in motion. London: Routledge.

Collins-Kreiner, N. (2010). The geography of pilgrimage and tourism: Transformations and implications for applied geography. Applied Geography, 20(1), 153–164. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2009.02.001

Evasões (2020). Roteiro em Barcelos: todos os caminhos vão dar ao galo. Retrieved from:

Frey, N. (1998). Pilgrim Stories. On and off the road to Santiago. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Guia Michelin (2023). Pedra Furada. Retrieved from: https://guide.michelin.com/pt/pt_PT/braga-region/pedra-furada/restaurant/pedra-furada

https://www.evasoes.pt/fim-de-semana/roteiro-em-barcelos-todos-os-caminhos-vao-dar-aogalo/629287/

Kong, L. (2004). Religious landscapes. In J. S. Duncan, N. C. Johnson, & R. H. Schein (Eds.), A companion to cultural geography (pp. 365–381). Malden/Oxford/Carlton: Blackwell.

Pereiro, X. (2019). Tourism and Pilgrimage, Two Sides of the Same Currency: The Portuguese Inland Way of St. James. Cuadernos de Turismo, 43, 613-616. Retrieved from: https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=6913976

Social status in virtual worlds

2024-12-31T11:24:10+00:00

There have been markers of social status available in societies since the dawn of sociability. Since the popularization and standardization of social networking sites in the last decade, social status has shifted to resemble more experiences instead of consumer goods. That is, people, especially younger digital natives who grew up socializing online, have been found to be more likely to seek out experiences that will provide photographic opportunities to post onto their social networking profiles. This has been called the “Experience Economy”. Now, as virtual worlds and communities become more common destinations for socialization and community building, this study sets out to explore how social status will be conveyed within these new domains. Can experiences still be expected to remain significant markers of social status in virtual worlds as they have in physical worlds? Or can we expect a reversal back to conspicuous consumer goods as status markers in virtual worlds? This study will aim to conduct an in-depth analysis to investigate the behavioral nuances of what will likely be in between the two extremes; advancing our nascent understanding of how, why, and in what contexts virtual societies translate markers of social status. In turn, findings are expected to provide significant insights with far-reaching implications for industries ranging from virtual environment designers to advertisers and marketers aiming to bridge corporeal and virtual economies.

Culinary diplomacy: fostering cultural understanding through gastrodiplomatic initiatives

2024-12-31T11:24:10+00:00

Objectives | This micro virtual exchange project aimed to facilitate cultural exchange and promote culinary tourism between Portugal and Finland through a collaborative campaign led by tourism and hospitality undergraduate students. The project sought to deepen students' understanding of each other's gastronomic traditions while enhancing their language proficiency in English.

Methodology | The project involved 9 students from each country, organized into three groups focused on starters, main courses, and desserts. Over the course of one semester, students engaged in six tasks. They conducted research on tourism, food habits, and culture in their partner's country. Subsequently, they selected a representative dish, created a promotional video, and participated in a synchronous online meeting to discuss their findings. Finally, students presented their conclusions and conducted an online project evaluation.

Main Results and Contributions | The project's outcomes underscore the pivotal role of food in diplomacy. Students not only gained profound insights into each other's gastronomic traditions, but they also discovered the potential of culinary experiences as a powerful tool for cultural exchange. This heightened awareness not only broadened their cultural horizons but also deepened their appreciation for the unifying power of food. Moreover, the project significantly elevated students' proficiency in English in the context of food-related conversations. They demonstrated a notable improvement in their ability to articulate and discuss culinary topics, showcasing the practical application of language skills in a specific domain.

Limitations | While the project achieved its intended objectives, some limitations should be acknowledged. The synchronous online interaction was limited to one session, potentially restricting the depth of cultural exchange. Additionally, the virtual nature of the exchange may have hindered the full sensory experience associated with culinary tourism.

Conclusions | The success of this gastrodiplomatic virtual exchange project underscores the profound impact of food as a bridge between cultures. The ability to share culinary experiences virtually has emerged as an effective means of fostering understanding and connection. This project exemplifies the potential for culinary diplomacy to transcend borders and facilitate meaningful cross-cultural interactions. As we navigate an increasingly interconnected world, recognizing the significance of food in diplomacy becomes paramount in building bridges of understanding and cooperation across global communities.

Referências bibliográficas

Braulacht, R., Martins, M. L., & Poppi, F. (2022). Virtual exchange: offering 21stcentury skills training through interactive online collaboration in Higher Education. In C. Lütge (Ed.), Foreign Language Learning in the Digital Age Theory and Pedagogy for Developing Literacies (1st ed., chapter 8). London, Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003032083

Buchem, I. and Hamelmann, H. (2010), “Microlearning: a strategy for ongoing professional development”, eLearning Papers, Vol. 21 No. 7, pp. 1-15.

O'Dowd, R. (2020). A transnational model of virtual exchange for globalcitizenship education. Language Teaching, 53(4), 477-490.doi:10.1017/S0261444819000077

Rockower, P. S. (2012). Recipes for gastrodiplomacy. Place Branding and PublicDiplomacy, 8(3), 235–246. https://doi.org/10.1057/pb.2012.17

Wilson, R. (2011). Cocina Peruana Para El Mundo: Gastrodiplomacy, the culinarynation brand, and the context of national cuisine in Peru. Exchange: The Journalof Public Diplomacy, 2(2), 13–20.

O papel da acessibilidade na competitividade dos destinos turísticos: Contributos para um novo modelo de competitividade dos destinos turísticos

2024-12-31T11:24:11+00:00

A acessibilidade é crucial no desenvolvimento do turismo inclusivo e sustentável, uma vez que é um elemento imperativo dos direitos humanos e uma excelente oportunidade de negócio, devido à dimensão atual e ao potencial crescimento do mercado do turismo acessível. Assim, os destinos turísticos devem oferecer produtos, serviços e ambientes acessíveis para todos. Quando a atratividade de um destino é planeada de forma integrada, a acessibilidade pode conferir singularidade aos destinos, tornando-os mais atrativos e consequentemente mais competitivos. Uma análise detalhada dos principais modelos e índices de competitividade dos destinos turísticos que têm sido publicados na literatura, permitiu evidenciar que a acessibilidade numa perspetiva de inclusão tem sido negligenciada nestes modelos.

O papel da eco-civilização na procura de turismo na China: A sua influência no perfil do turista emissor chinês

2024-12-31T11:24:11+00:00

A sustentabilidade em turismo é um pilar fundamental para o crescimento do sector do turismo. Na China, o novo modelo de eco-civilização influencia a procura de turismo. É fundamental perceber em que medida é que este novo conceito de eco-civilização pode influenciar o perfil do turista chinês, as suas características e motivações. A identificação de diferentes segmentos e as novas tendências neste novo modelo de desenvolvimento da China são essenciais para cada país poder adaptar a sua oferta à procura. Tendo em conta esta realidade, o presente trabalho tem dois objetivos: (i) analisar o conceito de eco-civilização na China e a sua influência no turismo chinês, segundo (ii) analisar em que medida é que este novo conceito de eco-civilização pode influenciar os perfis do turista emissor chinês

O Turismo Religioso em Portugal e o Contributo da PTP para um turismo mais sustentável

2024-12-31T11:24:15+00:00

O tema do turismo religioso tem sido objeto de interesse e de estudo para vários autores desde há décadas (Turner e Turner, 1978; Morinis, 1992; Vukonić, 1996; Stoddard and Morinis, 1997; Olsen and Timothy, 1999, 2002, 2006; Schelhe,1999; Swatos and Tomasi 2002; Timothy and Boyd,2003; James, 2022; Butcher, 2022).

Nestas pesquisas são analisados os motivos que justificam a viagem e a estada em lugares distintos do ambiente habitual e quotidiano, sendo que, no caso particular do turismo religioso, é a vertente espiritual ou religiosa que justifica, que motiva e que condiciona essa deslocação. As viagens por motivos religiosos não são um fenómeno novo, sendo consideradas por alguns autores (eg. Jackowski and Smith, 1992) como a forma de turismo “não económico” mais antiga, em que a religião desempenha um papel fundamental no desenvolvimento do lazer e na gestão do tempo livre (Kelly, 1982). Com uma tendência de crescimento em termos proporcionais e absolutos o Turismo Religioso em Portugal, sofre um grande impacto da pandemia covid-19, facto assinalável pelos indicadores divulgados pelos principais Santuários do país e pelas estatísticas do Turismo, divulgadas pelo INE.

Planeamento e desenvolvimento turístico, Prosilience e o papel central do Terceiro setor em tempos de incerteza

2024-12-31T11:24:15+00:00

Objetivos | Face à emergência de práticas mais sustentáveis de turismo, acentua-se a importância de mecanismos que garantam a participação ativa das comunidades locais nos processos de planeamento e desenvolvimento turístico (Dangi & Petrick, 2021; Erdmenger, 2022b; Seyfi et al., 2022; Vargas-Sánchez, 2022). Neste contexto, o terceiro setor, incluindo ONGs e outras entidades (Martins, 2017), tem vindo a afirmar-se como um setor relevante capaz de influenciar as estratégias turísticas num dado destino. Estas organizações podem desempenhar um papel determinante nas fases de planeamento turístico, defendendo os direitos e interesses das comunidades locais dos destinos turísticos, sobretudo em cenários adversos. Se por um lado, idealmente todas as políticas tomadas ao nível do destino têm o objetivo de fazer crescer o turismo (Torkington et al., 2020), desenvolver o turismo dentro das suas capacidades sociais e ambientais, pode implicar o foco em políticas contemporâneas de crescimento que são inevitavelmente insustentáveis (Sharpley, 2023). Neste sentido o recente conceito de “prosilience” contrariando a muito citada “resilience” (e.g. Michopoulou et al., 2023; Prayag, 2023) surge como uma forma de governance dos destinos com o objetivo de conceder aos atores da governação local, incluindo os responsáveis pelo ordenamento do território, os políticos, a indústria do turismo, os investigadores, meios de comunicação social, organizações sociais e residentes a capacidade de agregar o seu capital social para contribuir e beneficiar simultaneamente do turismo na sua cidade (Erdmenger, 2022a). O objetivo desta investigação passa por procurar verificar a efetividade de estruturas de capital social envolvendo o terceiro setor nos vários planos de desenvolvimento turístico nacionais.

Metodologia | Com o intuito de explorar a intersecção entre os paradigmas do planeamento turístico (Costa, 2014), o novo conceito de “prosilience” e o papel determinante do terceiro setor em períodos de incerteza, esta investigação adota uma abordagem interdisciplinar. Implementar-se-á uma revisão sistemática da literatura sobre as variáveis centrais do estudo procurando analisar como a essência do conceito de “prosilience” e o terceiro setor têm vindo a estar presentes nos planos de desenvolvimento turístico nacionais. Paralelamente, realizar-se-á uma análise crítica de estudos de caso selecionados com base em critérios de relevância para o planeamento turístico sustentável e o papel preponderante do terceiro setor.

Principais resultados e contributos | Procura-se assim dar destaque à crescente da sustentabilidade no planeamento turístico e ao imperativo de uma governança onde as comunidades locais e o terceiro setor possam vir a desempenhar um papel efetivo, participando e influenciando as tomadas de decisão de forma a enfrentar os desafios contemporâneos. O terceiro setor emerge como um agente vital no processo de planeamento turístico sustentável, assegurando que o turismo beneficie genuinamente as comunidades locais. Salienta-se o conceito emergente de "Prosilience", que, de forma proactiva, se apresenta como uma estratégia promissora face aos desafios iminentes da sustentabilidade e planeamento turístico (Erdmenger, 2022a).

Limitações | Este estudo, ao centrar-se em documentos oficiais de planeamento e desenvolvimento sustentável do turismo e ao adotar uma abordagem baseada em estudos de caso, pode enfrentar limitações na generalização dos resultados. Investigação futura poderá beneficiar de uma abordagem mais diversificada e inclusiva. Novas investigações poderão procurar analisar plataformas “multistakeholder” (Blühdorn & Deflorian, 2019) na prossecução de estratégias de turismo sustentável incorporando estas novas realidades.

Conclusões | Este trabalho sublinha a vitalidade da sustentabilidade no planeamento turístico, particularmente em cenários de incerteza. O modelo de “governance” dos destinos assente na ideia de “prosilience” em vez de “resilience”, pode dar um maior destaque ao terceiro setor, revelando-se fulcral na promoção de práticas de planeamento turístico mais sustentáveis e na proteção dos interesses das comunidades locais. A introdução de conceitos inovadores oferece novos prismas e estratégias para abordar os desafios do turismo sustentável reiterando a urgência de uma colaboração contínua e inovadora no sector turístico para assegurar um futuro mais sustentável e equitativo no que ao turismo diz respeito.

Referências bibliográficas

Blühdorn, I., & Deflorian, M. (2019). The collaborative management of sustained unsustainability: On the performance of participatory forms of environmental governance. Sustainability (Switzerland), 11(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/SU11041189

Costa, C. (2014). Gestão estratégica do turismo: Evolução Epistemológica dos modelos e paradigmas, e tendências para o futuro. In C. Costa, F. Brandão, R. Costa, & Z. Breda (Eds.), Turismo nos países Lusófonos: conhecimento, estratégia e territórios (1st ed., pp. 19–40). Escolar Editora.

Dangi, T. B., & Petrick, J. F. (2021). Augmenting the Role of Tourism Governance in Addressing Destination Justice, Ethics, and Equity for Sustainable Community-Based Tourism. Tourism and Hospitality, 2(1), 15–42. https://doi.org/10.3390/tourhosp2010002

Erdmenger, E. C. (2022a). Localability for Everyone: A PROsilient and Inclusive Destination Governance Model. In Pechlaner, Zacher, & Störmann (Eds.), Resilienz als Strategie in Region, Destination und Unternehmen (pp. 279–308). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-37296-5_10

Erdmenger, E. C. (2022b). The end of participatory destination governance as we thought to know it thought to know it. Tourism Geographies, 0(0), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2022.2086904

Martins, P. G. (2017). Formas de Participação do Terceiro Setor no Contexto do Turismo - O Caso do Algarve. https://ria.ua.pt/bitstream/10773/22841/1/Tese Paula Guerreiro Martins.pdf

Michopoulou, E., Pappas, N., & Azara, I. (2023). Event Innovation and Resilience During Times of Uncertainty. Event Management, 27, 477–480. https://doi.org/10.3727/152599523x16836740487997

Prayag, G. (2023). Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management Tourism resilience in the ‘ new normal ’ : Beyond jingle and jangle fallacies ? Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 54(October 2022), 513–520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2023.02.006

Seyfi, S., Hall, C. M., Vo-thanh, T., & Zaman, M. (2022). How does digital media engagement influence sustainability-driven political consumerism among Gen Z tourists ? How does digital media engagement influence sustainability-. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 0(0), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2022.2112588

Sharpley, R. (2023). Sustainable tourism governance: local or global? Tourism Recreation Research, 48(5), 809–812. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2022.2040295

Torkington, K., Stanford, D., & Guiver, J. (2020). Discourse(s) of growth and sustainability in national tourism policy documents. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 28(7), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1720695

Vargas-Sánchez, A. (2022). Industry 4.0, Circular Economy, and Tourism. Journal of Information Technology Applications & Management, 29(5), 1–12. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.21219/jitam.2022.29.5.001

Tourism literacy: um conceito e competências para trazer um olhar mais sustentável e ético ao turismo.

2024-12-31T11:24:16+00:00

Objetivos | Esta investigação tem como objetivos fundamentais procurar:

Definir o conceito de Tourism Literacy (doravante TL);
Apresentar uma proposta de competências, que permita aos investigadores e demais stakeholders avaliar as competências neste âmbito, podendo, por isso, ser aplicada em estudos futuros; ou seja: procurar compreender o papel dos mediadores envolvidos neste processo, quem são e como se relacionam, através dos seus canais de comunicação; como se tornam competentes e literatos, numa relação que faz parte de um processo educomunicativo, no qual existem sempre as fases de preparação, experiência e aprendizagem e em que todos são educadores não formais, estabelecem conexões, direcionando as suas ações para o desenvolvimento integral do ser humano;
Demonstrar que estas competências têm uma relação estreita com a comunicação e os media, cada vez mais determinante na comunicação turística e que, sendo aplicadas, contribuirão para os mediadores (todos os envolvidos no processo turístico) possam ter páticas mais consonantes com os ODS (Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável) e as propostas da OMT (Organização Mundial do Turismo) relativas à sustentabilidade, cultura, ética e diálogo intercultural.

Metodologia | São analisados os papéis e as produções mediáticas de três Destination Management Organizations (DMOs) do Algarve/Portugal (Região de Turismo do Algarve - RTA, Associação de Turismo do Algarve - ATA e Câmara Municipal de Faro). Com base nos modelos de Pérez-Rodríguez e Delgado-Ponce (2012), Ferrés e Piscitelli (2012) e Scolari et. al. (2018), elabora-se uma proposta de Competências em TL, apontando dimensões essenciais para a existência de uma literacia no campo da indústria do turismo, considerando que a TL fará parte de um processo de aprendizagem contínuo e holístico, integrado numa nova ecologia de múltiplas literacias. Após a Revisão de Literatura, procedeu-se à definição dos domínios, dimensões e indicadores, de forma a estabelecer um mapa concetual das principais características de quem possui TL: proposta de competências (já validada por peritos).

Os mediadores foram abordados através da aplicação de uma entrevista estruturada. O objetivo era conhecer as suas prioridades estratégicas na planificação e implementação dos processos de comunicação nas suas instituições. Posteriormente, foi realizada a recolha de conteúdos das suas plataformas de Facebook, Twitter, Instagram e YouTube e estamos no processo de análise qualitativa dos mesmos, de acordo com a proposta desenvolvida por Borges e Sigiliano (2021), apostando numa triangulação metodológica, que nos permita comprovar a existência de sinais de TL.

Principais resultados e contributos | Sendo a formação do conhecimento contínua, gerada no processo de comunicação/meios de comunicação, holística e em ambientes formais e informais, no qual somos todos "prosumers/produsers", temos de balizar novos modelos de aprendizagem. Identificar competências que nos transformem em cidadãos mais ativos e críticos, possuidores de competências que nos permitam agir conscientemente no nosso habitat comunicativo e na vida social é um dos resultados que consideramos importante nesta investigação, bem como o aprofundamento do conhecimento dos processos de mediação ligados ao turismo. A identificação de competências especificamente em TL, não só melhorará a compreensão da atividade e tudo o que envolve, mas trará ferramentas para ampliar práticas consonantes com um melhor e mais amplo desenvolvimento social/comportamental e conducentes a um olhar mais sustentável e ético nos sujeitos participantes no processo turístico.

Limitações | A maior limitação identificada prende-se com o facto de não se conseguir, no tempo desta investigação, alargar a amostra a turistas, fator que nos permitiria conclusões mais profundas.

Conclusões | Viajar é objeto de muito debate e análise em instituições globais, organizações locais, jornalistas e investigadores. Fenómenos como o overtourism e a turismofobia (práticas insustentáveis do turismo de massas) afetam a relação entre os que estão ligados a esta indústria. A sustentabilidade como preocupação global desafia o pensamento e a capacidade de transformar esta prática em algo que Tejedor (2021:38) vê como caracterizado por "solidariedade, alteridade, companheirismo, curiosidade, ilusão, aprendizagem, cultura". E destaca claramente a dimensão de aprendizagem.

Apesar das limitações, estamos confiantes (e os resultados obtidos assim nos apontam) que a TL e as competências a ela associadas nos permitirão a construção de uma sociedade melhor, na qual a importância de incentivar o diálogo, a leitura das comunidades com empatia e a criação de laços de solidariedade entre a diversidade do próprio território, os habitantes e o turista, se torna central. A TL não se dissocia de um Ethos ligado às questões da participação, da criatividade, da cidadania literata (Fantin, 2022) e dos valores éticos, presentes na relação com o Outro, com o Ambiente e com o Património, tal como destacado no Código Global de Ética para o Turismo, ou nos ODS.

Referências bibliográficas

Borges, G. e Sigiliano, D. (2021). Qualidade Audiovisual e Competência Midiática: proposta teórico-metodológica de análise de séries ficcionais. Anais Do XXX Encontro Anual Da Compós. Pontifícia Universidade Católica De São Paulo, https://bit.ly/42A4n99

Fantin, M. (2022). Literacia midiática: dimensões críticas, éticas e estéticas. Seminários de Formação em Literacia Midiática – Literacia Mediática. Observatório da Qualidade no Audiovisual. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EeHCBcmpowU

Ferrés, J. & Piscitelli, A. (2012). La competencia mediática: Propuesta articulada de dimensiones e indicadores; media competence. articulated proposal of dimensions and indicators. Comunicar, 19(38), 75-82. https://doi.org/10.3916/C38-2012-02-08

Pérez-Rodríguez, M. A., & Delgado-Ponce, A. (2012). From digital and audiovisual competence to media competence: Dimensions and indicators. Comunicar, 39, 25-34. https://bit.ly/3PyRXKO

Scolari, C. A., Masanet, M. -., Guerrero-Pico, M. & Establés, M. -. (2018). Transmedia literacy in the new media ecology: Teens' transmedia skills and informal learning strategies. Profesional De La Informacion, 27(4), 801-812. http://dx.doi.org/10.3145/epi.2018.jul.09

Tejedor, S. (2021). Manual para le creación de guías de viajes. Cómo contar el mundo en la era COVID-19. Col. Manuales. Editorial UOC

Fomentar o turismo sustentável: Enquadrar a conceção de experiências criativas de impacto social

2024-12-31T11:24:17+00:00

Objectives Tourist behaviour has undergone considerable changes, reflecting a growing concern for sustainability, and encouraging the need to reconsider tourism strategies. Recently, creative tourism has been presented as a more sustainable mode of tourism based on learning, active participation, co-creation, creative self-expression, and local community engagement (Akdemir et al., 2023; Carvalho et al., 2019, 2023a, 2023b; Duxbury & Richards, 2019). Airbnb interest in several forms of activism corresponds to the natural access to lodging and communities (Dolnicar, 2021). Still, also its social impact experiences can foster the interest of a local community to promote a social or environmental cause within the tourism business. Hosts of these social impact experiences can be part of an NGO or non-profit organisation where Airbnb waives the 20% service fee for social impact experiences so that the full amount raised contributes directly to the social cause at hand. Arguably, Airbnb's social impact experiences (Dolnicar, 2021) embody the essence of creative tourism 4.0 (Carvalho et al., 2018; Richards, 2019), aligning sustainability with the sharing economy ethos, thus representing more sustainable forms for tourist engagement that can contribute positively to local communities (Caldicott et al., 2020). These examples can potentiate favourable social impacts within the creative tourism ecosystem (Richards, 2021; Salvado et al., 2020), inter alia advancing the objectives of sustainable development goals (SDGs) for tourism (Buhalis et al., 2023; Duarte et al., 2022). This ongoing research has the goal to develop a comprehensive framework for the design of Social Impact Creative Experiences.

Methodology | Despite recent contributions having successfully provided tools for the design of creative tourism experiences (Almeida, 2023; Richards et al., 2019) while integrating the triple bottom line dimensions (Elkington, 2004; Stoddard et al., 2012), a social impact layer can be added more clearly and effectively, arguably enhancing the potential range for positive social impact experiences while focusing on the SGDs. Building on previous work on creative tourism experiences, and social impact experiences principles presented on the Airbnb platform, a thorough literature review was developed to develop a potential framework for the effective design of social impact creative tourism experiences addressing directly social causes in achieving the SDGs for creative tourism (Duarte et al., 2022). For this, a convenience sample was used (Given, 2008) and social impact experiences in Portugal will be chosen and its characteristics and reviews analysed using the software NVivo. The proposed framework will be based on a five-step fluid design process encompassing: a) Inventory of tangible and intangible cultural tourism resources; b) Local community engagement; c) Identification of Social Impact Cause; d) Emotional storytelling and e) Allowing creativity and co-creation.

Main Results and Contributions | The research will present an innovative and integrative framework for the successful design of social impact creative tourism experiences aligned with the SDGs for tourism. By focusing on the processes of the development of such experiences while highlighting the importance of social causes, this can contribute to the active involvement of creative tourists in local action activities based on the idiosyncrasies of a given tourism destination while engaging with local social agents and local communities. This framework will facilitate the thoughtful design and seamless implementation of such experiences, helping tourism professionals and practitioners to better develop more integrating and engaging experiences and therefore local communities’ members and associations involved in social causes.

Limitations | As an ongoing research, this contribution focuses mainly on creative tourism experiences not engaging for instance with creative events or creative networks as they are a very important part of the creative tourism ecosystem and consumption of creative tourism (Carvalho, 2020; Richards, 2021; Salvado et al., 2020). Also research directly connected to social impact experiences is still scarce as few studies share these approaches and Airbnb has mainly been studied concerning lodging (Dolnicar, 2021). Arguably this contribution can enhance knowledge on such important topics.

Conclusions | With the tourism system paying more attention to changes in tourism consumption, alternative and responsible forms of tourism are becoming mandatory. Within this context, Airbnb's social impact experiences encapsulate the core tenets of creative tourism 4.0. These experiences seamlessly align sustainability principles within the sharing economy paradigm, effectively representing sustainable forms of tourist engagement that hold the potential to foster positive outcomes for local communities. By harmonizing the principles of creative tourism with the potential of social impact experiences, this contribution aspires to create a blueprint for sustainable tourism practices that truly benefit both travellers and host communities alike.

References

Akdemir, H., José, J., & Gonçalves, M. (2023). Empirical Research on Creative Tourism: A Systematic Review. Journal of Tourism & Development, 41, 531–550. https://doi.org/10.34624/rtd.v41i0.30537

Almeida, L. (2023). Turismo Criativo - Teoria e Prática. SENAC.

Buhalis, D., Leung, X., Fan, D., Darcy, S., Chen, G., Xu, F., Tan, G., Nunkoo, R., & Farmaki, A. (2023). Editorial Tourism 2030 and the contribution to the sustainable development goals: the tourism review viewpoint. Tourism Review, 78(2), 293–313. https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-04-2023-620

Caldicott, R. W., von der Heidt, T., Scherrer, P., Muschter, S., & Canosa, A. (2020). Airbnb – exploring triple bottom line impacts on community. International Journal of Culture, Tourism, and Hospitality Research, 14(2), 205–223. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCTHR-07-2019-0134

Carvalho, R. (2020). The need for creative actions in tourism in the Post-COVID 19 pandemic world. In L. Oosterbeek & L. M. Figueira (Eds.), World Tourism, Health Crisis and Future: sharing perspectives (Issue June, pp. 177–190). www.cda.ipt.pt/download/ebooks/CRENT-ebook-17.6.2020-turismo-crise-global-.pdf

Carvalho, R., Costa, C., & Ferreira, A. (2019). Review of the theoretical underpinnings in the creative tourism research field. Tourism & Management Studies, 15(SI), 11–22. https://doi.org/10.18089/tms.2019.15SI02

Carvalho, R., Costa, C., & Ferreira, A. M. (2018). New Cultural Mediators, Cocreation, and the Cultural Consumption of Creative Tourism Experiences. In J. Rodrigues, C. Ramos, P. Cardoso, & C. Henriques (Eds.), Handbook of Research on Technological Developments for Cultural Heritage and eTourism Applications (1st ed., pp. 264–283). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-2927-9.ch013

Carvalho, R., Costa, C., & Ferreira, A. M. (2023a). Creative Tourism Consumption: Framing the Creative Habitus through a Bourdieusian Lens. Sustainability, 15(2281), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15032281

Carvalho, R., Costa, C., & Ferreira, A. M. (2023b). Living the Creative Life: Evidence from “lifestyle entrepreneurs” engage in creative tourism. Journal of Tourism & Development, 41, 201–214. https://doi.org/10.34624/rtd.v41i0.28249

Dolnicar, S. (2021). Airbnb before, during and after COVID-19. In Airbnb before, during and after COVID-19. The University of Queensland. https://doi.org/10.14264/ab59afd

Duarte, E., Marujo, N., & Simões, J. (2022). Creative Tourism as a promoter of the Sustainable Development Goals - Central Alentejo. Journal of Tourism and Development, 39, 329–341. https://doi.org/10.34624/rtd.v39i0.27283

Duxbury, N., & Richards, G. (2019). A research agenda for creative tourism. In N. Duxbury & G. Richards (Eds.), A Research Agenda for Creative Tourism (1st ed.). Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781788110723

Elkington, J. (2004). Enter the Triple Bottom Line. In A. Henriques & J. Richardson (Eds.), The triple bottom line. Does it all add up? (1st ed., Vol. 1, pp. 1–16).

Given, L. M. (2008). Convenience sample. In The Sage Encyclopedia of Qualitative Research Methods. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412963909

Richards, G. (2019). Cultural Tourism 4.0: Developing the latest wave of cultural consumption. 1–11.

Richards, G. (2021). Business Models for Creative Tourism. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 19(1), 1–13.

Richards, G., Wisansing, J., & Paschinger, E. (2019). Creating creative tourism toolkit (2nd ed.). DASTA.

Salvado, J., Ferreira, A. M., Serra, J., & Marujo, N. (2020). The creative and cultural tourism ecosystem: A conceptual model. Dos Algarves: A Multidisciplinary e-Journal, 38(2020), 59–88. https://doi.org/10.18089/DAMeJ.2020.38.3

Stoddard, J., Pollard, C. E., & Evans, M. R. (2012). The Triple Bottom Line: A Framework for Sustainable Tourism Development. International Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Administration, 13(3), 233–258. https://doi.org/10.1080/15256480.2012.698173

The benefits of community co-creation for saving destinations at risk

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Objectives | In recent times, the longevity of tourist locations at risk as viable offerings has been compromised due to various factors, including the recent pandemic crises and the phenomenon of tourism overcrowding (Capocchi et al., 2019; Cui et al., 2016). The objective of this article is to provide a comprehensive understanding of community empowerment through international initiatives that involve co-creation activities in the context of heritage recovery and preservation funds. The City of Ani, located on the Turkish-Armenian border, and El Mirador in Guatemala are tangible cases of potential achievements that might arise via collaborative efforts including the resident population. The goal is to introduce non-existent, tangible memories into parallel realms, whether they be digital or two-dimensional (Pencarelli, 2020).

Methodology | In this particular study, a qualitative research approach will be employed, specifically utilising the comparison method. This methodology enables an analytical framework that entails the comparison of multiple cases, examining their similarities, differences, and patterns (Coutinho, 2011). In the context of the tourist industry, this analysis uses the framework to assess the destinations being examined, as well as the policies and strategies that manifest in the socio-economic and cultural effects on the populations involved (Ribeiro, António & Correia, 2020; Molina & Font, 2016). Based on the available secondary sources, such as articles and audiovisual materials, we will conduct an extensive literature review to find the relevant study and examine the illustrative cases.

Main results and contributions | From the perspective of creative tourism and co-creation, the implementation of sustainable tourism in vulnerable communities can be seen as advantageous due to its ability to foster activities that uphold the local culture and engage the community in tourism management. This results in the conscientious administration and advancement of current natural resources, the safeguarding of natural habitats, and the preservation of the distinctive encounters provided by the destination (Baker, Nam & Dutt, 2023). Creative tourism enables tourists to develop a heightened understanding of the significance of conservation when engaging with a community. In addition to relishing in a distinctive encounter, tourists are encouraged to perpetuate this experience for future individuals seeking such destinations. This is accomplished through the provision of themed itineraries and innovative lodging options that authentically embody the local culture.

Research Limitations | The examination and research of vulnerable touristic destinations present a set of issues that give rise to diverse limits, notably the constrained availability of data. Political, economic, environmental, social, and border difficulties are just a few of the factors that make studying places challenging. Therefore, the significance of the preservation funds linked to UNESCO, specifically the Global Heritage Fund and the World Monument Fund, is in their ability to collect essential data about the case studies under examination.

Conclusions This study enables the development of a prognostication regarding effective strategies for the future of vulnerable destinations, which are becoming more susceptible due to the prevailing political conflicts of today. It aims to establish a tourist market that presents a distinct offering to an increasingly discerning audience, particularly in terms of exclusive and unhurried tourism experiences. The implementation of creative tourism has demonstrated efficacy in addressing destinations that are vulnerable to various risks. Creative tourism encompasses the promotion of genuine encounters and the active engagement of tourists in the cultural and artistic endeavours of indigenous communities (Watenpaugh, 2014; Montejo, 2022). By employing this methodology in vulnerable destinations, it becomes feasible to tackle the obstacles and facilitate the rejuvenation of these regions in an environmentally sound manner, by means of safeguarding cultural heritage, expanding tourism offerings, promoting education, and enhancing public consciousness.

Creative transformation of a power plant: The Inota Festival case study in Hungary

2024-12-31T11:24:19+00:00

Keywords: creative, transformation, power, plant, Inota, festival

Objectives: Creative tourism has recently been applied in industrial contexts, with creative experiences offered in former industrial buildings and factories (Scherf, 2021, Panyik, 2014; Rozentale & Tomsons, 2014). This trend has gained momentum with the decline of manufacturing and various industry branches due to technological advancements from the 1980s onwards worldwide. Examples include metallurgic factories such as the Oliva Creative Factory in São João da Madeira, Portugal and industrial parks such as the 798 Art District in Beijing, the Red Brickyard Cultural and Creative Industry Park in Guangzhou and the Overseas Chinese Town in Shenzhen, China. The old factory complexes have been transformed into cultural districts by linking the creative and cultural industries with Arts.

However, there is a lack of studies examining the creative transformation of former power plants. The present study aims at discussing the case of the first Inota Festival in Hungary, organised between 31 Aug - 3 Sep 2023 in a former power plant in Inota village. The carbon-based thermal power plant, formerly known as November 7 was established during the Socialist era in 1951 and was permanently closed in 2001. Since then it has not really been used for anything other than filming, as the abandoned industrial zone with its huge buildings, halls, broken windows, machinery from the last century, bushes growing from the roof and its massive industrial and socialist aesthetics, provide an ideal location and excellent visuals for post-apocalyptic scenes. The power plant's three gigantic cooling towers still dominate the neighborhood's skyline today, and the massive plant complex’s future remains uncertain.

During the past two decades, the Inota Festival was the first initiative to leverage the plant’s potential other than filming by offering a new, more inclusive and long-term cultural use for the plant and stimulating community involvement in discussing its future. The festival featured electronic music sets, light installations and light shows, contemporary visual arts and a community conference about opportunities to harness innovation-based cultural and regional values to drive development. A local travel agency specialised in hiking tours in the region (Túrajó) offered walking tours to show landmarks from the socialist past of the plant as well as the recent filming locations such as the furnace house where Ryan Gosling walked around in Blade Runner 2049, and the command room, where the launch of the rocket in the movie Lajko – Gypsy in Space was filmed. The event was supported by the Veszprém-Balaton European Capital of Culture 2023 programme and the patron of the conference was Márta Campanari-Talabér, mayor of Várpalota.

Methodology: This is an ongoing qualitative case study research using the resources, analytical techniques and the principles of data collection as described by Yin (2014). In-depth, semi-structured key-informant interviews have been conducted with the organisers and analysed using NVIVO data analysis software in order to gain insights into organisational aspects of the event.

Main results and contributions: The main contribution of this research is the example of good practice in creative transformation of former power plants. The study addresses the different challenges that power plants face, as compared to factories, due to their size and specific characteristics. The creative methods, co-creation techniques, forms of collaboration and community involvement will be discussed.

Research limitations: This is a qualitative and descriptive case study with an organisational point of view that does not reflect the perspective of the local community nor the participants of the festival. Future research could be developed I order to explore community and visitor perceptions and attitudes in relation to the Inota Festival.

Conclusions: The present study aims to provide insights into the creative use of former power plants, by discussing the opportunities and challenges of their creative transformation as well as the techniques and methods of creative tourism applied.

Bibliography

Panyik, E. (2014). Transformation through the revival of industrial heritage. The Zsolnay quarter, Pécs, Hungary. In: Marques, L., Richards, G. (eds.). Creative districts around the world. Breda: NHTV. ISBN/EAN: 978-90-819011-3-0.

Rozentale, I., Tomsons, T. (2014). A Post-Socialist transformation: From a factory to a creative quarter. In: Marques, L., Richards, G. (eds.). Creative districts around the world. Breda: NHTV. ISBN/EAN: 978-90-819011-3-0.

Scherf, K. (Ed.). (2021). Creative tourism in smaller communities: Place, culture, and local representation. University of Calgary Press. http://hdl.handle.net/1880/113280.

Yin, K. R. (2014). Case Study Research Design and Methods (5th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage

Gestão museológica numa perspetiva de sensibilização e valorização territorial

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O desenvolvimento da educação patrimonial conduziu a um apelo incessante pela importância dos museus existentes no território, através de uma gestão museológica que contribua para a proteção e valorização das singularidades patrimoniais presentes nesse território, por parte de diversas entidades. O envolvimento da comunidade tornou-se uma parte fundamental dos processos de gestão museológica através de atividades de sensibilização para a educação patrimonial e museológica.

Entende-se que a vertente museológica será um investimento territorial estratégico na promoção do património e na educação patrimonial, já que poderá contribuir para “visibilidade local/regional/nacional/e internacional da cultura local, que depende muito da forma como as manifestações culturais são apreendidas” (Lopes & Rego, 2017: 343).

As convenções da UNESCO tem dado importância à dimensão de “empoderamento” da educação patrimonial (Soares & Smeds, 2016), contudo, a realidade tem demonstrado que nem sempre os mais jovens visitam os museus da sua área de residência. Este estudo teve como objetivo compreender o grau de conhecimento sobre o museu existente em Vila de Rei (Portugal) - o museu do Fogo e da Resina, por parte dos estudantes do Agrupamento de Escolas de Vila de Rei (Portugal), com idades compreendidas entre os 7 aos 12 anos. Para além de tentar perceber o grau de conhecimento deste museu, também perceber o que mais gostam do museu quando o visitam. Por outro lado, perceber se tem por hábito visitar museus e se o fazem quem é que acompanha estes estudantes. Ainda entender as experiências do ponto de vista do último museu visitado e se as experiências relacionadas com a interatividade são importantes ou não para estes estudantes.

Post-pandemic tourism and public policies: Rhetorics of touristification in Lisbon

2024-12-31T11:24:20+00:00

Objectives | The goal of this work is to analyze a set of national and local public policies related to tourism, focusing on its development and application in post-pandemic contexts. The specific objectives are: 1. examine existing policies and interventions related to overtourism, with a focus on responsible tourism practices; and, 2. understand the rhetoric of touristification centered on the city of Lisbon.

Methodology | This exploratory work is based on qualitative research carried out between 2022-2023. To achieve the proposed objectives, the author utilized documentary and ethnographic research. The materials analyzed were collected on institutional websites and comprise political-normative instruments, namely: 2023 and Multiannual Investment Plan 2023-2027 of the Lisbon City Council, the Lisbon Strategic Charter – 2010-2024, Strategic Tourism Plan for the Lisbon Region 2020-2024, and finally, the Tourism Strategy 2027. In addition, observation was used (Bernard, 2006) to map places and products of representation of tourist spaces, apprehending what is associated with them: dynamics, activities, and social actors, as well as informal conversations with residents, individuals participating in the tourism industry, as well as public and private agents.

Main results and contributions | As this is a work in progress, there are no definitive results. However, there are some topics that can be shared. Hall et al (2020) state that the pandemic could be a transformative moment to generate new opportunities in the tourism sector, while Gössling et al (2021) see it as an opportunity to critically reconsider the growth of the tourism trajectory. What can be seen is that after the pandemic and the natural period of recovery, there is continuous questioning about the massification of tourism present in the city of Lisbon. Platform capitalism, tourist gentrification, and the monoculture of tourism are present, as well as real estate speculation and rising rents. It is known that tourism is a vulnerable sector as well as its associated services (Gossling & Schweiggart, 2022), however, this post-pandemic tourism wants to be more sustainable and more responsible in meeting the SDGs. Regarding rhetoric, narratives were identified by various social actors, namely, residents and representatives of the tourism sector. In addition, there is a narrative around the benefits of tourism conveyed by the UNWTO, Turismo de Lisboa, and the municipality. Some narratives mention the implications for the post-pandemic future of tourism, namely, the idea of the tourist city, 'Disneyfied' with or without tourists and its disadvantages, and how to overcome the installed dependence on tourism. Finally, it is important to highlight the responses of the Lisbon municipality's policies for tourism.

Limitations | As it is a work that is based on an exploratory nature and is still in progress, there will be topics to analyze and reflect on. The research work, which is still ongoing, may highlight other aspects.

Conclusions | In view of the existing public policies, their interventions and actions related to tourism in Lisbon, and their relationship with sustainability, this work aims to contribute to the knowledge of the rhetoric associated with the phenomenon of touristification, based on political and research agendas that show a change in the political economy of tourism.

References

Cocola-Gant, A., Gago, A., & Jover, J. (2020). Tourism, gentrification and neighbourhood change: an analytical framework. Reflections from Southern European cities. In JeroenOskam (Ed). The Overtourism Debate. NIMBY, Nuisance, Commodification. Bingley: Emerald. p. 121-135.
Hall, C. M., Scott, D. & Gössling, S. (2020) Pandemics, transformations and tourism: be careful what you wish for, Tourism Geographies, 22:3, 577-598, DOI: 10.1080/14616688.2020.1759131
Gössling, S. & Schweiggart, N. (2022). Two years of COVID-19 and tourism: what we learned, and what we should have learned. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 30:4, 915-931, DOI: 10.1080/09669582.2022.2029872

Gössling, S., Scott, D. & Hall, C. M. (2021) Pandemics, tourism and global change: a rapid assessment of COVID-19, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 29:1, 1-20, DOI: 10.1080/09669582.2020.1758708
Milano C, Novelli M., & Cheer J.M. (2019). Overtourism and tourismphobia: A journey through four decades of tourism development, planning and local concerns. Tourism, Planning and Development, 16(4): 353–357.
Milano, C. & Koens, K. (2022). The paradox of tourism extremes. Excesses and restraints in times of COVID-19. Current Issues in Tourism, 25:2, 219-231, DOI: 10.1080/13683500.2021.1908967
Sequera, J. & Nofre, J. (2019). Touristification, transnational gentrification and urban change in Lisbon: The neighbourhood of Alfama. Urban Studies, 1–21, DOI: 10.1177/0042098019883734

Olivoturismo: uma pesquisa bibliométrica

2024-12-31T11:24:21+00:00

Objetivos | Em tempo de incertezas e de realidade complexa (Silva & Carvalho, 2022), o olivoturismo como um tipo particular de turismo rural, ligado ao meio rural, à cultura do olival, à gastronomia e às tradições do meio rural (Murgado-Armenteros et al., 2021) parece emergir em muitos países (principalmente) mediterrânicos como uma alternativa para complementar os rendimentos agrícolas e dar uma nova vida aos espaços rurais. Como noutro tipo de turismo rural, os efeitos do produto turístico para as comunidades rurais e para os próprios turistas, serão tanto mais promissores quanto mais se conseguir entrelaçar a história e tradições, a gastronomia, a cultura e outros recursos do território oleícola (DGADR, s.d.) Não obstante o potencial do produto turístico, uma análise bibliométrica que evidencie a evolução, o tópico abordado, assim como outras características relevantes associadas ao produto turístico, não foi ainda realizada. Neste sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar uma análise bibliométrica da investigação em olivoturismo.

Metodologia | A pesquisa bibliométrica envolveu numa primeira fase a recolha de artigos relevantes na base de dados ISI Web of Science (WOS). De acordo com as orientações de Hernandez-Mogollon et al. (2019), dada a variedade de termos associados ao produto turístico, a pesquisa envolveu o cruzamento dos termos “olive touris*”, “olive oil touris*”, “oil touris*”, “oleotouris*”, “olive based agro-tourism”, sendo feita a 26 junho de 2023. Tendo como base o trabalho de Pato & Teixeira (2016), os 42 artigos (ou resumos) apurados foram lidos e classificados tendo em conta diversas dimensões: ano de publicação, autores e revista associada, tópico principal de investigação, tipo de artigo, metodologias empíricas e países em análise. Numa terceira etapa, com base em estatísticas exploratórias e descritivas, foi realizada a análise e discussão dos dados

Principais resultados e contributos | Aproximadamente metade da investigação acerca do olivoturismo foi feita nos últimos três anos. Em termos dos principais investigadores, nove dos 10 autores incluídos no Top-3 dos autores que mais têm publicado sobre olivoturismo pertencem a universidades de Espanha. As revistas selecionadas para publicação são diversas, destacando-se, no entanto, a revista “Sustainability” (com 7 artigos), sendo que é uma revista não especifica do campo do turismo, abordando temáticas relacionadas com a sustentabilidade. As características psicológicas dos turistas são o tema dominante da investigação, com quase metade da investigação a recair sobre este assunto. Os modelos multivariados foram favorecidos ao longo do período em análise, representando 55% do total de estudos empíricos. A maior parte da investigação empírica sobre o olivoturismo centra-se em regiões de Espanha, particularmente Córdoba e Andaluzia.

Limitações | Embora o exercício bibliométrico realizado forneça uma visão rica e valiosa da literatura sobre o olivoturismo, apresenta uma limitação em termos da metodologia utilizada, sendo que apenas foram considerados artigos indexados na base de dados WOS. São excluídos na análise outro tipo de publicações: as que se encontram indexadas a outras bases de dados (por exemplo a Scopus) e outras não indexadas (como as publicações em livros). Assim, em termos de pesquisa futura, seria pertinente combinar a análise com outros métodos de pesquisa pode ajudar a mitigar algumas dessas limitações e fornecer uma compreensão mais abrangente do olivoturismo.

Conclusões | Associado à cultura oleícola, o olivoturismo tem emergido, particularmente nos últimos três anos, como uma alternativa de desenvolvimento rural, que se pretende sustentável. Não obstante a diversidade de revistas selecionadas para publicações, os principais autores e territórios em análise pertencem a Espanha. Com efeito, embora a existência de alguma investigação a este respeito, e de sinais claros em termos de dinamização desta atividade turística, a pesquisa feita em Portugal é ainda parca, sendo que o produto turístico aparenta não estar ainda suficientemente estruturado. Parece ainda existir um foco de investigação nas características da procura turística, sendo que as temáticas da oferta turística e das questões associadas ao produto turístico têm sido alvo de menor investigação (o que em parte pode estar associado à falta de estruturação da oferta turística).

Agradecimentos:

Este trabalho é financiado por Fundos Nacionais através da FCT – Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, I.P., no âmbito do projeto Refª UIDB/00681/2020. Agradecemos adicionalmente ao Centro de Investigação CERNAS e ao Instituto Politécnico de Viseu pelo apoio concedido.

Referências bibliográficas

DGADR (s.d). Turismo no Espaço Rural. Obtido em 15 outubro 2023, a partir de https://www.dgadr.gov.pt/sistemas-de-producao-artesanal/turismo-rural

Hernandez-Mogollon, J. M., Di-Clemente, E., Folgado-Fernandez, J. A., & Campon-Cerro, A. M. (2019). OLIVE OIL TOURISM: STATE OF THE ART. Tourism and Hospitality Management-Croatia, 25(1), 179-207. doi:10.20867/thm.25.1.5

Murgado-Armenteros, E. M., Parrilla-Gonz, J. A., & Medina-Viruel, M. J. (2021). What does the olive oil tourist value at the destination? A criterion for olive oil tourism segmentation. International Journal of Gastronomy and Food Science, 25. doi:10.1016/j.ijgfs.2021.100378

Pato, M. L., & Teixeira, A. A. C. (2016). Twenty Years of Rural Entrepreneurship: A Bibliometric Survey. Sociologia Ruralis, 56(1), 3-28. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/soru.12058

Silva, S. & Carvalho, P. (2022). Turismo rural em Portugal no contexto de incerteza decorrente da covid-19. Biblos, 8 (3) 169 -194. doi: https://doi.org/10.14195/0870-4112_3-8_8

Too authentic to try? The analysis of tourist experiences with authentic food images

2024-12-31T11:24:25+00:00

Objectives

The demand for authentic travel experiences has been stably growing. At the same time, multiple studies highlight the gap between "real" and "staged" authenticity. Tourist product design needs to meet tourists' expectations towards authentic cultural experiences to ensure further engagement. Contemporary technologies provide new opportunities to analyse tourist experiences. This study aims to explore the tourist experience created by authentic food images and identify the factors determining their intention to try this food with the help of combined data from traditional self-report method and sensor-based neurophysiological response data.

Methodology

This study builds on the consumer behaviour theory, which states that customers' cognitive and emotional reactions to stimuli influence their behavioural intentions. Guided by this assumption, this study compares the differences in tourists' cognitive and emotional feedback on authentic food between the groups with and without the intention to try this food.

The study was designed as a controlled experiment with 22 participants exposed to 5 cases of authentic food considered exotic to their culinary traditions. The sample with a single cultural background was used to have a homogeneous group. The study recorded neurophysiological response data that indicates visual attention (eye tracking), depth of emotions (electrodermal activity) and range of emotions (facial expression analysis). Then, self-reported perceptions of the experience and intentions to try the food were collected. The data analysis procedures included a quantitative comparison of the attention and emotional reactions between the groups with and without the intention to try this food. Then, the insights were triangulated with the explanatory self-reported data and recorded heat maps.

Main results and contributions

The findings indicate that authentic food triggers a range of emotions. However, statistically significant differences were identified only for two components of experiences. Thus, the group with no intention to try the food exhibited a higher rate of disgust with the food details (e.g. heads and teeth of the cooked creatures), while the group with the intention to try demonstrated a stronger interest (number of fixations) to them.

As a theoretical contribution, the study provides a holistic picture of tourists' experiences with food that is authentic for some countries while exotic for them. It further generates explanatory insights into tourist experiences with authentic food with a view to their intention to try this food, thereby contributing to the research on authentic cultural experience.

The findings of this study also offer a practical contribution to destination management organisations and tourism providers in developing tourism experiences centred around traditional local cuisine. Importantly, understanding the determinants of tourists' behavioural intentions, in combination with automated tourist experience analysis, opens the floor for real-time design and delivery of personalised experiences. Therefore, the study provides a forward-looking recommendation for improving tourist business competitiveness.

Research limitations

The key limitation of the study is a single context of German tourists. While it allowed the analysis of experience within a homogeneous group, thereby ensuring the data validity, the study's results cannot be generalised to other cultural contexts. More extensive research is required to get a more holistic understanding of the effect of tourists' emotional and cognitive reactions on their behavioural intentions.

Conclusions

The study uses a combination of traditional and innovative data collection methods to provide new insights into tourists' emotional and cognitive reactions to authentic food images. The comparison of these reactions revealed that the emotion of disgust and the cognitive interest in the food images are the key differentiating factors that share the tourists' intention to try the food. Understanding the relationships between tourist experiences with food images, together with the automation of data collection and analysis, opens the floor for designing real-time personalised experiences.

Business association as a necessary condition to tourism destination coopetition strategy

2024-12-31T11:24:25+00:00

Objetivos: A coopetição é um comportamento intrínseco e não intencional no setor do turismo, mas pode tornar-se intencional e uma estratégia se for bem conduzida (Köseoğlu et al., 2019). As associações empresariais geralmente reúnem muitas partes interessadas e são habituais em destinos turísticos, uma vez que o setor do turismo e hotelaria (T&H) é frequentemente fragmentado, geograficamente disperso e tem muitas pequenas empresas. Assim, utilizam associações comerciais para criar sinergia e voz colectiva (McKercher, 2022). Portanto, as associações são centros naturais de coopetição (Chim-Miki et al., 2018; Wang & Krakover, 2008), mas também podem ser impulsionadores ou condições necessárias. Este estudo analisa o papel das associações empresariais na geração de redes de coopetição em destinos turísticos. Em segundo lugar, o estudo examina o efeito do contexto empresarial na disposição para a coopetição.

Metodologia: Esta pesquisa quantitativa utiliza duas técnicas: Modelagem de Mínimas Equações Estruturais Parciais (PLS-SEM) e Análise de Condições Necessárias (NCA) realizadas através do software SmartPLS 4.0. NCA é um método para verificar se uma condição deve ser satisfeita para alcançar um resultado específico. O PLS-SEM é um método para testar modelos e relações causais entre variáveis (Becker et al., 2023). Ambos os métodos são indicados para construir teorias e testar hipóteses (Hair et al., 2011; Richter et al., 2013). Os dados foram coletados de empresas e organizações turísticas públicas e privadas em um destino turístico brasileiro por meio de um questionário um destino turístico brasileiro, Foz do Iguaçu.

Principais resultados e contribuições: Os resultados sugeriram que as associações empresariais são uma condição determinante e necessária para criar vontade para a coopetição turística. Portanto, as associações comerciais são essenciais como centros e mediadores de estratégias de coopetição que podem impulsionar o desenvolvimento dos destinos turísticos. Contudo, outra variável também mostrou como condição necessária à Coopetição, a visão de longo prazo das empresas, pois com esta mentalidade as empresas apoiam mais associações comerciais. O modelo também testou o efeito do contexto empresarial no associacionismo e na disposição para a coopetição turística. Este contexto considerou o nível de concorrência no destino e o nível de complementaridade entre as empresas. Os resultados indicaram que o contexto de competição tem mais efeito sobre a coopetição do que o contexto de cooperação.

Limitações: Tivemos duas limitações principais: a amostra, pois testamos as hipóteses utilizando apenas um destino turístico, e a ausência de modelos e escalas anteriores sobre o tema. Ambas as limitações foram minimizadas pelo rigor da análise e pela adequação dos métodos.

Conclusões: Nosso estudo desenvolveu e propôs uma estrutura e testou as ligações entre associacionismo e disposição para coopetição. Além disso, identificou impulsionadores empresariais, sectoriais e industriais para melhorar o associacionismo e as redes de coopetição. Os destinos turísticos devem melhorar a visão de longo prazo entre empresas e organizações. Os elevados níveis de competição intra-destino fomentam mais o associacionismo do que o nível de complementaridade entre empresas. Isto significa que as associações empresariais horizontais, associações comerciais entre empresas do mesmo subsector, tendem a ser mais fortes do que as associações com um âmbito mais amplo de participantes. Os gestores de destinos turísticos devem incentivar a criação de mais associações empresariais e utilizá-las para gerar redes de coopetição mais fortes para o desenvolvimento do turismo.

The economic, social and socio-environmental impact of public sector mediated tourism coopetition

2024-12-31T11:24:26+00:00

Objectives

Coopetition in the tourism industry is not a new phenomenon and has been shown to create social and other forms of value (Chim-Miki, da Costa & Oliveira- Ribeiro. 2023a; 2023b). At the same time, paradoxical tensions that exist when competitors attempt to collaborate may inhibit value creation. Formal institution agents (Monticelli, Garrido, Vieira, Chim-Miki & Carneiro, 2022) may promote coopetition among competitors, while facilitating value creation for society and tourism businesses.

The primary objective of this study was to investigate social and socio-environmental (Volschenk, Ungerer & Smit, 2016) impact of tourism coopetition, and how public sector promotion (mediation) of coopetition through structures and procedures contribute to value creation or destruction (Chim-Miki & Batista-Canino, 2017).

Methodology

Despite recent work by the collaborating researchers focusing on the creation of social value in tourism, the role of mediation on coopetition had not been extensively explored, and this remained a nascent area for exploration.

The research contrasted two cases (diving destinations), namely Sodwana Bay in South Africa and Ponta Malongane in Mozambique. While the dive operators in Sodwana operate mostly independently with limited cooperation, the government-owned scuba-diving operation in Ponta Malongane provides structures that require dive operators to cooperate and even collaborate. The Ponta Malongane Diving Centre is a very successful and popular scuba-diving operation in an underdeveloped region of Southern Mozambique.

Given that the research was nascent in nature (Edmondson & McManus, 2007) and that the research required consideration of the contrasting contexts in the two tourism destinations, the research could best be described as exploratory.

The interviews were conducted using a discussion guide. Data collection consisted of face-to-face (online and in-person) and telephonic in-depth interviews to deliver rich text for thematic analysis.

Interviewees were selected based on their ability to inform the research question and therefore consisted of diving operators, divers, and other stakeholders, such as the staff at the Ponta Malongane Diving Centre. Most of the diving operators know each other and were listed as scuba-dive operators at the different destinations. Such directories served as a sampling frame. The researchers therefore started from a large base of operators and selected interviewees that reflected different characteristics (small vs large, market segment they targeted, etc.). Two important filtering requirements were that operators and divers should have experienced the diving contexts at both destinations, and divers should have done more than 10 dives at each destination.

Data analysis of the transcripts was conducted using Atlas.TI, based on predefined themes.

Main Results and Contributions |

In Sodwana Bay, very little formal collaboration happens between operators. In contrast, at the Ponta Malongane Diving Centre, there is more cooperation and collaboration between dive operators.

Unlike Sodwana, which operates on a relatively pure competitive environment, the Ponta Malongane Diving Centre allows many different diving operators to deliver services to their customers alongside other operators and with very little conflict or friction. In short, the coordination of diving in a central location creates a network effect.

Structures that encourage collaboration include the availability of shared infrastructure (boats,

space for diving gear, communal kitchen and eating area, communal bar area, a notice board for fish, shark, and other sightings, a dive scheduling board), procedures (open bidding for seats on scheduled dives at 17:00 every day) and policies. Furthermore, because there are more dive operators than boats, it is common to use different dive masters from different operators, meaning dive operators share the time and cost associated with hosting a group of divers.

In Sodwana, dive operators usually would launch one boat for a maximum of twice per day, and in off peak season, boats may have as few as 2-4 divers on them. Each boat requires a skipper and a dive master for each dive. Yet, the operators would seldom join forces to launch groups together on a single boat. Divers would often be limited by the number of dives they can do and the reefs that they can choose from on the day.

Public sector coordination at Ponta Malongane resulted in better coordination, cost reduction through greater efficiency, and a better tourist experience (more dive options and opportunities per day). This ultimately led to a more attractive diving destination and subsequent socio-economic (public) value. Arguably, the central coordination of diving and diver numbers could provide a mechanism to protect the natural resources against over-exploitation, resulting in socio-environmental value. Interestingly, the central coordination of diving activities comes at a cost to the community. Fewer overall dives per day means fewer skippers, dive masters and other helpers are required.

Limitations

The study was done through qualitative interviews. The study did not attempt to quantify the different forms of value in monetary terms. The data also did not allow for formal testing of quantitative relationships. The study intentionally contrasted on two destinations that are very close to each other but function very differently. This should be considered as a limitation.

The results in this paper are still exploratory, with further data collection planned in 2024.

Conclusion

The study compared how mediated coopetition at a tourism destination impacts the economic, social and socio-environmental value that is created. While there are clear examples of structures and procedures that provide dive operators and divers with economic (lower cost through efficiency) and other (a better experience, greater choice) benefits, early results indicate that it may come at the cost to the community (less employment).

Padrões de mobilidade turística: Uma análise com Dados de Posicionamento Móvel (MPD)

2024-12-31T11:24:27+00:00

Este estudo investiga as dinâmicas populacionais e os padrões de mobilidade turística na região de Viseu Dão Lafões, utilizando dados de posicionamento móvel (MPD). Os dados foram analisados em conjunto com estatísticas oficiais e variáveis relacionadas ao turismo, visando fornecer uma visão mais detalhada e atualizada da região. A metodologia adotada envolveu uma abordagem híbrida de coleta de dados, incluindo a extração e transformação de informações de múltiplas fontes, seguida pela aplicação da Descoberta de Conhecimento em Bases de Dados (KDD). Os resultados revelaram uma correlação positiva entre as estimativas de densidade populacional derivadas dos dados de posicionamento móvel e os dados do Censo, validando a utilidade desses dados como uma ferramenta complementar para análises demográficas e turísticas. Além disso, foram identificados padrões de movimentação dos turistas estrangeiros na região, oferecendo insights relevantes para o planejamento de eventos e promoção do turismo local. No entanto, são reconhecidas limitações relacionadas à disponibilidade e complexidade dos dados, destacando a importância de uma abordagem cuidadosa na interpretação dos resultados. Em conclusão, este estudo contribui para uma compreensão mais aprofundada das dinâmicas populacionais e do turismo em Viseu Dão Lafões, ressaltando a necessidade de análises contínuas e aprimoramento metodológico.

Governança participativa no turismo religioso em Salvador

2024-12-31T11:24:28+00:00

Palavras-chave | Turismo religioso, governança participativa, desenvolvimento sustentável, Salvador, pastoral do turismo

Objetivos | a) Analisar a experiência da PASTUR Arquidiocesana de Salvador na promoção do turismo religioso; b) Avaliar o papel da governança participativa na gestão do turismo religioso em Salvador e c) Identificar as principais ações e parcerias desenvolvidas pela PASTUR para fortalecer o turismo religioso na região.

Metodologia | A pesquisa consistiu em uma análise qualitativa da experiência da PASTUR Arquidiocesana de Salvador, utilizando como fonte primária os textos fornecidos sobre as ações da pastoral no turismo religioso na região. Além disso, foram consultadas fontes secundárias, como artigos acadêmicos, relatórios governamentais e notícias relacionadas ao tema. A análise dos dados foi realizada por meio da identificação de temas recorrentes e da elaboração de categorias analíticas para sistematização das informações.

Principais resultados e contributos | 1) A PASTUR Arquidiocesana de Salvador tem desempenhado um papel fundamental na promoção do turismo religioso na região, articulando diversas instituições e atores locais; 2) A governança participativa tem se mostrado eficaz na gestão do turismo religioso em Salvador, permitindo a integração de diferentes interesses e ações em prol do desenvolvimento sustentável; 3) As principais ações da PASTUR incluem a criação de roteiros turísticos, a capacitação de agentes locais e a promoção de parcerias com o poder público e outras instituições da sociedade civil e 4) Os resultados do turismo religioso promovido pela PASTUR incluem impactos sociais positivos, como a geração de emprego e renda, a valorização do patrimônio histórico e cultural, e a inclusão social das comunidades locais.

Limitações | 1) A pesquisa se baseou em fontes secundárias limitadas, o que pode ter influenciado na profundidade da análise; 2) A análise se concentrou principalmente na experiência da PASTUR Arquidiocesana de Salvador, sem considerar outras perspectivas ou casos de estudo e 3) Alguns aspectos da governança participativa no turismo religioso podem não ter sido abordados de forma abrangente devido às limitações de informações.

Conclusões | O estudo evidencia a importância da governança participativa no turismo religioso em Salvador, destacando o papel da PASTUR Arquidiocesana na promoção do desenvolvimento sustentável da região. Embora existam desafios e limitações a serem enfrentados, como a necessidade de ampliar o diálogo e a cooperação entre os diversos atores envolvidos, a pesquisa aponta para a existência de boas práticas e oportunidades de melhoria na gestão do turismo religioso em Salvador e em outros destinos turísticos. Acredita-se que, com o engajamento e a colaboração de todos os envolvidos, será possível construir um turismo mais inclusivo, sustentável e responsável, que contribua efetivamente para o desenvolvimento humano e social das comunidades locais.

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Moscoso, F. V. (2014). Gobernanza y turismo: instrumento para la planificación integral y el avance hacia la cohesión territorial de los destinos turísticos.

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Queiroz, F., Horrillo, M. A. R. (2015). El estado del arte em governanza de destinos turísticos.

Roldán, N. G., Corbo, Y., Castellucci, D. (2017). Turismo y Gobernanza ¿en dónde estamos? Aproximaciones teóricas y empíricas. En Turismo y Gobernanza ¿en dónde estamos? Aproximaciones teóricas y empíricas (Capítulo 1, pp. 17-36).

Serviço brasileiro de apoio as micro e pequenas empresas (sebrae). Criação de roteiros religiosos em Salvador. Acessado em 12 de janeiro de 2024 em https://www.sebrae.com.br/sites/PortalSebrae/artigos/criacao-de-roteiros-religiosos-em-salvador,02e46c865f583810VgnVCM100000d701210aRCRD

Trentin, F. (2017). Turismo e Governança: abordagem teórica. Turismo: produção científica, conhecimento(s) e inteligência(s), Caxias do Sul: IX Semintur.

Generative AI as Sentiment Analysis Tool in Hospitality

2024-12-31T11:24:35+00:00

Objectives | Customer reviews on social media and dedicated websites are an essential source of information for hospitality companies that allows them to learn what customers think about their services and those of their competitors (Olorunsola et al., 2023; Perez-Aranda et al., 2021; Veloso & Gomez-Suarez, 2023). By analysing online reviews, hospitality managers can get insights into the opinions of customers and what they liked or disliked about the services they used. Moreover, online reviews are a helpful source of information about changing trends in customer perceptions and preferences. The evaluation of customer reviews can be implemented manually or with the help of specialised software (Tetzlaff et al., 2019).

Sentiment analysis is a process of analysing language to interpret subjective evaluations, emotions and points of view (Taboada, 2016). Humans associate their opinions and emotions with specific linguistic structures in daily life. Sentiment analysis, therefore, addresses three tasks, including establishing whether the content represents a fact or a subjective opinion, determining its polarity (i.e. positive vs negative), and analysing the degree of polarity/ intensity of a sentiment (Cambria et al., 2017).

The importance of sentiment analysis for research and practice motivated the proliferation of multiple analytical methods and tools, including the automation of the analysis with AI. The advantage of manual sentiment analysis is its high achievable validity and reliability. However, special linguistic skills, substantial time and cross-validation are required to prevent subjectivity bias (Sotiriadou et al., 2014).

A range of tools that utilise supervised learning are trained for automatic differentiation between negative vs positive vs neutral (if required) emotion. The advantage of supervised learning algorithms is the achievable speed of analysis alongside the relatively high accuracy of the results. The limitation of the machine learning algorithms for sentiment analysis is the dependence of the analysis validity on the context. A new training might be required for a new content source (Taboada, 2016).

Recently, ChatGPT introduced a plugin for sentiment analysis (OpenAI.com, 2023). It uses a class of machine learning, called Natural Language Processing (NLP) that is trained to understand a language autonomously. Due to its cost, speed and intuitive interface, a range of studies has already applied ChatGPT for sentiment analysis of used-generated content (e.g. Adeshola & Adepoju, 2023). The launch of ChatGPT in November 2022 opened a new opportunity for the analysis of texts that do not require significant digital skills necessary to use effectively and efficiently other software packages for textual analysis. However, its performance in comparison to other methods remains largely underexplored (Fatouros et al., 2023).

This ongoing study aims to evaluate GenAI as a tool for sentiment analysis in the context of Tourism & Hospitality. It tests the effectiveness of ChatGPT vs NVivo auto coding vs manual analysis.

Methodology To analyse the effectiveness of GenAI as a tool for a sentiment analysis, the study compares the effectiveness of the sentiment analysis, done by ChatGPT 3.5 vs NVivo 20 vs manual coding. The entire dataset for analysis consists of the 160 reviews posted at Booking.com to ensure that the sentiment is derived from subjective tourist opinions. First, the codes that characterise hotel service robots, were manually extracted to ensure data validity. The sentiment was analysed to determine the polarity of the sentiments and well as its degree. The manual coding, replicated by two trained researchers, was used as a baseline. NVivo auto coding and a prompt “Run a sentiment analysis for each row of the table. The sentiment would range from "very positive", "moderately positive", "neutral", "moderately negative", to "very negative" .” , for ChatGPT, were used to automate the analysis. The number of errors of automated analysis vs manual coding was then calculated.

Main Results and Contributions The preliminary findings demonstrate that ChatGPT performs better than NVivo auto coding but worth than the manual analysis. In comparison to manual coding, ChatGPT provided identical results in determining the polarity of a sentiment (i.e. negative vs neutral vs positive), while 12% of the codes, generated by NVivo, contained a wrongly identified sentiment. Regarding the degree of polarity (i.e. very negative vs moderately negative), ChatGPT generated a total of 24% of erroneous codes. NVivo-generated results were comparable with 28% of wrongly attributed degree of polarity in comparison to the manual coding.

Limitations | The key limitations of the study are the related to the validity of each method and their comparability. Thus, the manual sentiment analysis required cross-validation, the supervised learning models do range in terms of their relevance for the context, and GenAI represents a “black box” with the model being unavailable for researchers’ evaluation. Therefore, more studies in various contexts and with the application of different sentiment analysis methods are required prior to claiming GenAI a reliable tool for the analysis.

Conclusions The preliminary findings indicate that ChatGPT 3.5 performs substantially better than NVivo auto coding. However, manual evaluation of the sentiment still provides more valid results. While research automation can substantially decrease the time and efforts of the researchers, a broader scale of research is required to understand how to ensure the validity and reliability of the GenAI tools.

Território Gandarês: O caso de estudo do Projeto Gândara TourSensations

2024-12-31T11:24:36+00:00

Objetivos | Este estudo tem como principal objetivo analisar o território Gandarês, com foco no Projeto Gândara TourSensations (Vagos, Mira e Cantanhede), e investigar como este projeto sensibilizou as comunidades locais contribuindo para a valorização, preservação e promoção do património cultural através do turismo, especialmente da Casa Gandaresa. Esta é uma casa-pátio rural predominante na Região Gandaresa (Tavares et al., 2021).

Metodologia | A investigação adota uma abordagem qualitativa, baseada em estudo de caso. Será realizada uma análise documental sobre o território Gandarês, destacando a importância histórica e cultural da Casa Gandaresa, tendo por base o Projeto Gândara TourSensations. Posteriormente, foram conduzidas entrevistas semiestruturadas com membros da comunidade e um grupo focal com elementos da equipa de coordenação do projeto, municípios, e associações locais sobre a valorização e preservação histórica e cultural da Casa Gandaresa.

Principais resultados e contributos | Os resultados revelam que o Projeto Gândara TourSensations desempenha um papel fundamental na valorização e preservação da Casa Gandaresa. Foram evidenciados os seguintes elementos tendo por base a revisão de literatura e metodologia aplicada durante o desenvolvimento do projeto: arquitetura de experiências e integração turística (desenho e estruturação de produtos turísticos integrados e compósitos regionalmente e exclusivos da Casa Gandaresa; novas ofertas turísticas e ligação às existentes; autenticidade e vivências locais; caracterização e recriação das tradições/ saberes; desenvolvimento da marca e suportes de comunicação (website; identidade gráfica/corporativa; suportes físicos e digitais; ações de formação, capacitação e sensibilização e respetiva monitorização; ações táticas externas e roadshow nacional de promoção); biblioteca digital (transferência de conhecimento; manuais e tutorias de boas práticas referentes à cultura e Casa Gandaresa; estudo técnico; catalogação intensiva das Casas Gandaresas e o seu mapeamento digital; dossiers de investimento personalizados; estruturação de suportes técnicos formativos); suportes informativos para o centro de interpretação: espólio museológico; produção de conteúdos personalizados para os centros de interpretação (1 por município); vídeo promocional e teasers; produção de vídeos e fotografias técnicas; brochura institucional e flyers; e o desenvolvimento do Modelo de governance (desenho do modelo de governance e da estrutura de gestão para o futuro). Este estudo teve um contributo essencial na comunidade local, que está sensibilizada para a importância da preservação deste ativo, enquanto património cultural, tornando-se um ponto central de interesse turístico, promovendo a herança histórica do território gandarês (Ramos et al., 2021; Ramos et al., 2023; Tavares et al., 2021).

A preservação da arquitetura tradicional da Casa Gandaresa é evidente, graças às medidas de sensibilização e ações implementadas por este projeto. A recuperação e valorização dos ativos materiais e imateriais desta comunidade, contribuem para a manutenção da identidade local, fortalecendo o sentimento de entreajuda e comunitarismo que é uma das características nucleares deste território (Cravidão, 1992; Cupido, 2006). O estudo dá importantes contributos estratégicos utilizados no projeto para a preservação do património e o impacto da atividade turística.

Limitações | É importante reconhecer as limitações deste estudo, incluindo a possibilidade de viés nas respostas dos vários entrevistados e o impacto a médio e longo prazo deste projeto. Além disso, estes resultados estão restritos ao contexto específico do território Gandarês e do Projeto Gândara TourSensations, sendo necessário considerar também os territórios adjacentes.

Conclusões | O estudo conclui que o Projeto Gândara TourSensations desempenha um papel fundamental na preservação e valorização da Casa Gandaresa, influenciando positivamente as comunidades locais, corroborando com os estudos Ramos et al. (2021); Ramos et al. (2023) e de Tavares et al. (2021). A abordagem integrada, que combina desenvolvimento turístico com conservação e sensibilização cultural e patrimonial, surge como uma estratégia eficaz para impulsionar o “Projeto Gândara TourSensations”. A Casa Gandaresa não é apenas um marco arquitetónico, mas também apresenta um potencial cultural e turístico. Os resultados deste estudo oferecem contribuições práticas para autoridades locais e comunidades que procurem promover o desenvolvimento sustentável do turismo e a preservação da Casa Gandaresa no território Gandarês. A integração das comunidades no processo de preservação, juntamente com a promoção do turismo sustentável, destaca-se como uma estratégia que pode ser replicável em outras regiões adjacentes que também integram o território Gandarês e que têm a presença da Casa Gandaresa. Recomenda-se uma análise contínua do impacto a longo prazo do Projeto Gândara TourSensations nas comunidades locais onde foi implementado e possibilidades de financiamentos. Além disso, investigações futuras podem explorar a aplicabilidade de estratégias semelhantes em diferentes contextos culturais e geográficos. A integração de tecnologias imersivas e educação patrimonial (Beck et al., 2019; Hwang et al., 2023), também pode ser explorada como uma forma de ampliar o alcance do projeto.

Referências bibliográficas

Beck, J., Rainoldi, M., & Egger, R. (2019). Virtual reality in tourism: a state-of-the-art review. Tourism Review, 74(3), 586–612. https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-03-2017-0049

Cravidão, F. (1992). A população e o povoamento da Gândara (Génese e Evolução). Comissão de Coordenação da Região Centro.

Cupido, M. (2006). Em Busca de Identidades: Aspetos Etnográfico-Históricos de Mira. CEMAR.

Hwang, K., tom Dieck, M. C., Jung, T., & Kwon, O. (2023). The influence of virtual reality on the experience of religious cultural heritage content. Internet Research. https://doi.org/10.1108/INTR-08-2022-0669

Ramos, D., Malta, A., & Costa, C. (2021). Turismo, património e arquitetura vernacular: o caso da região da Gândara. Revista Turismo & Desenvolvimento, 35, 77–95. https://doi.org/10.34624/rtd.v0i35.24622

Ramos, D., Malta, A., & Costa, C. (2023). A utilização da economia circular e reutilização adaptativa em contexto turístico na preservação da identidade e cultura gandaresa. Revista Turismo & Desenvolvimento, 44, 353-363. https://doi.org/10.34624/rtd.v44i0.34654

Tavares, A., Costa, A., Ramos, D., Costa, C., & Malta, A. (2021). Metodologia de Reabilitação Integrada para a Proteção da Casa Gandaresa de Mira, Vagos e Cantanhede. Al-Madan, 24, 107–113.

The Perfect Mix: Teaching Bartending Skills through Job Shadowing and Interdisciplinarity

2024-12-31T11:24:37+00:00

Objectives | This paper aims to describe an interdisciplinary project involving 2^nd year hotel management and catering and restaurant management students, which focused on fostering experiential learning opportunities through job shadowing and hands-on experiments within the scope of cocktail making.

Working closely with bartenders and mixologists, students were challenged to interview and accompany these professionals, having had the chance to not only experience and observe their workplace and tasks, but also collect information on their signature cocktails and insights on the skills required to become a professional in the sector. Based on this contact, students were then asked to reinterpret these signature cocktails, by creating their own mixes, having to come up with two original proposals. Given the content of the courses involved in the project, in addition to drawing from their mentors’ experience and expertise, these cocktails must also address the topic of sustainability and innovation in that one of the proposals must include wine as the main ingredient. These cocktails were subject to a final public presentation before a panel of experts who provided feedback on students’ final proposals.

Methodology | In addition to observation and documentary research, relying mostly on information collected by students during their job shadowing experience (e.g., diaries short bios, data sheets and wine/drink menus), the paper also draws on different questionnaires applied to mentors and students taking part in the project. These questionnaires, which included both closed and open-ended questions, focused not only on the participants’ overall expectations regarding the project, but also on what they perceived to be the most important skills in bartending and cocktail making. The data was collected and analyzed using a mixed approach, making it possible to crosscut the different perspectives, as to better understand the project’s affordances and areas of improvement, as well as to lay the foundations for future collaborations with the industry.

Main Results and Contributions | Considering the project’s main objectives, job shadowing proved to be an effective method, having had a positive effect on students’ learning experiences and how they perceived the overall project. Having spent time interacting with and observing trained professionals in their daily tasks, students had the opportunity to gain firsthand knowledge of industry practices and the skills required for the job, having put them into use while preparing and presenting their own creations. Despite some initial concerns regarding time management and their interaction with the mentors, students were, for the most part, able to fulfill all the required assignments, having succeeded in making their final presentations before a panel of experts.

Moreover, the data also suggests that the project was instrumental in making students more aware of the importance of soft skills, particularly communication, bringing them closer to the mentors’ (and the market’s) expectations. Another key impact was on students’ overall perceptions on the importance of interdisciplinary projects within the scope of their training. Whereas they initially disagreed with the premise that this type of project could enhance their learning, the final questionnaires revealed a more positive stance towards interdisciplinarity, with students making reference to the importance of interaction, collaboration and hands-on learning experiences within this scope.

As for the topic of sustainability, the impact was not as significant, with students having already had some knowledge on the topic, albeit more theoretical.

Limitations | As the first iteration of the project has only now been completed, findings are tentative and cannot be easily transferred to other settings. On the other hand, the analysis presented is mostly based on observation and on participants’ perceptions, making it necessary to further complement the data as to avoid potential bias. Nevertheless, it should be noted that the project and the students’ final presentations have received positive feedback from stakeholders and local partners. As a result, future work will include a more in-depth analysis of the material collected by students, as well as additional feedback from experts that can help further validate this approach.

Conclusions |Framed within the scope of experiential learning, job shadowing is considered to facilitate immersive learning experiences, in that participants are able to actively engage in authentic workplace environments and receive guidance from mentors, thus developing a deeper understanding of the tasks they will be required to perform.

Having identified a gap when it comes to hospitality students’ bartending and cocktail making training, the project described within this paper aimed to address this challenge by allowing students to observe and interact with experienced professionals. In addition to describing the project itself, the paper drew on mentors’ and students’ perceptions, having demonstrated its potential within the scope of tourism and hospitality education. Moreover, researchers were able to establish the importance of university-industry collaboration and experiential learning in promoting students awareness on the importance of softs skills, thus making a contribution to the field of tourism education and paving the way for future research and work within this scope.

Basic Social Etiquette and Intercultural Awareness Before Departure as a Way to Minimize Tourism-Phobia using World Civility Index

2024-12-31T11:24:37+00:00

The project involves addressing issues of vandalism and unruly behavior through a set of common social etiquette lessons suitable for various international situation for the would-be tourists before traveling. Participants earn "points" via a common measurement called 'World Civility Index' in order to be admitted into certain tourist attraction locations.

Feira Internacional de Gastronomia: potencialidades da aprendizagem baseada em projetos “mãos na massa”

2024-12-31T11:24:38+00:00

A Feira Internacional de Gastronomia foi um projeto inovador que proporcionou aos alunos do primeiro ano do curso de Gestão da Restauração e Catering uma experiência de aprendizagem prática e interdisciplinar. O objetivo era desenvolver competências essenciais para o mercado de trabalho, como trabalho em equipa, comunicação, resolução de problemas, pesquisa e organização.

Utilizando a metodologia de aprendizagem baseada em projetos, os alunos trabalharam em grupo para organizar a feira desde a pesquisa e seleção de pratos internacionais até a sua confeção, apresentação e degustação. A feira foi um sucesso, com a participação de todos os alunos e uma grande recetividade da comunidade académica.

Os resultados do questionário aplicado aos alunos indicaram que a experiência foi enriquecedora e útil para o seu desenvolvimento profissional. A maioria dos alunos concordou que a aprendizagem baseada em projetos é uma metodologia eficaz e que os preparou melhor para o mercado de trabalho.

O projeto teve algumas limitações, como o orçamento limitado, a falta de equipamentos de cozinha e as restrições de tempo. No entanto, os alunos superaram essas dificuldades com criatividade e trabalho em equipa.

A Feira Internacional de Gastronomia foi uma experiência de aprendizagem valiosa para os alunos, tendo o projeto demonstrado que a aprendizagem baseada em projetos é uma metodologia eficaz que permite aos alunos desenvolver competências essenciais para o mercado de trabalho, além de promover o interesse e o empenho no seu processo de ensino- aprendizagem.

Formação em Gestão de Alojamentos Turísticos: Estudo de caso da Escola Superior de Turismo e Hotelaria

2024-12-31T11:24:38+00:00

Anexo word.

Parcerias estratégicas entre instituições de ensino superior para a investigação em Turismo

2024-12-31T11:24:38+00:00

No anexo word.

Tourism and Innovations in Transitional Countries of the Adriatic-Ionian Region

2024-12-31T11:24:38+00:00

Objectives | The challenges tourism faces today call for innovative solutions, not only for achieving economic growth but for ensuring sustainability, enhancing visitor experiences, market development, local community management, etc. Innovation is defined as “a new or improved product or process (or combination thereof) that differs significantly from the unit’s previous products or processes and that has been made available to potential users (product) or brought into use by the unit (process)” (OECD, 2018: 20). A usual prerequisite for innovation development is available funding. However, based on the analysis of the projects reporting tourism innovations funded by the EU in the Adriatic-Ionian region (AIR), the objective of this study is to show that they do not necessarily depend on financial incentives. Paradoxically, tourism may even hinder innovative development as it provides stable income thus impacting the lack of motivation for disruptive (radical) innovations.

Methodology | Research has been performed using mixed methodology (quantitative and qualitative) throughout 2020-2023. Desk research included literature review to provide the theoretical and statistical background as well as to analyze projects funded by various EU funds in the Adriatic-Ionian region (AIR) to detect the number, types of tourism innovations reported, and their real innovative nature. 313 projects were detected, but only those reporting innovative solutions (no. = 88) were further considered. Summaries of those projects were further analyzed and categorized in four groups: 1. tourism destination management innovations; 2. business models and sustainable tourism products innovations; 3. marketing-related sustainable tourism innovations; and 4. multiple types of innovations. The geographical distribution of the projects and the invested budget was also analyzed. Further on, we surveyed national coordinators of the European Union Strategy for the Adriatic-Ionian Region (EUSAIR) to test their knowledge, opinions and attitudes towards innovations in sustainable tourism. They serve as main country contact points in charge with the national coordination of the EUSAIR, and their knowledge on tourism innovation is deemed to be an asset for the Strategy implementation. The survey was based on 22 questions of mostly closed type. Results were drawn using the Google survey analysis tool. Finally, further Internet search for additional innovations in the transitional countries of the AIR (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Northern Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia and Slovenia) was done to detect non-EU funded tourism innovations. The Boolean approach was used, and the following search terms were applied (“tourism”) AND (“innovations”) AND (“country” - Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Northern Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia and Slovenia). Further, the search was widened to get a more specific type of innovations including terms such as (“hotels”), (“tourism tours”), (“tourism products”). These were done both in English and in the local language, where applicable. The detected innovative projects were briefly analyzed for the purpose of serving as illustrative examples. The desk research results were put in relation with the survey results analysis and finally complemented with the results of the Internet search.

Main Results and Contributions | The results show that the greatest share of the EU funded projects falls into the category of tourist destination management (42). Projects funding business models and sustainable tourism products innovations follow (28), as well as projects funding marketing-related tourism innovations (15). Only 3 projects were funded due to their multiple types tourism innovations. However, a deeper analysis showed that the listed innovations do not always correspond to the theoretical definition of innovation; rather, when projects are applied for EU funding, they promise innovative solutions, but with questionable outputs. This possibly shows a poor understanding of the nature of innovation as some projects fail to deliver the funded innovations putting the justification of EU investments in such projects at stake. Further on, geographical distribution of the funded projects is mainly seen in the EU countries of the EUSAIR area with non-EU countries (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Northern Macedonia and Serbia) substantially lagging behind, with the exception of Albania. Further on, the results of the survey showed a relatively poor level of EUSAIR national coordinators’ knowledge on tourism innovations which points to the lack of their training on the topic as well as the poorly defined funding criteria in support of innovative projects. The results of the desk research and surveys, thus showed that although funds exist to support innovations, they do not always guarantee really innovative solutions. Finally, Internet search for additional innovative tourism innovations in the transitional countries of the region showed that innovative projects exist independently from the EU funds, although they are not abundant. Thus, although important, the study found that financial incentives do not warrant development of innovations, which is possibly dependent on other factors such as knowledge, creativity and motivation, clear policies. These factors, however are yet to be researched further and were not part of this study. The study, however, showed that clear policies and understanding of the true nature of innovation are an asset in the support of innovations.

Limitations | Limitations of the study are primarily seen in the lack of in-depth analysis of the projects performed while focusing only on their summaries, which could possibly reveal more information. Also, relatively poor responsiveness of the survey respondents somewhat impacts the study results. Future studies may tend to dig deeper in the EU funded projects’ analysis in the area. As well, further search and analysis of tourism innovations in non-EU funded projects in transitional countries of the area was not exhaustive and served only to illustrate that innovations can be done independently of large investments; rather, a number of other factors may influence their development. Future studies may explore it in more depth.

Conclusions | Innovative tourism solutions in the Adriatic-Ionian region exist but financial injections provided through the EU funding do not warrant innovative solutions in tourism. Innovations are often developed even without substantial financial support and public policies, and are rather depending on creativity and motivation due to e.g. scarcity. It disputes Gibbs’, Neckermann’s and Siemroth’s (2014) findings that financial rewards foster quality innovative ideas of individual employees. On the other hand, it is in line with the study by Jelinčić (2017: 48) who showed that inflexible public policies and lack of funding for innovations, such as in the Cuban, engineer state policy model may also foster innovations as “the scarcity of resources led people to improvisation”. This leads to “an unintentional birth to innovations … from the need to strive in everyday life”. Therefore, tourism, yielding relatively stable revenue and ensuring economic benefit for the stakeholders involved, may thus even hamper the development of innovation as it provides no motivation to innovate.

References

Gibbs, M., Neckermann, S. & Siemroth, C. (2014). A field experiment in motivating employee ideas, ZEW Discussion Papers, No. 14-096, Zentrum für Europäische Wirtschaftsforschung (ZEW), Mannheim. https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:180-madoc-373851

Jelinčić, Daniela Angelina (2017). Innovations in culture and development: The Culturinno Effect in public policy. Palgrave Macmillan.

OECD (2018): Oslo Manual: guidelines for collecting, reporting and using data on innovation. https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/9789264304604-en.pdf?expires=1704974071&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=80BDBC1047A6C84DDA23308CBFF5A0B3

Os impactos do Destination Branding no desenvolvimento e identidade dos territórios: O caso da Região Centro de Portugal

2024-12-31T11:24:39+00:00

Diante da necessidade de identificação e diferenciação de territórios em um contexto global amplamente dinâmico e competitivo, o destination branding surge como uma ferramenta estratégica para estabelecer uma marca, identidade distintiva e atrativa para uma região específica, neste caso, a Região Centro de Portugal. A implementação de políticas associadas ao branding territorial nesta região pode impactar diretamente o desenvolvimento socioeconômico sustentável, a preservação da identidade cultural e a promoção de experiências mais autênticas para visitantes e residentes.

O problema de pesquisa surge da evidente complexidade territorial na Região Centro, caracterizada pela diversidade geomorfológica, etnográfica e socioeconômica. Nesse contexto, a questão central é compreender como o destination branding influencia o desenvolvimento e a identidade dos territórios/sub-regiões, e como as suas respectivas políticas e estratégias incorporam as características singulares de cada uma.

Portanto, este estudo visa analisar e contextualizar, inicialmente, os elementos fundamentais do destination branding. Posteriormente, busca-se examinar como as respectivas estratégias são implementadas em destinos turísticos em destaque analisados nos estudos de caso. A seguir, propõe-se uma breve análise geral sobre a Região Centro de Portugal e suas características. E por fim, como objetivo principal pretende-se investigar, a partir de análises exploratórias e qualitativas complementares, se as estratégias de destination branding são aplicadas na Região Centro e, em caso afirmativo, de que forma conseguem abranger diversos territórios significativamente heterogêneos entre si. Essa avaliação busca proporcionar uma reflexão sobre o tema em questão, assim como promover discussões e contribuições empíricas relevantes por meio de evidências e conclusões teóricas baseadas nos resultados e dados coletados.

Local Policies for Sustainable Tourism: A Case Study from Lagos, Algarve, Portugal

2024-12-31T11:24:40+00:00

Objectives: This research embarks on a comprehensive exploration of the dynamic interplay between local governance structures and community participation in the context of the burgeoning tourism industry, a sector experiencing exponential growth globally (Guarneros‐Meza & Geddes, 2010). Central to this inquiry is the objective to forge sustainable tourism policies deeply rooted in the principles of sustainability, particularly at localized levels (Evans et al., 2006). The project aspires to transcend theoretical discourse, endeavoring to formulate a concrete, actionable blueprint applicable across diverse destinations, with a spotlight on Lagos, Algarve. This endeavor is pivotal in a time where sustainable management in tourism is not just desirable but imperative for future resilience.

Methodology: In our research, we adopted a comprehensive and multi-layered methodology, integrating a vast array of data sources and stakeholder insights to explore sustainable tourism in Lagos, Algarve (Aquilani et al., 2016; Scholz et al., 2006). The study began with an extensive literature review, encompassing a wide range of academic sources, industry reports, and case studies. This foundational phase was crucial in identifying key themes and gaps in the existing body of knowledge about sustainable tourism, local governance, community participation, and policy development (Beaumont & Dredge, 2010; Bichler, 2021; Bramwell, 2010; Serra et al., 2017). Central to our empirical investigation was Lagos, Algarve, selected for its unique combination of cultural heritage, ecological diversity, and a burgeoning tourism sector. Our participatory, bottom-up approach brought together a diverse group of stakeholders, including local government officials, tourism industry leaders, local business owners, community representatives, and environmental experts (Fraser et al., 2006). This inclusive approach was instrumental in gaining a comprehensive understanding of the local context and challenges. The heart of our data collection process was a series of structured focus group discussions, carefully designed to elicit detailed insights on themes identified from the literature review. The rich qualitative data gathered from these discussions were meticulously recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using thematic analysis techniques. This analysis was pivotal in unraveling the complex interplay between local governance, community participation, and sustainable tourism development (Makosky Daley et al., 2010; Redman-MacLaren et al., 2014; Roman et al., 2020).

Main Results and Contributions: The findings from this study culminated in a significant contribution to both academic knowledge and practical applications in sustainable tourism policy. We developed a holistic policy framework addressing six critical domains: Environmental Protection and Conservation, Spatial and Urban Development, Economic Prosperity and Viability, Social Inclusion and Equity, Cultural Authenticity and Preservation, and Transparent Governance. Each domain offers a unique perspective on sustainable tourism, from policies and practices aimed at preserving natural resources and biodiversity, to strategies ensuring equitable distribution of tourism benefits among community members (Guo et al., 2019; Torres-Delgado & Palomeque, 2012). The framework emphasizes sustainable urban planning, economic policies ensuring long-term tourism sector viability, and the preservation of local culture and heritage within the tourism industry. Perhaps most notably, the study provides a practical toolkit for global destinations, offering guidelines for implementing sustainable tourism practices. The application of this framework in Lagos, Algarve, serves as a model, demonstrating its practicality and effectiveness. This comprehensive approach not only sets an academic benchmark but also acts as a guide for policymakers and practitioners in the field, underscoring the importance of community-led, governance-supported initiatives in the realm of sustainable tourism (Pollermann et al., 2014).

Research Limitations: While the study delves deep into the intricacies of Lagos, Algarve, its specificity might render certain insights less applicable to other global destinations with varied socio-economic and cultural backdrops. The participatory design, although comprehensive, might inadvertently miss out on niche, yet critical perspectives. Moreover, the real acid test for these policies lies in their on-ground application; their practical utility and long-term impact remain subjects for future research.

Conclusions: The research highlights the crucial symbiosis between proactive local governance and stakeholder collaboration as keystones for devising effective sustainable tourism policies. It provides a theoretical and structural framework, whose real value will be gauged through its practical application and adaptability. As the need for sustainable tourism management becomes increasingly evident, this research not only bears testament to this necessity but also serves as a guide, advocating for community-led, governance-supported initiatives. Lagos's journey in this domain offers valuable insights, potentially inspiring destinations worldwide to embrace a path of sustainability and community empowerment.

Enhancing Sustainability in Tourism: An Analysis of Sustainable Tourism Packages and Products

2024-12-31T11:24:40+00:00

Objectives: This study ambitiously sets out to redefine the contours of sustainable tourism, aiming to meticulously develop methodologies for constructing tourism packages and products that exemplify sustainable development principles. At its core, the objective is to harmonize the intricate relationship between tourism, environmental stewardship, and socio-economic growth (Berno & Bricker, 2001; Budeanu, 2005). The study strives to forge a future where tourism is not merely an economic activity but a catalyst for sustainable development, preserving ecological integrity and promoting cultural and community resilience.

Methodology: The methodology is a blend of empirical research and theoretical analysis. It includes a detailed mapping of tourism resources, strategic identification of sustainable products, and the innovative design of eco-friendly tourism packages. The study employs tools like the Sustainability Assessment Matrix and Development and Planning Matrix, ensuring sustainability is integrated into all aspects of tourism planning and execution (Graymore et al., 2008; Ko, 2005; Li et al., 2014). A participatory action research approach (McIntyre, 2007) underpins a collaborative and inclusive process, with the Mini-Max matrix used for optimizing environmental, social, and economic impacts (Rodríguez-Carreón et al., 2021).

Main Results and Contributions: This study presents a unique blend of practical application and theoretical analysis in sustainable tourism. The "From Land to Sea" package showcases practical methods for promoting ecosystem conservation within the tourism industry. Similarly, the "Portuguese Discoveries" package is a practical example of integrating cultural heritage sustainably into tourism offerings (Ulrich & Eppinger, 2016). The "Products for Accessible Tourism" initiative demonstrates an empirical approach to inclusivity in tourism, addressing real-world accessibility challenges. "Birdwatching by Ear" exemplifies how sensory experiences can be practically incorporated into nature tourism. These packages, grounded in empirical research and practice, serve as tangible examples of the study's theoretical framework, effectively bridging the gap between theoretical understanding and practical application in the field of sustainable tourism (Ruppert, 2013). They demonstrate the real-world impact and feasibility of sustainable tourism concepts, thereby contributing to both academic research and the practical advancement of sustainable tourism practices.

Research Limitations: Despite its innovative strides, the study navigates challenges such as potential fragmentation in the tourism supply chain and the complexities inherent in aligning diverse stakeholder perspectives, particularly in cross-cultural settings.

Conclusions: This study marks a pivotal step towards reimagining tourism through the lens of sustainable development. It advocates for a paradigm shift in the industry, emphasizing the need for continuous innovation and collaboration. The methodologies and insights provided lay the groundwork for developing tourism experiences that are not only memorable and enriching but also act as pillars of sustainable development, harmonizing environmental protection, cultural preservation, and socio-economic progress.

The development of rural tourism through the NRDP funds in Romania: a spatial perspective

2024-12-31T11:24:41+00:00

Objectives | Tourism development, at local, regional, and national levels, is dependent on efficient strategies and policies implemented by the responsible authorities. An important instrument in ensuring the efficiency of such strategies and policies is represented by the European Union Funds, which are aimed at, among many directions, contributing to the development of local or regional tourism economy (Panasiuk, 2013). The financial support granted through European funds is in many areas considered the main driver of tourism (Ballesteros & Hernandez, 2017) and a factor for overall economic development especially for less-favoured regions (Hjalager, 1996; Bull, 1999). This is because European funding and tourism largely contribute to the diversification of the rural economy (McAreavey & McDonagh, 2011).

In light of the previously stated facts, this paper aims to provide a spatial perspective on the role that European Union funds had on tourism development through NRDP 2007-2013 and NRDP 2014-2020. As such, three main objectives have been formulated:

Identifying the NRDP projects with a tourism focus;
Assessing the relationship between the tourism potential of beneficiary rural areas and NRDP funds absorbed for tourism-related projects;
Analysing the contribution brought by the tourism-focused NRDP projects in the evolution of tourism indicators.

Methodology | The methodology is based on statistical and spatial analysis tools (i.e. Cluster analysis, Grouping analysis etc.) and capitalizes on the database provided by AFIR on projects, financed through NRDP funds. Our focus was on identifying the tourism-related projects from the total number of projects supported at the national level through the NRDP funds (160.000 projects). We analysed the number of tourism projects supported at the LAU2 level (2.861 communities), their typology, and the number of funds absorbed for each of the 2 funding periods that have taken place so far. This data was used for identifying the spatial patterns and appreciating the evolution of beneficiary communities from one funding period to the other when it comes to the number of projects implemented and the amount of funds absorbed. Also, tourism data related to tourism resources, tourism demand, and tourism infrastructure has been employed to analyse the relationships between the destinations’ characteristics and their predisposition for accessing EU funds.

Main Results and Contributions | The main result consists of the identification of two operational typologies of LAU2 in Romania that used the NRDP in the development of tourism projects. are based on the outcomes of each of the 2 funding periods and the study highlights the differences from one funding period to the other in the behaviour of the beneficiary communities. A total of 5 types of communities were built for each of the 2 funding periods, as follows: declining communities (low absorbtion capacity and no. of projects), stagnant type I communities (constant absorbtion capacity and no. of projects), fast growing communities (growing absorbtion capacity and no. of projects), stagnant type II (slowly declining absorbtion capacity and no. of projects) and slow growing communities (slowly growing absorbtion capacity and no. of projects). The typologies, as well as the concrete examples extracted from them, allow an integrated diagnosis of how the Romanian communities capitalized on the NRDP for tourism development, with implications and recommendations specific to each type of rural territory for the next funding period.

Limitations | At present, the lack of a thorough analysis of local tourism projects obtained through a more qualitative approach, respectively through discussions with residents and project beneficiaries, is the main limitation of the study and implicitly an important direction for further research. Such an approach could better highlight the qualitative contribution of these projects in the beneficiary rural communities and could provide more insights to explain the differences observed between the territories.

Conclusions | The This highlights the success of the programme in diversifying rural economic activities, which is a step towards sustainable development of rural areas. However, the financial support offered to rural tourism projects is quite small and cannot generate a noticeable change in Romanian rural tourism, as shown by the evolution of the main tourism indicators.

Environmentally friendly innovation in Tourism: A toolbox of policies to promote green transition

2024-12-31T11:24:45+00:00

Tourism is one of the central activities promoting economic growth, nevertheless, it is listed as a causer of environmental deterioration. Climate change is the major challenge of the present, albeit it is an opportunity to engineer a new economic model. As resource depletion generates negative spillovers, nudging is required to make green transition a reality. OECD countries developed national strategies to support eco-innovation, designing a policy strategy to foster the green transition (OECD, 2011). Governments can support eco-innovation directly, either by public funding, or indirectly, providing a favorable ecosystem (Callofi et al., 2022). Until the present, innovation policies were centered in novelty, but green policy packages must also consider both market structure and potential negative externalities stemming from innovation (Karmaker, 2021). This study aims to investigate the relations between environmental policy instruments and environment-related innovation with a holistic theoretical framework

Interpreting ethnic and minority cultures for heritage tourism in Poland

2024-12-31T11:24:45+00:00

Objectives The development of tourism in Central and Eastern Europe after 1989 should be considered in the context of transition processes that created new conditions for mobility and returned the region to the world map of tourist destinations. On the one hand, we can talk about the structural dimension, including the transformation of institutions and entities responsible for the development of tourism in individual countries of the European Union and beyond, and on the other hand, about the specificity of the tourism market offer in the perspective of renegotiating the past (Banaszkiewicz and Owsianowska, 2022). In this project, we refer to the historical multiculturalism of the region, which was erased from the official public discourse in the post-war era. Of particular interest are the ways in which cultural minorities are represented in tourism practices and performances, which are the result of the revival of local and ethnic identities. What deserves special attention in this process is the so-called dissonant/difficult heritage, which includes the legacy of wars, the Holocaust and totalitarian times (Tunbridge and Ashworth, 1996; Diekman and Smith, 2015; Owsianowska, 2018; Potz and Schefler, 2023). The main goal of this study is to understand how elements of ethnic and minority cultures are incorporated into the tourism promotion of Central and Eastern European countries, on the example of southern and south-eastern regions of Poland.

Methodology The theoretical context of qualitative research in the presented project is the anthropological perspective. The case studies included in the presentation discuss how Jewish heritage is being renegotiated, reactivated and restored in the memory of local communities. Examples are three destinations in the Lesser Poland Voivodeship: Kraków, Mszana Dolna and Dobczyce and two destinations in the Lublin Voivodeship: Lublin and Kazimierz Dolny. The first stage of the project was desk research, resulting in identification of themes and coding. Then field research in the above-mentioned locations were conducted and the methods include observation, participant observation, interviews with creators and managers of heritage tourism products. Finally a multimodal discourse analysis of the collected material was undertaken, based on narratives of participants of festivals, workshops, performances and thematic trips.

Main Results and Contributions The interpretation of cultural heritage, discussed in the proposal, relates to tourist activities leading to places or events for which the main motivation for the visit is the legacy of various ethnic and religious groups inhabiting the southern and south-eastern Poland before World War II. Heritage is defined not as specific resources, but as a dynamic relationship between the past and the present, with particular emphasis on the recipients of cultural heritage attractions and the narratives in which they talk about their experiences and which they share with others in a variety of media. The case studies included in the presentation discuss how Jewish heritage is renegotiated, reactivated, and restored in the memory of the local community, using the examples of destinations in Malopolska region (Kraków, Mszana Dolna, Dobczyce) and Lubelskie region (Lublin, Kazimierz Dolny). The results show that the involvement of the representatives of inhabitants is crucial in the commemorative practices and educational, cultural, recreational or similar performances.

Limitations The study is based on chosen destinations and events in Poland; therefore one should consider the particular characteristics of the socio-cultural and political context. Moreover, this is a qualitative and interpretative research, conducted from an anthropological perspective; the study does not refer to quantitative data and methodologies.

Conclusions The recipients of heritage are both visitors and residents, who often decide what elements of the past will be accepted, adapted, promoted, and made available to others. This relationship includes, of course, the role of the mediators of experiences, such as professional guides, local stakeholders and managers. However, the modern approach to the dissonant heritage interpretation attributes key importance to bottom-up initiatives and the involvement of the local community in the activities carried out which is evident in all cases presented in this project.

References

Banaszkiewicz, M. & Owsianowska, S. (2022). Poland, [in:] A. Gohar, ed., Tourism Governance. A Critical Discourse on a Global Industry. De Gruyter Studies in Tourism, De Gruyter, 179-196; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110638141-011.

Diekman, A. & Smith, M.K., eds. (2015). Ethnic and Minority Cultures as Tourist Attractions. Aspects of Tourism: 65, Channel View Publications.

Owsianowska, S. (2018). Mediating Central and Eastern Europe in Tourism Discourse, [in:] S. Owsianowska & M. Banaszkiewicz, eds., Anthropology of Tourism in Central and Eastern Europe. Bridging Worlds. Rowman & Littlefield, Lanham, 143-161.

Potz, P. & Scheffler, N. (2023). Integrated Approaches to 20th Century Dissonant Heritage in Europe. Multi-vocal perspectives and strategies explored in the Urban Agenda. In Situ [online], 49, accessed 19 February 2024. URL: http://journals.openedition.org/insitu/36614; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/insitu.36614

Tunbridge, J. & Ashworth, G. (1996). Dissonant Heritage: The Management of the Past as a Resource in Conflict, Chichester, Wiley.

In paradise lies… more of the same: On the touristic ordering of a Portuguese insular village

2024-12-31T11:24:49+00:00

Objectives | This proposal approaches the touristic ordering (Franklin, 2008) of Culatra and its effects over its residents’ everyday lives and the perceived destination image (Gartner, 1993) of its visitors. Focusing on the workings of photography across the touristic imaginaries (Amirou, 2007) of these social actors, we’ll explore situated embodied experiences regarding the image these social actors formed of this insular place as a touristic space to unpack the links and the splits between living and imagining as two complementary ways of being ‘in the world’. Departing from work in progress on the uses of photography in the touristic imaginary of the Portuguese Coastline[1], we will question notions of ‘paradise’ and ‘authenticity’ colloquially attributed to islands (Diegues, 1998) and how Culatra is framed as a touristic destination (Carvalho & Oliveira, 2021) vis-à-vis the recent trajectory of its village as a human settlement (Coutinho, 2008).

Context | The Ria Formosa Natural Park is a nature reserve with almost 18.000 hectares located in the Algarve – the southernmost region of mainland Portugal – and in it lies Culatra, an island inhabited by roughly one thousand people (Culatra 2030 / Clean Energy for EU Islands Secretariat, 2019), most of whom reside in the seaside village of Culatra. One can reach Culatra by boarding the ferry which departs year-round from the city of Olhão and during the summer from the city of Faro as well, but also by hiring a water taxi, by enrolling in one of the maritime tours that stop on the island – usually for lunch – or by using a private boat.

The seasonal presence of visitors in Culatra dates back to the early 20th century (Silveira, 2021), being tourism a part of its residents’ private lives – renting visitors a spare room at home helps residents in balancing the household economy. It’s also an increasingly greater part of their public lives – figuring out the adequate time to go out for a meal or to board the ferry is a necessary skill to hone so as to avoid the hordes of visitors – and of the overall social life on the island – the schedule of the ferries is extended in the summer to accommodate the seasonal demand for sun, sand and sea. Furthermore, on the village we find signs written in both English and Portuguese, indicating for instance the name and price of meals, the phone number of water taxis drivers and the correct way to the beach.

As for the touristic imaginary of Culatra, Região de Turismo do Algarve – the Algarve regional tourism board – speaks of the islands of Ria Formosa as a paradise (2018a) with wide, fine sand beaches surrounded by clear waters that allow vacationers to have a relaxed experience. Concurrently, the photographs commissioned by this organization (Id., 2018b) portray it as featuring (mostly) empty beaches bathed by a turquoise Atlantic Ocean, thus reinforcing idyllic discourses about these insular territories. In parallel, the “reputation” (Franklin, op. cit., p. 36) of the village of Culatra echoed by visitors and residents alike is one of authenticity due to its everyday socio-spatial dynamics of occupation of use – visitors spread between the village and the beach while most residents stick to the former for work and/or leisure. Grocery stores, cafés and restaurants located on the village uphold fixed working hours and days-off even in the summer, and the historical relationship of its residents with seafaring activities is made visible in the photographs displayed in commercial establishments, personified by those who live off the sea and materialized on the maritime memorabilia found on the streets of Culatra.

Methodology | Over the course of two years (2022/2023) ethnography was conducted intermittently in Culatra from a constructivist grounded theory standpoint, mobilizing participant observation met with photography, archival research and semi-structured interviews. We sought to understand regimes of mobility (global fluxes of visitors and of touristic discourses) and visuality (what images – namely photographs – were made on and about it as a place of tourism and why), and its articulation with the ongoing place-making process of this insular village (the multiscalar development of its landscapes vis-à-vis emergent touristic motivations of occupation and use) in light of its recent (re)discovery as a touristic space.

Main Results and Contributions | As this proposal is part of a research in progress we still haven’t determined any definitive results, thus instead, we’ll share provisional results. On the one hand, using photography as a way to collect data during the fieldwork proved fruitful to access key informant and new venues of research, namely to understand the evolution of the milieu as a touristic space on a longitudinal scale. On the other hand, by having focused on photography as a dimension of our object of study we were able to delve further on its hidden dimensions (Hall, 1986) of how and why we perceive vis-à-vis how we experience places as touristic spaces. As such, we hope to contribute to the “revalorization of visuality” (Sampaio, 2013, p. 181) in tourism studies, inviting researchers to use photography to study tourism but also to consider it a central dimension of the touristic experience as a whole and thus, to be approached and discussed as such.

Limitations | No trips were made to Culatra during the Autumn/Winter months, so the view from the field outlined in this proposal is a seasonally situated one as well as the product of an individual perspective – the researcher’s – regarding our social reality, mainly focused on the symbolic and interactional dimensions of tourism as a social phenomenon.

Conclusions | We can better understand how social actors occupy and think about places as touristic spaces by looking further into how photography is used to frame them as such and also into the photographs themselves to pinpoint their socio-historical context. Thus, this proposal contributes to produce clearer pictures of the impacts of tourism across our social reality, both regarding its concrete as well as its imagined dimensions.

References

Amirou, Rachid. Imaginário Turístico e Sociabilidades de Viagem. Vila Nova de Gaia: Estratégias Criativas, 2007.

Coutinho, Valdemar. Culatra: Uma comunidade de pescadores e mariscadores. Culatra: Associação de Moradores da Ilha da Culatra, 2008.

Culatra 2030 / Clean Energy for EU Islands Secretariat. CLEAN ENERGY TRANSITION AGENDA | Version November 2019 | Culatra Island, Portugal. Brussels: CLEAN ENERGY FOR EU ISLANDS, 2019.

Dias de Carvalho, Adalberto, and Cristiana Oliveira. "Portuguese Continental Islands as Coastal and Maritime Tourist Destinations. Ria Formosa: An Exploration of Its Media Impact Through Marketing." International Journal of Islands Research 2, no. 1 (2021): 70-80.

Diegues, Antonio Carlos. ILHAS E MARES: simbolismo e imaginário. São Paulo: hucitec, 1998.

Franklin, Adrian. "The tourism ordering: Taking tourism more seriously as a globalising ordering." Civilisations, vol. 57(1-2), 2008: 25-39.

Gartner, William C. "Image Formation Process." Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing 2, no. 2/3 (1993): 191-215.

Hall, Edward T. A Dimensão Oculta. Lisboa: Relógio d'Água, 1986.

Região de Turismo do Algarve. "Faro Municipality." Visit Algarve. 2018a. https://www.visitalgarve.pt/upload_files/client_id_1/website_id_1/%C2%B4Brochuras%20EN/Faro.pdf (accessed March 6, 2024).

—. Islands. 2018b. https://www.visitalgarve.pt/en/3263/ilhas.aspx (accessed March 6, 2024).

Sampaio, Sofia. "Estudar o turismo hoje: para uma revisão crítica dos estudos de turismo." Etnográfica, vol. 17(1), 2013: 167-182.

Silveira, Mariela Felisbino da. “Nós somos Ilhéus, juntos somos mais fortes”: Fluxos da construção de identidade e comunidade na Ilha da Culatra – Faro, Portugal [tese de doutoramento]. Lisboa: ISCTE, 2021.

[1] This work is funded by the FCT – Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia through a PhD Research Grant (ref: 2020.04757.BD), and is part of the ongoing doctoral research project Ode: Photography and Tourist Imagery of the Portuguese Coastline after the 25th of April.

Some perceptions of local actors towards the development of wine tourism in Vrancea County (Romania)

2024-12-31T11:24:53+00:00

This study aims to comprehensively investigate the impact of wine tourism development in Vrancea county, focusing on the perceptions of local actors. Specifically, it delves into how wine tourism influences various facets of the tourism sector, including visitor experiences, attraction development, and marketing strategies. Moreover, it explores how these tourism developments intersect with and contribute to broader socio-economic dimensions of sustainable development, such as community well-being, economic growth, and environmental stewardship. The research objectives entail an in-depth analysis of the socio-economic characteristics of local communities and their intricate connections with the evolution of wine tourism. Additionally, the study seeks to assess the level of involvement of local residents in tourism activities and to discern the correlation between their engagement and the overall progress of wine tourism in the region. It's crucial to note that this research adopts a dual focus, examining both positive perceptions that support the benefits of wine tourism and negative perspectives that may signal concerns or risks associated with its development. By clarifying these objectives, the study aims to shed light on the reciprocal relationship between wine tourism development and socio-economic dynamics within local communities. This approach ensures coherence and precision in the research focus, avoiding redundancy and potential confusion about its scope and purpose.

Managing outdoor tourism: Designing a quality index system

2024-12-31T11:24:53+00:00

Objectives | This study aims to propose a tool (quality index) for assessing the potential for outdoor tourism, based on evaluating the quality of existing conditions in a given location. This assessment builds on previous research that developed an Outdoor Tourism Assessment Matrix (OTAM) (Silva et al., 2021) comprising a set of attributes for ten outdoor activities, establishing the different categories and the relative weight of each in the overall assessment.

Methodology | A Delphi technique was employed to develop the quality index for outdoor tourism. The panel comprised fourteen experts, well acquainted with the ten outdoor activities being studied and the conditions that need to be in place for optimal practice, namely canoeing, canyoning, climbing, fishing, hiking, mountain biking/downhill, paragliding, rafting, surfing, and wildlife observation. The data collection took place between May and October 2020 through individual online interviews (given the pandemic situation at the time).

Main results and contributions | Three dimensions of attributes were defined: the qualifiers, including the attributes that are critical for managing outdoor tourism activities, and all Delphi experts recognised their role as minimum conditions for engaging visitors to the territory where these activities take place; the subjective, as those attributes that are dependent of the personal motivations and expertise of practitioners; and the intensifiers, including those attributes that are not fundamental but add value to the tourist experience when in place. The weighting of the qualifier and subjective dimensions depends mainly on the type of outdoor activities, whereas the weighting of the intensifier dimension (10%) is transversal to all outdoor activities under analysis. Additionally, for each dimension and outdoor activity, different attributes were defined with varying weightings within each dimension.

Limitations | The number of experts for some outdoor activities could have been more significant to obtain a more critical reflection on the weightings assigned to each dimension; future research is considered to validate the proposed index further.

Conclusions | The index is an essential tool for DMOs and other organisations intervening in evaluating and planning the development of sites for outdoor tourism, presenting a precise diagnosis of their positioning. The value of this tool also lies in the fact that it shows which attributes are considered subjective because they depend on the taste or level of performance (handicap) of each practitioner (who may be more amateur or professional), facilitating the definition of more accurate market campaigns, aiming at specific target markets. In addition, the index specifies which attributes are not essential or fundamental for the place to be perceived as adequate for the practice of a given activity but are considered as enhancers because they add value to the overall perception of quality by visitors.

Digital technologies as tools for the sustainable management of coastal tourist destinations

2024-12-31T11:24:54+00:00

Objetivos | Sendo o turismo um setor em crescimento e 80% desenvolvido em zonas costeiras cujos ecossistemas são extremamente sensíveis (Lins-De-Barros, 2017; Moritz et al., 2014) é crucial que se pensem em formas sustentáveis para minimizar os seus impactos negativos e maximizar os impactos positivos. Embora a temática da sustentabilidade seja cada vez mais reconhecida e seja um tópico de elevada importância, não foi ainda totalmente explorada (Pan et al., 2018; Santos et al., 2022). Com a crescente implementação da tecnologia no turismo é importante que se estudem as melhores formas de utilização dessas tecnologias para garantir uma abordagem equilibrada na gestão dos destinos em prol da sustentabilidade dos mesmos (El Archi et al., 2023). A maioria dos estudos sobre a gestão de destinos sustentável aponta apenas a sustentabilidade como importante. Desta forma, este artigo tem como objetivo central investigar de que forma a integração das tecnologias emergentes na gestão de destinos costeiros pode potenciar práticas sustentáveis.

Metodologia | O artigo encontra-se ainda em fase de desenvolvimento, não tendo sido definidas nesta etapa as técnicas que serão adotadas. Contudo, pretende-se uma compreensão abrangente da integração de tecnologias na gestão sustentável de destinos costeiros. O estudo empírico terá lugar na Barra e na Costa Nova, zonas pertencentes ao município de Ílhavo, distrito de Aveiro. Prevê-se a aplicação de entrevistas semiestruturada a diferentes especialistas na área do turismo e das tecnologias como forma de extrair insights qualitativos profundos sobre os benefícios percebidos das tecnologias, desafios enfrentados pelos destinos costeiros e oportunidades potenciais relacionadas à adoção de tecnologias emergentes neste tipo de destinos turísticos. A par disso, prevê-se também a aplicação de entrevistas semiestruturadas a diferentes stakeholders que atuam da gestão de destinos, abrangendo gestores dos destinos, residentes locais e turistas. Este levantamento proporcionará uma visão mais ampla das perspetivas dos diferentes intervenientes da gestão do destino em estudo. A análise integrada desses dados permitirá o desenvolvimento de uma visão mais holística sobre a forma de como as tecnologias emergentes podem ser integradas na gestão de destinos costeiros de forma eficaz, promovendo práticas sustentáveis e atendendo às expectativas e necessidades das diferentes partes interessadas.

Principais resultados e contributos | Com a elaboração deste estudo, é esperado que se identifiquem os principais desafios de sustentabilidade em destinos com as particularidades das zonas costeiras, procurando respostas tecnológicas e contribuindo para o desenvolvimento da temática da sustentabilidade (Pan et al., 2018; Santos et al., 2022). Ao entrevistar especialistas de renome e diversos stakeholders, procura-se captar uma variedade de perspetivas sobre os desafios, oportunidades e expectativas associadas à integração das tecnologias emergentes na gestão de destinos costeiros. Espera-se que os resultados qualitativos dessas entrevistas forneçam insights importantes sobre as perceções e experiências dos diferentes intervenientes. O estudo procura contribuir para a implementação eficaz de estratégias que guiem a integração de tecnologias, fomentando uma abordagem consciente e informada na gestão de destinos costeiros, fundamentada em boas práticas de sustentabilidade.

Limitações | Apesar de se prever que este estudo contribua positivamente para o desenvolvimento da literatura e para a atividade turística, é importante reconhecer algumas limitações inerentes à pesquisa. Em primeiro lugar, as entrevistas com especialistas e stakeholders refletirão uma amostra limitada das diversas perspetivas existentes no setor, pelo que as conclusões derivadas dessas interações podem não abranger completamente a complexidade de todas as dinâmicas envolvidas. Para além disso, os panoramas tecnológico e turístico podem sofrer mudanças rápidas, pelo que é necessária uma constante atualização das recomendações e estratégias a serem propostas. Além disso, a generalização dos resultados pode ser limitada, uma vez que cada destino costeiro tem as suas particularidades. Uma vez qualitativa, a própria metodologia apresenta uma limitação, sendo que as respostas dependem da honestidade e da perceção dos participantes.

Conclusões | Este estudo proporcionará uma análise abrangente da integração de tecnologias emergentes na gestão de destinos costeiros. Os visitantes são atraídos para estas zonas pelas suas praias, pela paisagem e pela possibilidade de realizarem diversas atividades (Moritz et al., 2014). No entanto, este desenvolvimento turístico nas regiões costeiras aumenta a fragilidade dos ecossistemas, gerando preocupações relacionadas com a pressão ambiental (Lins-De-Barros, 2017; Moritz et al., 2014). A adoção e a aplicação de tecnologias digitais em destinos turísticos sustentáveis está a dar os primeiros passos, exigindo mais investigações teóricas e conceptuais, uma vez que é uma área em constante evolução (El Archi et al., 2023; Özköse et al., 2023). O Turismo em Zonas Costeiras, estando diretamente relacionado com a qualidade do seu ambiente, requer que exista um equilíbrio entre esse mesmo ambiente e o desenvolvimento económico, social e ambiental (Lu et al., 2019). Em prol de um desenvolvimento turístico sustentável, é crucial que exista um plano desenhado para a gestão das zonas costeiras, de forma a minimizar os impactos negativos que são, muitas vezes, ignorados (Moritz et al., 2014). Os resultados destacam não apenas as oportunidades significativas que surgem com a adoção de tecnologias emergentes, mas também os desafios intrínsecos a esse processo. A diversidade de perspetivas dos stakeholders, desde gestores de destinos até comunidades locais e turistas, enriquecerá a compreensão global com diferentes expectativas e preocupações, o que permitirá a fundamentação das estratégias a ser sugeridas.

Short-Term Licensing in Scotland: A policy murder is announced

2024-12-31T11:24:58+00:00

The purpose of this paper is to examine the evolution of short-term licensing in Scotland, with particular focus on the city of Edinburgh using the lifecycle approach. The case of Edinburgh’s short-term let licensing scheme (CEC, undated) is used as the backdrop to establish how the public value of tourism is conceptualized, advocated, and experienced by local and national stakeholders. Adopting a public value framework perspective in this study, allows us to use an alternative lens to identify and begin to understand the broader operating environment against which implementation occurs and which extends beyond the conventional economic imperative (Bennington and Moore, 2011; Moore 2017).

Methodology | The study adopts an interpretivist philosophical position, based on the inductive thematic analysis of academic literature and grey literature (organization reports and position statements, consultation documents and responses to consultations, and statistics). Semi-structured interviews with public and private sector, voluntary sector and local community group stakeholders have been carried out since the beginning of the consultation stage of the short-term regulation in Edinburgh in October 2022 and throughout the implementation process, which began since October 2023 seeking to explore their views on the intended and unintended consequences of the regulation.

Main Results and Contributions | The study findings illustrate that the STL licensing started from a position of contestation at the issue definition stage of the policy process. Although there was general agreement among local people and politicians that some form of regulation would be advantageous, licensing was the instrument of choice to regulate the sector. However, the purpose of the scheme remained unclear (i.e., Improving health and safety? Improving civic space access? Reclaiming “community”? Releasing housing?). Additionally, the council authorities failed to effectively manage stakeholder expectations that the scheme will meet their desired outcomes in their entirety. The first voices of discontent from sections of the short-term let operators came from the beginning of the process and have become stronger and more vocal as the policy process has unfolded.

As the issue progressed to the implementation stage, the weaknesses of the licensing scheme have come to the forefront, leading the Scottish government to give a grace period for applications to the scheme. However, almost a year since its launch in October 2022 the number of applications remain very low, putting the scheme in jeopardy. Additionally, the judicial review brought in against the council from sections of the short term let sector challenged the legality of the scheme, further compounding and complicating the issue.

The debate around the fit for purpose of the licensing scheme has now reached a stage where it has become a proxy argument for broader, more challenging debates around who is the city for (McGillivray, Guillard, and Reid, 2020; Hague 2021) and especially in relation to the lack of social and affordable housing. The scheme is deflecting the social accountability of and by public and private actors of long-term, structural, and financial systemic wicked issues. Additionally, it has polarized stakeholder views and expanded who is interested in the topic, even those only marginally affected by the issue.

Limitations The findings are currently based on a single case of a fast moving, dynamic environment which currently is open to several judicial reviews. Data collection is ongoing. Issue lifecycle is used as lens to understand the turbulent tourism and urban policy domain.

Conclusions In conclusion, Edinburgh’s STL licensing scheme has become the Munchausen by proxy of tourism policy. The scheme leads by default to banning STLs from operating in the city, but this is a hollow/pyrrhic victory- it does not go deep enough to address the underlying issue of housing availability. Fundamental flaws in the policy design stage have made the scheme unimplementable despite broad agreement about the need to regulate STLs for health and safety purposes. There is danger that the policy has been changed to the extent that is creating further issues that extend beyond those it was brought intending to attend. It is also a missed opportunity to engage in productive debate between the city’s stakeholders on what type of tourism inhabits the city space and the rights and responsibilities of private and public actors therein.

Edinburgh’s case illustrates the challenges of tourism policymaking (Anastasiadou, 2008) against the background of inequalities that exist within a capitalist system. The study findings further confirm public value theory assertion that to achieve win-win situations stakeholders will need to be prepared to accept temporary win-lose situations for themselves (Bennington, 2009; McMillan, 2021). The failure of stakeholders to see beyond their narrow interests makes tourism policymaking particularly challenging. With that in mind, we argue for the value and the further use of the public value framework within the tourism domain.

Linking climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies in events and tourism: A Case Study of Bad Essen, Germany

2024-12-31T11:24:59+00:00

Objectives | In the tourism and events literature, a distinction is usually made between climate protection and climate adaptation strategies. While climate protection strategies have been studied in the event and tourism industry for many years, the topic of climate adaptation is still a relatively young discipline (e.g. Bae & Nam, 2020; Becken & Clapcott, 2011), particularly in the context of events (Werner et al., 2023). Even less attention has been paid to the simultaneous consideration of climate mitigation and adaptation within the same destination strategy, as well as resulting synergies. This may be due to the fact that the two strategies pursue very different goals and enable different societal benefits (Kirchgeorg, 2014).

Due to the different priorities of climate protection versus climate adaptation strategies, obstacles can arise in the establishment of regulatory structures when coordinating objectives. Accordingly, the establishment of transparent as well as clear governance structures is needed to adequately address these obstacles "institutionally and instrumentally" (Baasch et al., 2012, p. 193). In the short to medium term, both strategies thus need to achieve a leap in development or an innovation in the framework. Using the town of Bad Essen in the north of Germany (a member of the “Cittaslow network”) as a case, this paper explores the following research question: How can climate protection and climate adaptation strategies be realised in one strategy and what synergies can be created for destinations?

Conceptualizing the insertion of circular economy principles in tourism system: Characteristics and constraints of post-communist Romania

2024-12-31T11:24:59+00:00

Conceptualizing the Insertion of Circular Economy Principles in Tourism System. Characteristics and constraints of post-communist Romania

Mihai BULAI¹, Alexandra GHEORGHIU¹ Bogdan Constantin IBANESCU¹, Sebastien BOURDIN²

¹Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University of Iasi, Romania

²EMN Business School, Caen, France

Keywords | tourism system, circular economy, nudges, resource management, sustainable development

Objectives | The escalating resource consumption and environmental impacts of the tourism sector necessitate a paradigm shift towards sustainable practices. The concept of circular economy (CE) emerges as a promising framework to address these challenges from the point of view of tourism resource fragility. Unlike the current linear economy's 'take-make-waste' approach (Rodríguez et al., 2020), CE embodies a regenerative model emphasizing resource efficiency and waste minimization. This study aims to conceptualize CE within the tourism sector, drawing upon its utility, proven benefits in other sectors, and potential implementation strategies. Firstly, the necessity of adopting a circular approach in tourism is underscored by this latter’s increasing resource demands and consequent environmental and social impacts. Tourism's footprint extends to local communities, ecosystems, and global resources, necessitating an urgent shift towards sustainable practices (Velenturf et al., 2019). Secondly, the effectiveness of CE in other sectors offers valuable insights for tourism. Various sectors, including agriculture, manufacturing, and construction, have successfully implemented CE principles, demonstrating significant environmental and economic benefits. These sectors have realized resource efficiency, waste reduction, and economic gains, laying a blueprint for tourism's circular transition (Gralak et al., 2022; Hosseinian et al., 2021). Thirdly, the application of CE principles in tourism is explored through literature examples. Implementing CE in tourism involves policy interventions, nudges towards sustainable consumer behaviour, and innovative business models. For instance, the adoption of sustainable supply chain practices, waste management systems, and eco-innovative services can significantly enhance the circularity in tourism (Sparrevik et al., 2021). Additionally, integrating CE principles at the policy and operational levels would require stakeholder collaboration, innovative financing models, and a rethinking of tourism development strategies (Rădulescu et al., 2022; Staicu & Pop, 2018).

Methodology | The study relies on an extended literature review on the particularities of the tourism system to use existing theories and models to understand defining elements and actors of change. The penetration of circularity concepts within the literature and main national policy documents was performed through a qualitative inquiry.

Main Results and Contributions |

The insertion of circular economy principles into tourism needs a systemic approach (Renfors, 2023), which can be based on different scales such as economic (macro-economy vs. micro-economy), and geographic (tourism space as a whole vs. its composing elements such as resources, infrastructures, products, actors). Other levels may be taken into consideration such as the tourism market (offer vs. demand), flows (origin vs. destination), competition between tourism destinations, etc.

From a higher-level perspective on the tourism system, policies and strategies are key to regulating and implementing circular economy principles, whereas, on a lower level, the instruments of decision-making such as nudges, choice architecture, incentives, and information framing must be defined and utilized in the tourism literature.

Romania has only recently (October 2023) adopted the Action Plan for the National Circular Economy Strategy, as part of the Waste Management Reform of the National Recovery and Resilience Plan (NRRP). In Romania, the tourism blueprint documents still promote continuous infrastructure development to narrow the gap with Western countries and struggle with a correct understanding and instrumentalization of sustainability principles. Recent documents, such as „National Strategy for Tourism 2023-2035”, barely use the concept CE, mostly when describing the objectives of the European funding programs or as a complementary attribute of the syntagm „sustainable development”.

Limitations | It is very difficult to set a conceptual border between macro and micro-approach, from general circular principles to circular practices.

Conclusions | Integrating circular economy principles into the tourism system must take into consideration the complex nature of tourism: system, industry, and activity and its multi-scale manifestation. This study provides a foundational understanding for future research and practical implementations, aiming to transform tourism into a more sustainable, resource-efficient industry.

References

Velenturf, A., Archer, S. A., Gomes, H., Christgen, B., Lag-Brotons, A., & Purnell, P. (2019). Circular economy and the matter of integrated resources. The Science of the Total Environment, 689, 963-969. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.449
Gralak, A., Grochowska, R., & Szczepaniak, I. (2022). Determinants of Implementation of the Circular Economy in the Food Processing Sector on the Example of the Dairy Industry. Zagadnienia Ekonomiki Rolnej, 372, 64-84. DOI: 10.30858/zer/152535
Hosseinian, A., Ylä-Mella, J., & Pongrácz, E. (2021). Current Status of Circular Economy Research in Finland. Resources, 10(5), 40. DOI: 10.3390/RESOURCES10050040
Sparrevik, M., de Boer, L., Michelsen, O., Skaar, C., Knudson, H., & Fet, A. M. (2021). Circular economy in the construction sector: advancing environmental performance through systemic and holistic thinking. Environment Systems and Decisions, 41, 392-400. DOI: 10.1007/s10669-021-09803-5
Rădulescu, C., Bran, F., Bodislav, D., & Burlacu, S. (2022). Circular Economy in Infographics. Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence, 16, 420-426. DOI: 10.2478/picbe-2022-0041
Renfors, S.-M. (2023). Circular Economy in Tourism: A System-Level Approach. International Conference on Tourism Research, 6(1), 261–266. https://doi.org/10.34190/ictr.6.1.1171
Rodríguez, C., Florido, C., & Jacob, M. (2020). Circular Economy Contributions to the Tourism Sector: A Critical Literature Review. Sustainability, 12(11), 4338. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12114338
Staicu, D., & Pop, O. (2018). Mapping the interactions between the stakeholders of the circular economy ecosystem applied to the textile and apparel sector in Romania. Management & Marketing, 13, 1190-1209. DOI: 10.2478/mmcks-2018-0031

Are destination perceptions and recommendation intentions the same for residents, domestic and international visitors? A case study of the city of Aveiro

2024-12-31T11:25:00+00:00

Objectives | Destination image is a subjective construct, and the way in which different groups perceive it differs (Casali et al., 2021). Previous studies concluded that domestic and international visitors’ perceptions of a destination tend to diverge (Iordanova & Stylidis, 2019). Also, residents are recognized as key informants that could influence visitors’ perceptions of the destination, and so it is important to know their image of the place they live in (Stylidis, 2022; Woosnam et al., 2020). In this context, the objective of this study is to analyse and compare perceptions of a destination of three groups (i.e. residents, domestic and international visitors) and their intentions to recommend (i.e. cognitive, affective image and intention to recommend the destination to friends and relatives).

Methodology | This is an exploratory study carried out in the context of a coastal tourist destination, the city of Aveiro (Portugal). In this study, a quantitative approach was adopted to analyse image variations and recommendation intentions between the three groups. Data were collected from 1033 usable questionnaire surveys from Aveiro (Portugal) residents (n = 307), domestic visitors (n = 381) and international visitors (n = 345), between August and October 2019 in the city centre, using heterogeneous purposive sampling. The questionnaire was self-administered, and participants were approached at a random day/time. The representativeness of the sample was increased by applying the questionnaire either during weekdays or weekends, at different times of day. Respondents were approached in the city centre, near the Aveiro canals, where most tourist experiences occur, and this was thus deemed an appropriate place to collect their impressions regarding the construct involved in the study. Data protection was assured since the survey is anonymous and the confidentiality of the responses was assured. Destination image attributes were defined using established scales. All items were assessed using a five-point Likert scale “0 = totally disagree” to “5 = totally agree”. The data analyses were carried out using SPSS v.25 and adopted the one-way ANOVA procedure, with Tuckey and Games-Howell post-hoc tests, which are considered the most suitable when groups are of different sizes (Field, 2017). These tests were then carried out to examine differences between the three sample groups (i.e. residents, domestic and international visitors) regarding cognitive and affective image and intention to recommend Aveiro to friends and relatives.

Main Results and Contributions | The sample included respondents aged over 18 years old.

The three groups are mainly composed by women (residents – 57%; domestic – 58.5% and international – 63.2%). More than 50% of residents and domestic visitors are in the age range 18–34 years old and the international visitors in the range 18–44 years old. All groups are dominated by participants with university or higher studies; however, it is in the residents group where the highest percentage can be observed (i.e. 89%). The results indicate that there are significant differences in most of the attributes of cognitive image and affective image, as well as in recommendation intentions between the groups. Further, they show that the most valuable attributes for the three groups are scenic beauty, interesting natural heritage, a secure and safe place, friendly local people and ease of access. It is also revealed that domestic visitors have higher intentions to recommend the destination to friends and relatives (M = 4.67) when compared with the other two groups (residents M = 4.1 and international M = 4.52), which can be related to the fact that this group includes 77% of repeat visitors that know the city well. The international group is the opposite, being mainly composed of first-time visitors (79%). The fact that they are the group that value local friendly people most (M = 4.37) when compared with the other two (domestic M = 4.21 and residents M = 4.09) could be an interesting result as considering residents as friendly local people could promote resident–visitor interactions; residents are also considered key informants for visitors as they are seen as being more knowledgeable than other informants (Stylidis et al., 2022).

In this study, the aim was to evaluate the perceptions of three distinct groups of residents and visitors (domestic and international) regarding a coastal tourist destination. It contributes to providing some strategic information for destination managers and planners as it reveals relevant information regarding the way residents and visitors perceive the destination and adopt recommendation intentions.

Limitations |This study has several limitations. One is related to the generalization of the results, which is limited. The study was carried out in one Portuguese coastal city in an urban context and during the peak season, with the effect of tourism pressure, and the results could be different in low season. Another is that is an exploratory study and control variables, e.g. gender, were not considered. Also, it would be interesting to replicate the study after the COVID-19 pandemic to assess whether the results reveal differences and also to adopt a longitudinal approach, collecting low season data to assess if there are differences in perceptions.

Conclusions | Residents, domestic and international visitors play an important role in a tourist destination. Their image perceptions of a destination or the place they live in could have several repercussions for the destination economy, as destination image is recognized as a powerful tool for the tourism industry (Afshardoost & Eshaghi, 2020). Residents are ambassadors that can establish an interaction with visitors, which can influence their perceptions of the place (Stylidis et al., 2022). Visitors are important assets for tourist destinations as they contribute to their economy (Stylidis et al., 2017). The way the three groups perceive image and adopt intentions to recommend the destination to their friends and relatives are of key relevance for destination promotion. The value of this study lies in making destination managers and planners aware of the importance of residents, domestic and international visitors’ image perceptions and intentions for the destination dynamics in the tourism market.

Peace and participating tourism following the pattern of small museums in Europe: A reflection on the recent past

2024-12-31T11:25:00+00:00

Revised abstract for the 2024 Invtur Conference

Co-creating a technology-enhanced tourist experience: Portuguese tiles and QR codes

2024-12-31T11:25:01+00:00

Objectives | With this communication we intend to present an innovative approach to tourism research, which led to co-creation of a technology-enhanced tourist experience project. From interpretivist philosophical stance and the adoption of the design thinking method resulted a practical story-telling project entitled Tile Your Visit (TYV), which offered an innovative experience to tourists visiting Porto, Portugal, while serving as basis for data collection that informed a PhD thesis.

Methodology | TYV project is a result of a creative process informed by the design thinking method (see Cooper et al., 2009; Johansson-Sköldberg et al., 2013; Lockwood, 2009; Verganti, 2009), and it consists of writing tourist experiences into a traditional Portuguese cultural heritage element – the tile – with the support of digital tools. One hundred ceramic tiles were printed with traditional patterns, each containing a unique QR code. A collaboration was then established with 3 hostels in Porto’s historic centre, where tourists were interviewed about their experience in the city, which was then written into a tile of their choosing through the QR code. The tiles remain at the hostels, where the interviewed tourists’ experiences can be read by scanning the QR codes on the tiles. The narratives are ultimately coded and analysed using a qualitative data analysis software (webQDA). This is a qualitative, social exploratory research that relied on the case study method to collect qualitative data by means of interviews/storytelling, and analyse it combining content, discourse and narrative analyses. Although the approach relies on technological tools, it is important to distinguish it as human-centred – as opposed to technology-driven, and system-centred – as opposed to product-oriented.

Main results and contributions | There is a high acceptance rate when it comes to participating in the TYV project (>90%), and an expression of desire to participate in similar projects in the future. The study finds predominance of tangible lived experiences (e.g., related to architecture, sites, gastronomy – 68%) over the intangible ones (i.e., emotions, feelings – 32%), and maps them according to Pine and Gilmore’s 4E model (1998, 1999), Buehring and O’Mahony (2019), and Cupchik and Hilscher (2008) frameworks. The study brings theoretical, practical and methodological contributions to tourism research and state of the art. Design thinking is demonstrated as a method that can lead to co-creation of transformative, innovative, sustainable, user-centred and experience-centred initiatives (e.g., Brown, 2019; Lockwood, 2009; Serrat, 2017), in the context of project-based learning.

Limitations | This study is exploratory and experimental, hence first of its kind, and limited to a single urban location, i.e., a research area of one cultural heritage site. It would, therefore, be of interest to do follow-up studies at comparable cultural heritage locations, and in the post-pandemic context, since the study was conducted prior to the Covid-19 lockdown.

Conclusions | Exploring interdisciplinary methods and ICT tools in tourism research can lead to innovative advances and rewarding research outcomes. The decisions that led to creation of this research project will, hopefully, serve as an example of technology’s great potential in bridging the traditional with modern, in a way that enhances cultures and sheds light on the importance of preserving cultural heritage, instead of replacing it. Additionally, tourist experience increasingly calls for innovation, however one that is mindful, inclusive, sustainable, and respecting of localness, genius loci and its social, cultural and historical contexts.

What determines residents’ support of tourism development in rural wine regions? Evidence from Central Portugal

2024-12-31T11:25:01+00:00

Abstract

Portuguese nautical tourism sustainability practices

2024-12-31T11:25:01+00:00

Objectives | The general objective of the research is to evaluate the importance of nautical tourism in sustainable practices. The Portuguese network of nautical stations will be used as a case study. Specific objective 1: Analysis of the relationship between the location of the marine resort and the dimensions of sustainability. Hypotheses: H1: There is a relationship between the geographical location of the Nautical Station and the social sustainability indicators; H2: The location of the Nautical Station influences the degree of compliance with the environmental sustainability indicators. Specific objective 2: Assess the relationship between social and environmental sustainability: H3: There is a relationship between environmental and social sustainability indicators. Each of these objectives and the corresponding hypotheses will be statistically analyzed based on the literature review.

Methodology | The methodology of this research included an exploratory interview with the coordinator of the Portuguese Network of Nautical Stations and the application of a questionnaire survey addressed to all the National Coordinating Entities of Nautical Stations. The analysis of the quantitative data was carried out by establishing the relationship/association between a set of variables (descriptive statistics), using SPSS.

Results and contributions | This research is a starting point for other studies based on Portugal's nautical stations and the areas of sustainability, the relationship between which has not yet been published in tourism studies. This study, both with the National Coordinator of the Portuguese Nautical Stations Network and with the questionnaire replies from 30 of the 32 Nautical Stations, provides a working basis rich in information and data collection. In future studies, it will be useful to analyze each region individually. This is because the number of stations per region can vary considerably. We propose to study nautical tourism and sustainable practices in the following regions: Oporto and the North, Central Portugal, Lisbon, Alentejo and Ribatejo, and the Algarve, individually. In addition to a questionnaire survey, it would be interesting to use interviews as a data collection method. This would be based on the coordinators of each of the nautical stations. The answers obtained would be open-ended, allowing those interviewed to develop the themes.

Limitations | There is still no consensus on the concept of nautical tourism. There are other similar concepts as well: Yachting tourism, Maritime tourism, Cruise tourism, among others. As far as nautical tourism in Portugal is concerned, there are data published by INE. However, the diversity of indicators is low. Nautical stations in Portugal are still a new concept and there is little literature on the subject, the main sources being the Regulations for the Certification of Nautical Stations, the Nautical Portugal portal and information provided by Turismo de Portugal. Representatives from 30 of the 32 existing nautical stations were included in the survey. Furthermore, the geographical distribution of nautical stations is not homogeneous, due to the size of the territory itself. For example, there are only two nautical stations in the Lisbon region. This compares with eleven in Oporto and the North. At national level, they are unevenly distributed according to region.

Conclusions | Environmental sustainability indicators include the fact that nautical stations provide a network of transport services, invest in local public safety, preserve structures, monuments and historical sites, have a social carrying capacity, increase the well-being of host communities and provide access for people with physical disabilities (Wall & Mathieson, 2006; Zhuang et al., 2019; Martins, 2020; Blancas et al., 2016; Fórum Oceano, n.d.; Turismo de Portugal, 2023; Responsible Tourism Partnership, 2018). The regulation for the certification of nautical stations is also fundamental. It adds criteria related to social sustainability. One of these criteria is accessibility, since, according to Fórum Oceano (2023), the nautical station will offer a variety of services, infrastructure, and equipment for the practice of sports, adapted to receive visitors with special needs. It will also promote training initiatives related to accessible tourism, with the aim of increasing the supply of quality products and services combined with accessibility.

At the same time, in terms of environmental sustainability, all regions gave the highest level of agreement to the statement 'The nautical station aims to protect valuable natural resources'; also in terms of the lowest level of agreement, the statement highlighted by all nautical stations was 'The nautical station has a low impact on the environment and local cultures'.

According to Kaswan et al. (2019), environmental sustainability seeks to meet the needs of the population without compromising the quality of the environment, and ecosystems must be maintained for the well-being of future generations. Morelli (2013) adds that environmental sustainability is a state of balance and resilience that allows the population to meet its needs without exceeding the capacity of the supporting ecosystems. Vallance et al. (2011) add to these pillars the need to achieve sufficient quality of life to allow environmental change and the need to preserve socio-cultural characteristics as well as the environment. In fact, statistically significant relationships were observed at both p<0.05 and p<0.01. At p<0.05, the relationship between "The nautical station has a low impact on the environment and local culture" and "The nautical station has a social carrying capacity" and "The nautical station provides access for people with physical disabilities"; and between "The nautical station has a low impact on the environment and local culture" and "The nautical station provides a network of transport services". There were also statistically significant positive relationships, with p<0. 01, between "The nautical station increases the well-being of host communities" and "The nautical station has concerns about energy consumption"; "The nautical station increases the well-being of host communities" and "The nautical station has concerns about water consumption"; "The nautical station provides access for people with physical disabilities" and "The nautical station has concerns about water consumption"; "The nautical station enhances the well-being of host communities" and "The nautical station has concerns about the amount of waste generated"; "The nautical station preserves historic structures, monuments and sites" and "The nautical station has concerns about pollution (noise, air and environmental pollution)".

In conclusion, this research has made it possible to identify sustainable nautical activities on the network that can serve as a case of good practice for other businesses.

Sustainable regional growth through astrotourism

2024-12-31T11:25:02+00:00

Objectives | Astrotourism is a form of tourism that focuses on the observation and appreciation of the night sky and astronomical phenomena. It involves travelling to places with low light pollution where these can be seen with great clarity and detail. This type of tourism is particularly popular among astronomy enthusiasts. It also attracts people seeking unique experiences in contact with nature and the cosmos. Astrotourism is a segment of nature tourism that allows visitors a direct connection with nature, the promotion of ecological awareness and the minimization of light pollution and its negative effects (Falchi et al., 2011; Fayos-Solá et al., 2014). It is sought by tourists interested in observing and appreciating naturally occurring celestial phenomena (Weaver, 2011), with knowledge and expertise of the celestial part of nature and the unique characteristics of the destination (Eagle, 2014). The most attractive activities are stargazing and star counting, observation of the sky and cloud formations, and vibrant sunsets (Jacobs et al., 2020).The main objectives of this research are to characterize the impact of astrotourism on the development of regional sustainable tourism and to understand the feasibility of implementing an astrotourism product in the Arouca region, which has valuable endogenous resources, great geological wealth, and places with low light pollution, thereby facilitating the development of an astrotourism product and enhancing the attractiveness of the destination.
Methodology | The use of the qualitative case study method, combined with direct and participatory observation, allowed the analysis of relevant documents, the comparison of successful practices in similar destinations, and direct collaboration with the AGA entity.
Results and contributions | This study highlighted the crucial role that astrotourism can play in environmental education and the preservation of the night sky. The Arouca Geopark can serve as an important center for raising awareness about light pollution and associated negative impacts, promoting sustainable lighting practices in the region. Thus, the results of this study provide a solid basis for the successful introduction of astrotourism in Arouca, culminating in the elaboration of a project proposal to be implemented. By taking advantage of the potential of the region's night sky and promoting sustainable practices, Arouca Geopark can stand out as a recognized astrotourism destination.
Limitations | The successful implementation of astrotourism will require significant investment and collaboration, despite the detailed research and documentary analysis that has been carried out. In this case, it will be necessary to establish partnerships with astronomy experts to obtain more knowledge and better measurements concerning light pollution, as well as to develop astronomical stories and explanations to enrich the astrotourism offered in the Arouca Geopark.
For future studies, it is recommended to carry out more comprehensive research on the economic impact of implementing this astrotourism project in the Arouca Geopark. This should consider variables such as the creation of local jobs, the increase in tourism revenues and the influence on the region's trade and services. Furthermore, it is crucial to develop detailed marketing strategies considering market segmentation, effective communication channels and strategic partnerships to attract visitors from different regions and markets, consolidating Arouca Geopark's positioning as an astrotourism destination of excellence.
Conclusions | By exploring the basic concepts of tourism, it was possible to understand its role in regional development, particularly the positive impacts of tourism in the Arouca region, highlighting its ability to boost the local economy, create new jobs and promote the conservation of cultural and natural heritage (Folinas & Metaxas, 2020; Smith et al., 2010; UNWTO, 2008). There is a growing understanding of astrotourism, an emerging sector of the tourism industry that involves travelling to places where astronomical phenomena can be observed with specialized equipment. It provides an opportunity to escape urban areas and enjoy the freedom associated with the night sky (Ibbotson, 2021). By studying the characteristics of astrotourism and the factors that motivate visitors to seek out this experience, it has been possible to identify emerging trends and patterns of behavior among astrotourists. This knowledge is crucial in defining strategies for the development of astrotourism in the Arouca region.
Carrying out this case study was necessary to gain an in-depth perspective on the subject, to draw conclusions with potential applicability to the context of the Arouca Geopark, and gather data and information for the development of a prototype project. The main objectives of the study were to characterize the potential contribution of astrotourism to the development of regional tourism and to understand the feasibility of implementing an area dedicated to astrotourism in the Arouca region, which can be said to have been achieved. We have been able to provide a comprehensive analysis of the feasibility and benefits of implementing this project, as well as a proposal for it, thanks to the literature review, documentary analysis, benchmarking analysis, and valuable collaboration with the AGA. The proposed project outlines the most suitable locations for the installation of astrotourism products. It also outlines the activities and experiences to be developed there. In addition, the project outlines the partnerships to be developed and the promotional plans to be implemented, bearing in mind the profile and motives of tourists visiting the area.
Several basic conclusions were drawn from this study: Firstly, the Arouca Geopark has astronomical potential, with areas of low light pollution, points of great geological interest, and a rich cultural heritage. These provide a favorable environment for meaningful astrotourism experiences. In addition, this destination is an ideal setting for combining astronomy and tourism due to its strategic location and the commitment of local stakeholders to sustainable development. There is a positive response from the target audience, which is in search of innovation and novelty, adventure, and a connection with nature. The Arouca Geopark is well placed to meet this demand for authentic and immersive astronomical activities and experiences.
For the development of astrotourism in the Arouca Geopark, this study has also made a practical contribution. Unique activities and experiences have been suggested, such as night observations, astronomy workshops, and star stories. These can be implemented to enrich the visitor experience and create a competitive advantage in the astronomy tourism market. The importance of creativity, imagination, and substantial investment in applied research and innovation as pillars of this type of project is also evident from the analysis of the experiences of other astrotourism destinations. Anticipating future trends, establishing strategic partnerships, and programming innovative initiatives should be an ongoing concern. A culture of idea generation should be cultivated, and a high level of involvement between partners and the local community should be maintained. This will ensure that the project is dynamic and adaptable to changes in needs.
This work has not only provided valuable insights into the need for environmental awareness and protection of the night sky but has also outlined practical strategies for implementation. The Arouca Geopark is positioning itself as a driving force for change by playing a leading role in educating the public about light pollution and its negative effects. By promoting sustainable lighting practices, it is not only protecting its own natural heritage. It is also setting an exemplary standard for other areas facing similar challenges. This commitment to sustainability not only guides the local community, but also inspires future destinations seeking to balance development and heritage conservation.

Porto as an LGBT+ friendly destination

2024-12-31T11:25:05+00:00

Objectives | Tourism has a special value for LGBT+ people. It is an opportunity to alleviate the stress caused by discrimination and sexual prejudice in the regions from which they come. LGBT+ tourists consider several aspects when choosing a holiday destination. The LGBT+ segment is a fast-growing segment with high spending power, loyalty, and potential. Portugal has one of the most progressive laws in the world when it comes to homosexuality. However, there is still a large gap between legislation and LGBT+ tourists' perceptions of the LGBT+ friendliness of destinations. According to Jordan (2018), even in more socially liberal countries, LGBT+ people may not identify as such for fear of discrimination and may be unwilling to participate in interviews or surveys. This significantly affects the number and, more importantly, the quality of research. It is very difficult to obtain significant samples from the entire LGBT+ community. In this regard, Jordan (2018) adds that there is a lack of platforms that allow researchers to easily reach LGBT+ people, which makes it difficult for researchers to develop specific relevant studies. Most research on LGBT+ communities emerged in the 1990s and early 2000s, mainly discussing their economic power, but also sexuality, destination choice, and LGBT+ leisure space configuration (Monaco, 2022). Early research on gay consumers suggested that a gay travel market did not exist or was not viable. It concluded that sexual orientation should not constitute a market segment (Vorobjovas-Pinta & Hardy, 2016). Other studies have focused on the relationship between homosexuality, consumption, and hospitality (Avena & Rossetti, 2006), gay men's holiday travel consumption (Clift & Forrest, 1999; Hughes, 2002; Hughes & Deutsch, 2010; Pritchard et al., 2000), understanding destination choice behavior (Hoffmann et al., 2018; Neves & Brambatti, 2019) and the benefits of LGBT-inclusive destinations (Ram et al., 2019; Hahn et al., 2021). The overall objective of this study is to understand how LGBT+ visitors perceive Porto as a LGBT+ friendly destination. The study also aims to determine whether gender identity and sexual orientation influence the motivation of LGBT tourists to travel to Porto, whether LGBT tourists are valued by the destination and DMOs, and whether the perceived safety of LGBT tourists influences their intention to recommend and return to the destination.

Methodology | In the present research, we chose to use a mixed methodology, so the chosen tools to collect data were the questionnaire and the semi-structured interview. A hotel located in the Porto Gay Circuit and an LGBT+ trade and tourism organization were used for the interviews. The questionnaire was given to 246 LGBT+ tourists, both domestic and foreign, first-time, or previous visitors to Porto. The data obtained were analyzed using the IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 29, which allowed the pre-established hypotheses of the research to be tested.

Results and contributions | The results show that LGBT+ tourists' motivations to travel to Porto are only influenced by sexual orientation and not gender identity, that tourists who feel that the LGBT+ segment is valued by the destination's DMOs and tourism sector are tourists who feel safe in Porto, and that tourists who feel better and safer in Porto have higher intentions to recommend and revisit the destination in the future. It was also found that tourists in general do not have a perception of Porto as an LGBT+ friendly destination. However, there is a high level of intention among LGBT+ tourists to revisit the destination and to recommend it.

Limitations | The data collection was limited, especially regarding the interviewing, as not all participants could be interviewed. Regarding the use of questionnaires, the aim was to obtain a greater heterogeneity of participants and to distribute questionnaires to a greater number of participants. This was not possible due to the coincidence of two of the largest LGBT+ events in Porto on the same weekend. The survey could have been written in neutral language to be more inclusive, given the target audience.

Conclusions | This research shows how LGBT+ tourists perceive Porto as an LGBT+ friendly destination. Studies should be developed that, in addition to the perspective of LGBT+ tourists, consider the perspective of LGBT+ businesses in the tourism sector, destination DMOs, LGBT+ social associations, the resident LGBT+ community, and the perspective of the non-LGBT+ resident community, to obtain the effective LGBT+ inclusiveness of the destination. In addition, strategy proposals should be studied, developed, and presented in a strategic approach to raise awareness of the DMO, considering the potential of Porto to stand out in the market as an LGBT+ friendly destination and the lack of a tourism strategy aimed at this segment.

Few studies exist that analyze how LGBT+ tourists perceive destinations as being LGBT+ friendly. Destinations often describe themselves as LGBT+ friendly. However, LGBT+ tourists' perceptions may not be identical. If destinations want to be perceived as LGBT+ friendly by LGBT+ tourists, there are several aspects of LGBT+ friendliness that they need to ensure. Furthermore, there is a lack of studies analyzing LGBT+ tourism nationally and regionally in the city of Porto. Therefore, there is a need to explore LGBT+ tourists' perceptions of Porto's LGBT+ friendliness and identify the facilitators and barriers to the growth of this segment in the destination.

Sustainability interpretation and impacts of luxury tourism in Douro

2024-12-31T11:25:09+00:00

Objectives | The aim of this research is to identify the main impacts of climate change in the Douro region and how they are likely to affect tourism in the region, particularly luxury tourism. The project ends by highlighting one of the region's traditional products that everyone appreciates - wine. It became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2001. Already feeling the effects of climate change, the Douro is one of the hottest and driest regions in the country. For its landscapes, but also for its history, the Douro is an outstanding region. This work is also aimed at recognizing luxury tourism as an emerging market in the region. Luxury tourists seek unique and personalized experiences. The sustainability of the region is also of increasing interest and concern to them. In this way, luxury and sustainability can complement each other. Companies have increasingly tried to focus on the quality and sustainability of their products, using local suppliers wherever possible. Unfortunately, the sustainability of the vineyards and the landscape continues to be a concern. Climate change is a reality and could wipe out years of production. The overall aim of the research is to understand the importance of sustainability and the impact of luxury tourism in the Douro Demarcated Region. The specific objectives were to: identify threats to sustainability in the Douro; understand the impact of seasonality in the Douro; understand and identify strategies to combat climate change; identify solutions to promote sustainable tourism; analyze the supply of luxury tourism in the region; and understand sustainability in the luxury tourism niche.

Methodology | It was decided to conduct a qualitative study to understand how people in the Demarcated Region of the Douro perceive the issue of sustainability and climate change. According to Sá et al. (2021), the interview survey method, due to its descriptive and detailed nature, is associated with interpretive studies and qualitative research in collecting and analyzing data. The authors then argue that through the main objective of the study and the initial questions, it is possible to identify the target population, the main study variables, and the type of research to be carried out. The final stage is to analyze all the information gathered to provide answers to the research questions and, consequently, suggestions for future research. Respondents are national companies involved in luxury and sustainable wine tourism in the Douro demarcation area. There is also an international company based in Spain and operating in La Rioja.

Organizations involved in wine tourism in the region were included in the sample. Seven organizations involved in wine tourism in the Douro, one organization that teaches and coordinates wine courses, one organization involved in wine tourism in La Rioja, Spain, and one hotel in the study region were interviewed. In addition to national companies with a strong presence in the Portuguese market, it was decided to seek information outside Portugal. As a result, there was an opportunity for an interview with a company frequently active in La Rioja, a Spanish wine region. This was done to compare the best practices of each region, to understand how tourism can be developed in both regions, and, above all, to share knowledge, learning, and ideas that will allow us to develop and grow as a destination.

Results and contributions | In terms of production, Alonso et al. (2022) argue that the companies have a combination of tradition and innovation. Traditional production and maturing methods can still be found, while other innovative measures using new technologies, such as temperature control during fermentation, also help to improve the quality of the final product. However, to combat seasonality, it is necessary to create measures such as attractions for the region - which according to the interviewees include gastronomy, open-air cinema, museums, events, health, and wellness activities - but also public measures to help the region overcome economic crises, seasonality, and other problems. The analysis of the interviews shows that the focus is on the need for the creation of more conditions and attractions in the interior of the country, but also on the need for more cooperation between local authorities. More support for entrepreneurial ideas, sustainable agriculture, but also reviewing the regulation of the wine sector, promoting seasonal tourism with activities for all seasons, compulsory hiring, and more benefits for employees (especially higher salaries), and the need to promote the Douro destination rather than maintaining competition between estates.

In this way, the sustainable development of tourism will be promoted, providing greater social development, economic opportunities, environmental protection, and political stability. The authors address six dimensions that they consider fundamental to the prosperity of the destination: 1. Quality of Life (equity and living conditions, health, satisfaction, education), 2. Social and Cultural Empowerment (knowledge of climate change, availability of resources and recycling, cultural heritage, local identity, and production), 3. Economic Growth (unemployment rates, inflation, happiness, and productivity rates), 4. Environmental Quality (conservation of natural resources, levels of pollution, intensity of use of natural resources), 5. Tourist Satisfaction (quality of destination characteristics, cost, kindness of residents); and 6. Attractiveness (experiences on offer; complementary activities; surrounding landscape and climate). Consideration should be given to managing supply and demand, contributing to a healthy working environment, and managing the impact of tourism on the region to promote sustainable tourism development. The authors also consider that sustainable development is perceived as mitigating social and environmental impacts while providing quality of life for residents.

Interviewees noted that climate change may require greater hydration of the vines and a reduction in the use of chemicals, thus promoting more ecological treatment of vineyards. The interviewees also emphasized the need to preserve the varieties planted in the region, as there is a risk of native varieties being lost, through new planting strategies, particularly at higher altitudes. With the increase in fires due to drought, the importance of controlling invasive species is highlighted, as is the need to clean up woodlands and forests. As already analyzed in the literature review, the responses of the interviewees correspond positively with the perceptions of the authors. Campos (2022) warns that extreme meteorological phenomena, such as extreme rainfall - hail or wind - will tend to increase in frequency and intensity and could destroy years of work and production in minutes. All these effects ultimately affect the grapes, as they can increase sugar concentration and affect flavor, color, and price. In addition to the risks and impacts of climate change, market pressures, new environmental policies, and reduced available inputs, Trigo and Silva (2022) argue that the wine industry is beginning to recognize the benefits of promoting sustainable ideas and realizing its competitive factor. Respondents highlighted their preference for reducing production in terms of quantity but prioritizing quality; adopting water, energy, and carbon efficiency measures; promoting voluntary action and supporting local communities and associations; seeking to regenerate ecosystems by reducing carbon emissions; seeking to use local products and suppliers; and communicating this preference through storytelling.

A wine tourist is not only interested in wine tasting but is also looking for a complete experience that includes tourist activities, exploration of rural and natural landscapes, local hospitality and gastronomy, interaction with the local community, participation in cultural and traditional festivals, and interaction with winemakers to learn more about wine production (Constantoglou et al. 2020). According to the research conducted, Turunen (2018) and Zainurin et al. (2022) define luxury as 'great comfort, especially when provided by beautiful things'. They also argue that it is the'state of abundance or of great ease and comfort: a sumptuous environment'. It's often seen as something rare. It's often associated with dreaming of something we aspire to or want to have, but don't necessarily need. According to Gupta and Kour (2021), the consumption of luxury experiences is not limited to the physiological needs of an individual. This type of product/service helps tourists position themselves and differentiate themselves from others in terms of social status.

Those interviewed see luxury tourism as seeking something authentic, of high quality, offering privacy and exclusivity. There is also a belief that luxury tourists have a greater financial capacity and are therefore more concerned about paying more for more sustainable attitudes where they can enjoy high quality local products. The presence of trained staff is also valued in this niche. They are prepared to welcome tourists and provide them with all the necessary information. Nevertheless, organizations perceive luxury tourism as sustainable tourism because it reduces waste and consumption of local products.

Achieving luxury and sustainability certifications can have a positive impact on customer behavior, according to Osburg et al. (2022). Sustainability certifications convey strength, credibility, quality, and good practice where standards of excellence are met. Luxury certifications, on the other hand, convey a perception of quality, reliability, and desirability. Thus, both certifications allow a company to position itself in a positive way, with prestige and credibility in the market. This increases the desire to visit and pay more for a particular product/service. Pai et al. (2022) also argue that sustainable luxury is possible and that it is defined by the ability to enjoy products and services that meet basic needs and improve the quality of life of the individual without negatively impacting the needs of others and future generations. The authors note that the luxury market is growing. At the same time, consumer concern about climate change and other environmental issues is at an all-time high. Luxury has embraced sustainability, as sustainable purchasing motivations relate to sustainable materials, supply chain transparency, and sustainable processes, according to Chang et al. (2022).

Limitations | It focused on a lack of answers from various wine-producing organizations. Initially, the aim was to interview only luxury organizations in Douro. However, due to the lack of responses, it was decided to generalize the search and even compare it with the wine region of La Rioja. La Rioja in Spain was chosen because of its proximity to San Sebastian. This region is famous for its gastronomy. The idea was to make a small comparison between the two regions to understand what they have in common with the Douro, what makes them different, and what makes them special. The difficulties of research in Douro are mainly due to the time of year when the interviews take place. Harvesting is a time of great responsibility for companies. This prevents or limits their availability for participation in the proposed research. It was mainly their visibility and strong presence in the wine tourism market that led to the choice of organizations, namely the large companies. However, it was important to obtain the perspective of smaller organizations to make the study more comprehensive. Nevertheless, despite the difficulties, the practices in question have given us an understanding of the impact of luxury tourism in the Douro and an idea of its degree of sustainability.

Conclusions | According to Bouchard (2020), in the case studied, Porto and the Douro Demarcated Region are characterized not only by their landscapes, but also by their unique products, traditions and tourist activities. Rachão (2020) also points out that products with a specific geographical indication have unique characteristics that guarantee an authentic tourist experience, moving away from a perspective of globalization of the service provided. The Douro is a diamond that needs polishing," said one of the interviewees. It is undoubtedly a unique and special region where you can combine food and wine with the landscape and have an immersive experience in the region. In addition to these points, the organizations also said that for the Douro to be perceived as a luxury destination, it is necessary to promote more handicrafts; have more seasonal offers that attract tourists all year round; customize experiences and make a difference; have trained and welcoming staff that make tourists feel like "one of us". The Douro has very specific characteristics. However, it is a region that is not only sought after for its gastronomy and wine tourism. It's not a region where only the luxury niche is the focus. The Douro is not a holiday destination, it is a complete experience. In this way, it is possible to find a segmentation of practices associated with luxury tourism and experiential tourism. According to the interviewees, the two can coexist. It is possible to offer adventure and nature tourism while promoting health and wellness tourism. It is possible to have budget accommodation and more exclusive and private accommodation in the same space; it is possible to have tourists who value the quality of their accommodation, where architecture, quality, decoration, and comfort are important, as well as tourists who like to take risks and look for quality, not so much in the accommodation, but more in the quality of the experience they are going to have.

How heterogeneous are visitors of wine regions?

2024-12-31T11:25:11+00:00

Objectives | The relevant role of wine tourism in the development of territories is highly recognised worldwide (Kruger & Viljoen, 2021). However, while some people already visit wine regions due to wine motivations, for many other visitors of these destinations wine is not so important. Therefore, it is widely important to understand: (i) how distinct wine-motivated visitors are from other visitors of wine destinations, (ii) how valuable this segment is regarding loyalty towards the destination and (iii) which kind of experiences should be designed to increase this loyalty. Acknowledging that visitors of wine regions are distinct from each other, some researchers began exploring the heterogeneity of this market. Nevertheless, some only compare visitors of a specific wine attraction such as a winery, whereas few analyse the heterogeneity of the market of a whole wine region, and even some of the latter (e.g. López-Guzmán et al., 2014) do not provide insights on the value of the wine motivated visitors. Some previous studies already compare visitors of wine regions with different levels of involvement with wine or living distinct experiences (e.g. Cunha, 2023; Hernández et al., 2022), but they offer an incomplete perspective on the link between motivation related to wine and various other important issues to the competitiveness of the destination, such as experiences lived, satisfaction and loyalty towards the destination. The present study aims to fill this gap by comparing wine-motivated visitors (interested in tasting or learning about wine) with non-wine-motivated visitors, to understand how they differ concerning sociodemographic characteristics, travel motivations not related to wine, experience lived, satisfaction level, loyalty towards the destination and travel behaviour.

Methodology | A questionnaire survey was carried out among visitors of three wine regions of the Central Region of Portugal – Bairrada, Beira Interior and Dão – that encompass wine routes. The questionnaire included a question about the main motivations for visiting the region, as well as various other questions on the experience lived, level of satisfaction, loyalty towards the destination, travel behaviour and sociodemographic profile. The core questions were developed based on previous literature and were answered using 7-point Likert type scales. Respondents were selected using a cluster approach based on place and time. The survey was conducted from August 2019 to June 2022 and 1530 complete questionnaires were obtained. The questionnaires were thus administered in different places such as tourism accommodations, museums, wineries, parks and other tourism attractions, during various months of the year, in weekends and working days. Data were analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) 29. Independent samples t-tests were undertaken to compare wine-motivated visitors (those motivated, among other aspects by tasting or learning about wine) with non-wine-motivated visitors (who did not refer any of these two wine motivations).

Main results and contributions | Many statistically significant differences were found between wine-motivated and non-wine-motivated visitors. Wine-motivated visitors reveal to be more highly motived, not only regarding wine, but also to socialise, be physically active and experience something new. Although the two groups of visitors became positively impressed by aesthetic issues of the destination, wine-motivated visitors were more active during the visit to the destinations, lived more sensory-appealing, educational and immersive experiences. They participated more actively in activities and had a higher interaction, not only with staff of visitor attractions, but also with local residents and other visitors. Moreover, wine-motivated visitors also became more satisfied with the visit to wine related places and were more loyal towards the destination, particularly regarding recommending it to their friends and relatives. The group of wine-motivated visitors is also distinct regarding travel behaviour (e.g. means of transport and information sources used) and socio-demographics (e.g. revealing a higher educational level). Despite the positive issues found about these destinations, some critical points are also noted, namely, the low level of appreciation of some sensory experiences (e.g. tactile), the little interaction with other people (residents, wineries’ staff and other visitors) in general, and the considerable amount of visitors (more than 40%) for which the destination under analysis is not the most important of the trip.

Limitations | Despite being carried out in three wine regions this study was undertaken in only one country. Extending this research to other countries with different contexts regarding wine tourism and comparing wine-motivated with non-wine-motivated visitors on other constructs (e.g. sustainable behaviours), would be extremely valuable. The study also took place during the COVID-19 pandemic period, being important to repeat it in a non-pandemic period.

Conclusions | The present research reinforces the existence of different tourism market segments at wine regions, deserving different approaches. It highlights the value and relevance of wine-motivated visitors to wine regions revealing, not only, their high likelihood for becoming good promoters of these regions, recommending them to others, as also their potential to boost dynamics at the destination level, due to their higher likelihood to actively engage in activities in the destination and to interact with residents, wineries’ staff and other visitors. Nevertheless, it also reveals the importance of improving the competitiveness of these regions adopting a wide range of strategies such as increasing the attachment of visitors to them, appealing to more senses in multisensory experiences, boosting more social contacts with other people.

References

Cunha, D., Kastenholz, E., & Silva, C. (2023). Analyzing diversity amongst visitors of Portuguese wine routes based on their wine involvement. International Journal of Wine Business Research, 35(1), 121–141. DOI: 10.1108/IJWBR-09-2021-0048

Hernández, A.L., Alarcón, S., & Meraz Ruiz, L. (2022). Segmentation of wine tourism experience in Mexican wine regions using netnography. International Journal of Wine Business Research, 34(3), 427–446. DOI: 10.1108/IJWBR-02-2021-0010

Kruger, M., & Viljoen, A. (2021). Terroir wine festival visitors: uncorking the origin of behavioural intentions. Current Issues in Tourism, 24(5), 616–636. DOI: 10.1080/13683500.2019.1667310

López-Guzmán, T., Vieira-Rodríguez, A., & Rodríguez-García, J. (2014). Profile and motivations of European tourists on the Sherry wine route of Spain. Tourism Management Perspectives, 11, 63–68. DOI: 10.1016/j.tmp.2014.04.003

Tax free: Os efeitos no consumo e na atratividade turística de um destino

2024-12-31T11:25:13+00:00

“O TAX FREE: TAX FREE: OS EFEITOS NO CONSUMO E NA ATRATIVIDADE TURÍSTICA DE UM DESTINO. UM ESTUDO APLICADO AO BRASIL.”

“TAX FREE: TAX FREE: THE EFFECTS ON CONSUMPTION AND THE TOURIST ATTRACTIVENESS OF A DESTINATION. A STUDY APPLIED TO BRAZIL.”

Palavras-chave | Tax Free, Tax Refund, turismo de compras, compras no turismo,

Objetivos. Através do estudo sobre o funcionamento deste instrumento tributário/turístico – em especial Portugal e Uruguai - o objetivo principal é apurar se : A implementação de um programa de isenção de impostos para compras de turistas internacionais, o Tax Free, pode ser um fator de aumento do consumo no destino bem como de atratividade turística? E no caso do Brasil?

Nesse sentido, buscou-se entender a prática de modelos estruturados do Sistema do Tax Free, em funcionamento, seus procedimentos, legislações e pertinentes revisões de literatura (referenciais: Portugal e Uruguai); além de identificar junto às instâncias governamentais, operadores do sistema Tax Free e comércio varejista a avaliação dos mesmos sobre os efeitos do sistema do Tax Free nos países referenciados nesse estudo; ainda, através de pesquisa quantitativa, o objetivo foi verificar se turistas que visitaram o Brasil, no caso do Rio de Janeiro, efetuaram compras.

Ainda, em qual dimensão e quais os principais produtos adquiridos, como também conferir o grau de conhecimento sobre o Tax Free, analisando o entendimento destes turistas sobre o estímulo a compras caso o Brasil adote o Tax Free, em que dimensão e o despertar de interesses por quais produtos.

Ao mesmo tempo, procurou-se interagir proativamente, junto dos setores e atores decisórios para que seja implantado o Tax Free no Brasil, e, desta forma, assegurar que a tese dissemine conhecimento.

Metodologia Para o presente trabalho, optou-se pela triangulação através do uso de metodologias mistas em 3 etapas, são elas: (1) pesquisa documental, (2) entrevista em profundidade e (3) questionário.

Principais resultados e contributos

No eixo da pesquisa quantitativa realizada junto a turistas internacionais que estiveram no Rio de Janeiro ( não há Tax Free ), apurou-se a relevância das compras como um elemento intrinseco à viagem, sendo o destino podendo ser considerado como “ destino amigável para compras”. Mas, sobretudo, verificou-se que a maioria dos entrevistados apoia a implementação do Tax Free no Brasil. Principalmente, constatou-se que, em se efetivanto tal política no Brasil, haverá significativo adicional estímulo para compras . O que há de promover mais giro econômico local.

Quanto ao eixo da abordagem qualitativa – houve diversas entrevistas realizadas com atores privados e públicos que atuam no universo do Tax Free -, referendou-se o positivo reconhecimento do programa como fator de atração ao consumo.

Portanto, do ponto de vista técnico o estudo possui condições de respaldar a defesa pela decisão política de adotadar este modelo no Brasil. Decisão que importa em militância perseverante.

Além de reafirmar a importância das compras como um componente presente às viagens em geral.

Limitações A abordagem quantitativa deu-se específicamente no cenário do turismo receptivo

exclusivamente do Rio de Janeiro ( obedecento fielmente o perfil da origem dos viajantes entrevistados ), não perfazendo a obtenção de dados sobre outros destinos brasileiros que possuem fluxo turístico. Esse pode ser entendido como uma limitação da pesquisa quanto à fonte de dados primários. Embora não afete o objetivo central do estudo.

A literatura acadêmica é restrita quanto aos estudos sobre Tax Free, o que influencia a constatação de uma não abrangência teórica sobre o intrumento turístico/tributário do Tax Free. Não obstante, seja mais ampla a produção literária sobre turismo de compras – contexto no qual o mesmo se insere.

Conclusões O turismo de compras e as compras turismo são reais e têm peso nos gastos globais de viagem, o que é economicamente satisfatório para o destino.

O instituto jurídico do Tax Free vem sendo adotado por inumeros países na busca de estimular os gastos dos visitantes, ainda que signifique a não arrecadação de um tributo incidente sobre o valor de um produto. Porquanto vê-se que, a indução para ampliação da margem de consumo do visitante, compensa indiscutivelmente aquela perda de receita.

O estudo aponta que o vale a pena introduzir o Tax Free no Brasil.

Referências bibliográficas ( algumas)

Banús, S. C. H. (2021). Specifics of the Tax System to Support Tourism before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Evidence from South American Countries. SHS Web of Conferences, 92, 01016. doi: 10.1051/shsconf/20219201016

Defrasne, C. (2020). Who benefits from tax-free shopping? Customers' behavioral responses to countries' VAT refund strategies. (Master’s thesis), Paris School of Economics

Dimanche, F. (2003). The Louisiana Tax Free Shopping Program for International Visitors: A Case Study. Journal of Travel Research, 41(3), 311. DOI: 10.1177/0047287502239044

Silva, R., Breda, Z., Brandão, F., & Costa, R. (2020). An analysis of the shopping behaviour of international tourists: The case of Porto. Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies, 171, 641–654. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2024-2_55

Jansen-Verbeke, M. (1991). Leisure Shopping: A Magic Concept for the Tourism Industry?,Tourism Management, 12(1): 9-14.

Daijiro Yamagishi & Hayato Nagai (2021): Development of a Tax-Free Shopping Environment in Japan: An Analysis of Its Representations in a Financial Newspaper, Tourism Planning & Development, DOI: 10.1080/21568316.2021.1953122

“O TAX FREE: TAX FREE: OS EFEITOS NO CONSUMO E NA ATRATIVIDADE TURÍSTICA DE UM DESTINO. UM ESTUDO APLICADO AO BRASIL.”

“TAX FREE: TAX FREE: THE EFFECTS ON CONSUMPTION AND THE TOURIST ATTRACTIVENESS OF A DESTINATION. A STUDY APPLIED TO BRAZIL.”

Palavras-chave | Tax Free, Tax Refund, turismo de compras, compras no turismo,

Principais resultados e contributos

Portanto, do ponto de vista técnico o estudo possui condições de respaldar a defesa pela decisão política de adotadar este modelo no Brasil. Decisão que importa em militância perseverante.

Além de reafirmar a importância das compras como um componente presente às viagens em geral.

Limitações A abordagem quantitativa deu-se específicamente no cenário do turismo receptivo

Conclusões O turismo de compras e as compras turismo são reais e têm peso nos gastos globais de viagem, o que é economicamente satisfatório para o destino.

O estudo aponta que o vale a pena introduzir o Tax Free no Brasil.

Referências bibliográficas ( algumas)

Defrasne, C. (2020). Who benefits from tax-free shopping? Customers' behavioral responses to countries' VAT refund strategies. (Master’s thesis), Paris School of Economics

Dimanche, F. (2003). The Louisiana Tax Free Shopping Program for International Visitors: A Case Study. Journal of Travel Research, 41(3), 311. DOI: 10.1177/0047287502239044

Jansen-Verbeke, M. (1991). Leisure Shopping: A Magic Concept for the Tourism Industry?,Tourism Management, 12(1): 9-14.

Enhancing Wine Tourism Experiences: The impact of itinerary choice driven by landscape appreciation

2024-12-31T11:25:15+00:00

Este estudo investiga a influência da apreciação da paisagem nas escolhas de itinerários dos enoturistas e como essas escolhas contribuem para a formação de memórias positivas. Enfatizando as perspectivas cognitiva e comportamental, examinamos os aspectos mentais e físicos das experiências dos turistas em territórios vitivinícolas, com enfoque na satisfação com o percurso e interações com o ambiente. Com base em rastreamento GPS e inquérito a 302 participantes nas Rotas do Vinho da Bairrada e do Dão, a investigação revela que turistas que dão prioridade à beleza paisagística nos seus itinerários tendem a desenvolver memórias mais ricas. A satisfação com a experiência de deslocação revela um efeito mediador. Os resultados destacam a importância de criar rotas de enoturismo esteticamente apelativas e com boa sinalização para melhorar as experiências dos visitantes. Estes contributos enriquecem o conhecimento no que respeita à tomada de decisão e impactos emocionais no turismo, fornecendo informações valiosas tanto para académicos quanto para os stakeholders para a gestão de destinos de enoturismo rural.

Mapeamento do Progresso na Investigação sobre Turistas e Conservação da Água: Revisão Bibliométrica de 2001 a 2024

2024-12-31T11:25:15+00:00

Objetivos | Apesar da água doce ser um recurso natural de valor ambiental inestimável, é também atualmente um dos mais explorados e ameaçados globalmente (Smit & de Bruyn, 2022). Este recurso tem sido utilizado de forma insustentável por várias atividades económicas, entre as quais o turismo (Antonova, Ruiz-Rosa, & Mendoza-Jiméne, 2021). Considerada uma das atividades mais importantes em vários países, o seu impacto sobre os recursos hídricos tem ganho destaque, bem como a responsabilidade de conservá-lo (Antonova, et al., 2021). Apesar da sua relevância, este recurso, ao contrário dos estudos na área do turismo focados em outros recursos naturais como a energia, tem várias áreas de investigação ainda pouco exploradas a nível académico (Warren & Becken, 2017). Ademais, os estudos neste tópico estão sobretudo orientados para a análise dos efeitos nefastos que a sobre-exploração deste recurso no turismo pode provocar nos destinos, a nível ambiental, (e.g., diminuição do lençol freático - Tortella & Tirado, 2011), social (e.g., tensões sociais entre turistas e comunidades locais - Cole, 2012;) e até económico (e.g., impactos nos negócios do setor – Kasim, Gursoy, Okumus, & Wong, 2014). Vários estudos analisam ainda práticas de conservação da água sobretudo nos empreendimentos turísticos (e.g., Rico, Olcina, Baños, Garcia, & Sauri, 2019), as características dos hotéis que influenciam o consumo (e.g., classificação do hotel - Wischner, 2014), a identificação dos motivos e barreiras às medidas de poupança de água em hotéis (Torres-Bagur, Ribas, & Vila-Subirós, 2019) e as principais medidas de economia de água nos hotéis (e.g., Gabarda-Mallorquí & Palom, 2018), entre outros. No entanto, este tópico não pode ficar completo sem mencionar o comportamento impactante que o turista pode ter na conservação deste recurso (Warren, & Becken, 2017). Efetivamente, este interveniente, crucial para o setor turístico, desempenha um papel central na poupança deste recurso (Warren, Becken, & Coghlan, 2019). Com efeito, constata-se que o setor turístico consome água sobretudo no sentido de satisfazer as necessidades e exigências dos visitantes (Gabarda-Mallorquí & & Palom, 2018). Paralelamente, o seu comportamento pode contribuir negativamente para esta problemática (Hongyan, Ting, & Changguo, 2021). Dado que os problemas ambientais globais são, muitas vezes, consequência do próprio comportamento humano (Halpenny, 2010), é necessário refletir sobre o comportamento pró-ambiental dos turistas (Ramkissoon & Mavondo, 2014). Apesar destes comportamentos terem ganho atenção significativa no mundo académico nas últimas décadas (Kuo, Su, Wang, Kiatsakared, & Chen, 2021), há ainda necessidade de aprofundar investigações que analisem estas condutas face exclusivamente à problemática da água (Rodríguez-Sánchez, 2016). Esta necessidade é tanto ou mais relevante, uma vez que, de acordo com o marketing social, cada comportamento tem especificidades e determinantes distintos que são fundamentais perceber (McKenzie-Mohr & Schultz, 2014). Assim, este estudo tem como objetivo oferecer uma visão abrangente do panorama científico relacionado com esta temática, pesquisar como os turistas se comportam e interagem com este recurso nas regiões visitadas e identificar áreas de interesse para investigações futuras. Estas informações podem contribuir para orientar de forma mais assertiva estudos adicionais neste potencial campo académico.

Metodologia | Com o apoio do software VosViewer, foi realizada uma análise bibliométrica utilizando a base de dados Scopus, abrangendo artigos com revisão por pares, livro/capítulo de livro, papers de conferência publicados no período de 2001 a 2024. Foram identificados 249 artigos com base em termos de busca predefinidos (em inglês) que abordam os diferentes aspetos da temática em análise no campo “article title, abstract, keywords”. Com o apoio dos operadores booleanos "OR", "AND" e "AND NOT" foram incluídos termos relacionados com a água, tais como “poupança de água", "conservação de água" ou “pegada hídrica”. Paralelamente, foram integradas expressões que descrevem o comportamento ambiental, como "comportamento pró-ambiental" e "comportamento ambientalmente responsável". Adicionalmente, foram acrescentados termos relacionados concretamente com o turista - "turista*”, “hóspede” e “procura turística” – e excluído termos relacionados com “turismo de água”. Posteriormente, mediante a aplicação de critérios estritos de inclusão e exclusão, procedeu-se à subsequente leitura dos resumos que resultou na seleção de 64 artigos efetivamente relevantes para o propósito deste estudo. Foram recolhidas informações, numa perspetiva mais geral, relativas à distribuição geográfica da produção científica, principais publicações científicas/áreas e ano de publicação dos documentos. Para uma análise mais detalhada identificaram-se também os artigos mais citados, os autores mais produtivos, os principais tópicos-chave de pesquisa e linhas futuras de investigação.

Principais resultados e contributos | A distribuição geográfica da produção científica está sobretudo centrada em Espanha, China, Estados Unidos da América e Austrália. Os periódicos apresentam temáticas diferentes, o que demonstra a abrangência do tópico em análise. Os mais relevantes encontram-se na área turismo (e.g., Journal of Sustainable Tourism), ambiente (e.g., Journal of Environmental Management), marketing turístico (e.g., Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing) e água (e.g., Water - Switzerland). No que concerne ao ano de publicação dos documentos, os dados recolhidos revelam uma variação significativa no número de publicações. O estágio inicial de investigação sobre o tema é notavelmente incipiente durante a década de 2000. Contudo, em períodos posteriores, sobretudo a partir de 2015, verifica-se uma progressiva ampliação no volume de publicações. É pertinente ressaltar que o ano de 2021, marcado pela pandemia, testemunhou uma diminuição nesses números, para posteriormente recuperar com vigor no ano de 2023. Relativamente à influência das publicações (análise das citações), os artigos mais amplamente citados são da autoria de Miller, Merrilees, & Coghlan, (2015), Trang, Lee, & Han (2019) e Gössling (2001). Paralelamente, Heesup Han é o autor mais produtivo. Esta temática abrange uma variedade de tópicos-chave de pesquisa, como por exemplo: a importância da água na escolha de um destino (e.g., Alawiah, Mardewi, Sefrika, Putri, & Nurwahyuni, 2023), a pegada hídrica dos turistas (e.g., Staunstrup, Hjalager, Steffansen, & Sørensen, 2023), os fatores que influenciam comportamentos pró-ambientais a nível da água (e.g., perfil sociodemográfico e variáveis relacionadas à estadia dos hóspedes - duração da estadia e a fidelidade - Gabarda-Mallorquí, Garcia, Fraguell, & Ribas, 2021) e o papel dos motivos normativos pessoais e dos motivos hedónicos (e.g., Rodriguez–Sanchez, Sancho-Esper, Casado-Diaz, & Sellers-Rubio, 2020). Outros sub-temas relevantes incluem as perceções do problema da escassez de água nos territórios (e.g., Adhariani, 2019), a implementação de intervenções comportamentais (e.g., Joo, Lee, & Park, 2018) ou a importância das redes sociais para o desenvolvimento da consciência ambiental (e.g., Gil-Soto, Armas-Cruz, Morini-Marrero, & Ramos-Henríquez, 2019).

A nível teórico, esta investigação é um ponto de partida útil para fins de pesquisa, pois identifica trabalhos, autores e áreas potencialmente influentes que podem moldar o panorama para futuros desenvolvimentos nesta área. Para além do interesse académico, compreender a relação entre o consumo de água e o perfil/comportamento dos turistas é crucial para decisores políticos, gestores de destinos e agentes de oferta turística. O esclarecimento de como os turistas se comportam e interagem com este recurso nas regiões visitadas pode servir de base para estratégias políticas e empresariais que promovam a sustentabilidade ambiental dos territórios e a redução dos custos inerentes ao uso da água nas empresas turísticas.

Limitações | Como limitações considera-se a escolha limitada a artigos em língua inglesa e sujeitos a revisão por pares que limitam perspetivas adicionais sobre este tópico. É igualmente pertinente considerar a inclusão de outras palavras-chave que possibilitem ampliar a compreensão desta relação, incorporando termos como "marketing social" ou alargando o espectro para incluir termos associados a teorias ambientais. Adicionalmente, o estudo apresenta apenas publicações da base de dados Scopus. Para obter uma visão mais abrangente neste domínio de estudo e uma análise a um conjunto maior de publicações, outras bases de dados devem ser analisadas como a Web of Science ou, dada a relevância dos tópicos comportamentais aqui analisados, por exemplo, a APA PsycExtra ou a EBSCOhost. Não obstante, estas limitações podem oferecer uma oportunidade valiosa para pesquisas futuras, contribuindo para o avanço do conhecimento numa das áreas mais relevantes da sustentabilidade – a conservação da água.

Conclusões | Os periódicos abordam uma ampla gama de temáticas, refletindo a abrangência do tópico em análise e um esforço intersectorial que promove a transdisciplinaridade deste campo. No entanto, foram encontradas lacunas que deveriam ser objeto de estudo. Assim, existem ainda várias variáveis que dizem respeito aos comportamentos exclusivos da adoção de práticas de conservação da água que precisam de uma maior atenção. As integrações de teorias comportamentais da área da psicologia podem fornecer orientações valiosas que beneficiará o avanço teórico desta temática. Igualmente relevante, dado que a maioria dos estudos empíricos se concentram sobretudo na hotelaria, seria analisar este comportamento em outros empreendimentos de alojamento como guest houses ou parques de campismo bem como em restaurantes ou outros contextos de visitação de atrações ou em eventos. A interseção da tecnologia com este tópico requer mais informação empírica dado estar ainda numa fase embrionária. Outra linha de investigação pertinente seria aprofundar as motivações pessoais e barreiras ao comportamento de poupança de água em contexto de turismo, visto esta informação ser um passo essencial para facilitar o caminho da mudança comportamental.

Funding: Investigação financiada pelo PRR - Plano de Recuperação e Resiliência e pelos Fundos Europeus NextGenerationEU, na Universidade de Aveiro, através da Agenda para a Inovação Empresarial “ATT – Agenda Mobilizadora Acelerar e Transformar o Turismo” (Projeto n.º 47, candidatura C645192610-00000060).

Referências bibliográficas

Adhariani, D. (2019, July). Unravelling Stakeholders’ Perceptions for Sustainable Tourism: The Case of Water Scarcity in Bali. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 306, No. 1, p. 012002). IOP Publishing

Antonova, N., Ruiz-Rosa, I., & Mendoza-Jiménez, J. (2021). Water resources in the hotel industry: a systematic literature review. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 33(2), 628-649.

Alawiah, E. T., Mardewi, T., Sefrika, S., Putri, D. A., & Nurwahyuni, S. (2023, May). Decision support systems to choose the type of tourist object that are opened after covid 19 pandemic using TOPSIS method. In AIP Conference Proceedings (Vol. 2714, No. 1). AIP Publishing.

Cole, S. (2014). Tourism and water: from stakeholders to rights holders, and what tourism businesses need to do. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 22(1), pp. 89-106.

Gabarda-Mallorquí, A., Garcia, X., Fraguell, R. M., & Ribas, A. (2021). Are hotel stay characteristics influencing guests’ environmental behaviour? Predicting water conservation habits. Current Issues in Tourism, 24(16), 2342-2356

Gabarda-Mallorquí, A., & Palom, AR (2018). Exploração de tipologias hoteleiras de acordo com o nível de implementação de medidas de poupança de água através de análise de cluster. O caso de Lloret de Mar (Costa Brava). Cadernos de Turismo , (41), 187–218.

Gil-Soto, E., Armas-Cruz, Y., Morini-Marrero, S., & Ramos-Henríquez, J. M. (2019). Hotel guests’ perceptions of environmental friendly practices in social media. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 78, 59-67.

Halpenny, E. (2006). Environmental behavior, place attachment and park visitation: A case study of visitors to Point Pelee national park. Doctoral thesis, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON.

Hongyan, J., Ting, W., & Changguo, X. (2021, March). Modeling and Analysis of Water Quality Evaluation. In 2021 International Conference on Intelligent Transportation, Big Data & Smart City (ICITBS) (pp. 841-844). IEEE.

Kasim, A., Gursoy, D., Okumus, F., & Wong, A. (2014). The importance of water management in hotels: a framework for sustainability through innovation. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 22(7), 1090–1107. DOI: 10.1080/09669582.2013.873444

Kuo, H. M., Su, J. Y., Wang, C. H., Kiatsakared, P., & Chen, K. Y. (2021). Place attachment and environmentally responsible behavior: The mediating role of destination psychological ownership. Sustainability, 13(12), 6809.

Joo, H. H., Lee, J., & Park, S. (2018). Every drop counts: A water conservation experiment with hotel guests. Economic Inquiry, 56(3), 1788-1808.

McKenzie-Mohr, D., & Schultz, P.W. (2014). Choosing effective behavior change tools. Social Marketing Quarterly, 20(1), 35-46.

Miller, D., Merrilees, B., & Coghlan, A. (2015). Sustainable urban tourism: Understanding and developing visitor pro-environmental behaviours. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 23(1), 26-46.

Gössling, S. (2001). The consequences of tourism for sustainable water use on a tropical island: Zanzibar, Tanzania. Journal of environmental management, 61(2), 179-191.

Ramkissoon, H. & Mavondo, F. (2014). Proenvironmental behavior: the link between place attachment and place satisfaction. Tourism Analysis, Vol. 19, pp. 673–688

Rico, A., Olcina, J., Baños, C., Garcia, X., & Sauri, D. (2019). Declining water consumption in the hotel industry of mass tourism resorts: contrasting evidence for Benidorm, Spain. Current Issues in Tourism, 1–14. DOI: 10.1080/13683500.2019.1589431

Rodriguez-Sanchez, C. (2016). Analysing barriers to water conservation behaviour: Implications for social marketing. Submitted to the Department of Universidad Miguel Hernández De Elche, Departamento de Estudios Económicos y Financieros, Elche.

Rodriguez–Sanchez, C., Sancho-Esper, F., Casado-Diaz, A. B., & Sellers-Rubio, R. (2020). Understanding in-room water conservation behavior: The role of personal normative motives and hedonic motives in a mass tourism destination. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 18, 100496.

Smit, I. P., & de Bruyn, P. N. (2022). Shower water usage in Kruger National Park tourist accommodation: effectiveness of technology and information intervention to reduce use. Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology, 8(7), 1497-1506.

Staunstrup, J. K., Hjalager, A. M., Steffansen, R. N., & Sørensen, M. T. (2023). Water footprints and sewage management challenges in second home tourism. Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space, 6(1), 113-131.

Torres-Bagur, M., Ribas, A., & Vila-Subirós, J. (2019). Incentives and Barriers to Water-Saving Measures in Hotels in the Mediterranean: A Case Study of the Muga basin (Girona, Spain). Sustainability (Switzerland), 1-16.

Tortella, B. D., & Tirado, D. (2011). Hotel water consumption at a seasonal mass tourist destination. The case of the island of Mallorca. Journal of environmental management, 92(10), 2568-2579.

Trang, H. L. T., Lee, J. S., & Han, H. (2019). How do green attributes elicit pro-environmental behaviors in guests? The case of green hotels in Vietnam. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 36(1), 14-28.

Warren, C., & Becken, S. (2017). Saving energy and water in tourist accommodation: A systematic literature review (1987–2015). International Journal of Tourism Research, 19(3), 289-303.

Warren, C., Becken, S., & Coghlan, A. (2019). Using persuasive communication to co-create behavioural change–engaging with guests to save resources at tourist accommodation facilities. In Marketing for Sustainable Tourism (pp. 67-86). Routledge.

Wischner, S. (2014). Using social marketing to trigger water saving behaviour in hotels - a case study of a towel programme in Greece. Master thesis. International Institute for Industrial Environmental Economics, Universidade de Lund, Sweden.

Co-criação de experiências: Evidências de três eventos culturais

2024-12-31T11:25:18+00:00

As experiências ocupam um lugar central nos festivais e outros eventos, que apresentam impactos muito positivos no desenvolvimento do turismo (Åkerlund & Müller, 2012), sendo cruciais para o seu sucesso, afetando a satisfação dos visitantes, os seus comportamentos de despesa e pós-evento (Oklevik et al., 2022).

Uma forma de aumentar a satisfação com a experiência é o recurso à co-criação (Campos et al., 2018; Mathis et al., 2016; Zhang et al., 2019). Estas experiências resultam em valor para os turistas quando estes as co-criam e quando as consideram valiosas (Minkiewicz et al., 2014), o que lhes permitirá obter satisfação (Buonincontri et al., 2017).

Carvalho et al. (2021) propõem um modelo concetual para a co-criação de experiências. Este modelo, testado num contexto de turismo gastronómico e vinhos, determina quatro dimensões chave para a promoção de experiências envolventes e imersivas: interação; participação; personalização; e envolvimento.

O presente estudo tem como objetivo identificar boas práticas de co-criação de experiências em contexto de festivais e outros eventos culturais, utilizando os pressupostos do modelo proposto por Carvalho et al. (2021), e incide em três eventos culturais que, anualmente, têm lugar na região da Ria de Aveiro, localizada no litoral centro de Portugal: o Festival dos Canais, o Festival do Bacalhau e a Romaria do São Paio da Torreira.

Examining Students’ Perceptions of Process-Based Learning in the Context of Tourism Higher Education

2024-12-31T11:25:21+00:00

Objectives | In recent decades, the landscape of Higher Education has undergone significant changes, profoundly influenced by the rapid expansion of knowledge on learning (Biggs et al., 2022). This shift provides a unique opportunity to shape more effective educational practices (Darling-hammond et al., 2020). Within the realm of education, the Process-based Learning approach integrates theory and practice, aiming to facilitate the learning process (Connell & Seville, 2009). Process-based Learning adopts a holistic perspective, where professors foster students' autonomy in learning and problem-solving through a structured framework, resulting in positive learning outcomes (Ashman & Conway, 1993). The emphasis on/of this approach is on the interactive process propelling/prompting the task forward, with students actively participating in their own learning. The professor, in turn, assumes a facilitator role, valuing students' experiences and knowledge as valuable resources for learning.To generate innovative thinking, students are encouraged to engage in meaningful learning, recognizing that mere memorization of facts and procedures is insufficient for acquiring essential skills (Biggs et al., 2022). Process-Based Learning pedagogy actively promotes the development of critical thinking (Connell & Seville, 2009), a pivotal soft skill crucial in the Tourism industry, where soft skills significantly impact business performance and competitiveness. While acknowledging the recognized benefits of Process-Based Learning for students' learning, this approach also presents challenges, particularly for those accustomed to traditional pedagogical models. Given the above, along with the scarce studies of Process-based Learning in Higher Education in Tourism, this exploratory paper aims to analyse students' perceptions and critical reflections at three stages: before, during, and after their PBL learning experience in a tourism-related undergraduate course.

Methodology | Data is being (was) collected collected through onsite focus group sessions involving 40 Portuguese students currently enrolled in the final year of a tourism undergraduate program at a Polytechnic Institute in northern Portugal. The focus group sessions were conducted at two distinct moments in time, capturing participants' insights at the commencement and conclusion of the learning experience. Students were directly approached in the classroom and asked about their willingness to participate in the study. Prior to data collection, all participants were briefed about the research objectives and procedures. The data were analysed using thematic analysis.

Main Results and Contributions | This research emphasises the pivotal role of Process-based Learning in the concluding year of the tourism undergraduate program, exploring its potential to develop skills required by future professionals. The study is currently being conducted, and the perceptions of students on how they perceive and engage with the Process-based Learning approach to learning will be identified and analysed. By identifying their perspectives, the study seeks to provide insights into the effectiveness, challenges, and potential improvements associated with the innovative learning methodology and for designing and implementing learning processes in the context of tourism-related undergraduate programs, in particular to the final year of tourism education, and to inform quantitative studies.

Limitations | The limitations result from sample selection and location specificity. Participants were approached directly in the classroom, and their willingness to participate may introduce self-selection bias. The research is limited to a Polytechnic Institute in northern Portugal. The findings may not apply to other educational institutions or regions, limiting the transferability of the study findings.

Conclusions | This paper advocates for integrating process learning in the final year of tourism education, positioning it as a catalyst for fostering innovation and learning of technical and personal-related skills, preparing students to become skillful professionals in the dynamic and challenging tourism industry.

Referências bibliográficas

Ashman, A. F., & Conway, R. N. F. (1993). Teaching students to use process-based learning and problem solving strategies in mainstream classes. Learning and Instruction, 3(2), 73–92. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/0959-4752(93)90009-O

Biggs, J., Tang, C., & Kennedy, G. (2022). Teaching for Quality Learning at University (5th, Ebook ed.). McGraw-hill education (UK).

Connell, J., & Seville, P. (2009). Process-based Learning : A Model of Collaboration. Teaching Showcase Proceedings.

Darling-hammond, L., Flook, L., Cook-harvey, C., Barron, B., Flook, L., Cook-harvey, C., Darling-hammond, L., Flook, L., Cook-harvey, C., & Barron, B. (2020). Implications for educational practice of the science of learning and development. Applied Developmental Science, 24(2), 97–140. https://doi.org/10.1080/10888691.2018.1537791

The journey within the journey: How traveling with special needs children affects families

2024-12-31T11:25:21+00:00

Objectives | This study aims to analyze the effects of family tourism trips on families with children with special needs (FwCwSN). Despite the crucial role that families play in providing support for children with disabilities - physical, visual, hearing, and intellectual (Kim & Lehto, 2013), the number of studies on the effects of family tourism on FwCwSN is very scarce (Columna et al., 2011). However, the limited literature in this field highlights, on the one hand, the significant challenges that families face in undertaking tourism trips, given that tourism destinations and services are not accessible, and on the other hand, the high benefits for both the family and children with special needs (Kim & Lehto, 2013), obtained from tourism experiences. To expand our understanding of the effects of family tourism trips on FwCwSN, this study employs a qualitative approach to investigate: (i) the positive effects of family tourism on the family as a whole, as well as on individual family members (children with special needs and parents); (ii) the negative effects of family tourism trips; and (iii) whether there are differences in the effects (positive and negative) according to the type of special needs of the children and the type of tourism experience.

Methodology | The effects of family tourism trips are examined through a qualitative study carried out in April 2024. First, various online forums and blogs (e.g. Tribe on a Quest, Raising the Extraordinary, A Day in Our Shoes, Holidays with Kids) related to travel experiences of families with children with special needs were collected and analyzed. Second, the qualitative data collected from online sources underwent content analysis, considering the potential effects identified in the literature (Columna et al., 2011; Mactavish & Schleien, 1998). The effects were categorized according to their nature into two groups: (i) positive effects and (ii) negative effects. Additionally, the effects were categorized according to the entity influenced into three groups: (i) the family as a whole; (ii) children with special needs; (iii) parents. Finally, the different effects were compared according to the type of special needs of the children and the type of tourism activity carried out by the family.

Main results and contributions | The analysis of testimonies indicates that family tourism trips have both positive and negative effects on families with children with special needs (FwCwSN). When considering the family as a whole, many online posts highlight the strengthening of family connections, the creation of memories together, the expansion of the family’s perspectives, the opportunity to feel as a “normal” family, and the importance of involving healthy siblings in destination choices, so that they feel that the holiday is for the family and not only for the child with disability. Nevertheless, travelling with a child with special needs presents significant challenges. When the disability is physical (noticeable), the group frequently encounters prejudice from others. Autistic children frequently experience meltdowns and feelings of unhappiness due to the change in routines, which creates difficulties for the entire family. Regardless of the type of disability, there is always a negative impact on healthy siblings due to the special requirements and restrictions during travel. In addition to the aforementioned adverse effects, a child with disabilities may experience feelings of sadness when destinations, facilities or attractions lack the physical and environmental conditions to welcome them and accommodate their needs.

Nevertheless, the most notable impact is the positive effect on children with special needs. This is evident in their inclusion in family activities, both during holidays and in pre-travel planning. However, the most significant observation is the progress that can be made. Children with special needs demonstrate happiness and positive feelings, becoming more active and interested in exploring new places and experiencing new realities. This increases their learning abilities. Of particular relevance to children on the autism spectrum is the improvement in social skills, which can be observed as a result of increased social activity and emotional stability when exposed to outdoor environments.

Finally, the most significant impacts for parents are, on the positive side, the opportunity to escape from daily pressures and demanding routines focused almost exclusively on the child’s needs, allowing them to have some fun and family quality time. This positively influences mental health and the motivation to continue with daily lives. However, negative situations may emerge. Even before the holidays, the highly demanding pre-travel planning and arrangements can be very stressful. During travel, the most frequent negative situations derive from the potential for criticism regarding the decision to bring special needs children into public view, in addition to the overwhelming feelings of guilt that may arise when children experience meltdowns, particularly when they are on the autism spectrum.

Limitations | Despite the significant relevance of the present study in addressing the research gap regarding the tourism experiences of families with children with special needs (FwCwSN) and its considerable theoretical and practical contributions, some limitations may be identified. First, despite the novelty of the method used to collect the data, this study relies solely on online comments from a sample of blogs and forums. Therefore, further studies utilizing complementary qualitative methods, such as interviews and focus groups, should be conducted, as well as studies employing quantitative methods. Additionally, only comments written in English were examined.

Conclusions | The present research yields important theoretical contributions, revealing multiple and relevant benefits of tourism trips with children with special needs for the different members of the family. These benefits range from escaping from traveling routine, to “opening” highly valued opportunities to explore new places, developing children's skills and fostering family togetherness. However, these trips also bring many challenges to these families, with the nature of both obstacle and benefits varying with the type of disability and the experience lived. Moreover, the study also provides relevant practical implications, particularly for the tourism industry. It highlights the importance of creating inclusive environments adapted to the specific needs of children and families.

References

Columna, L., Pyfer, J., & Senne, T.A. (2011). Physical recreation among immigrant hispanic families with children with disabilities. Therapeutic Recreational Journal, XLV(3), 214-233.

Kim, S., & Lehto, X. Y. (2013). Travel by families with children possessing disabilities: Motives and activities. Tourism Management, 37, 13–24. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2012.12.011

Mactavish, J., & Schleien, S. (1998). Playing together growing together: Parents' perspectives on the benefits of family recreation in families that include children with a developmental disability. Therapeutic Recreation Journal, 32(3), 207-230.

In_Spire: Fostering Pedagogical Innovation in Tourism Education

2024-12-31T11:25:22+00:00

This paper aims to establish a didactical framework that can scaffold the adoption of experiential approaches in Tourism and Hospitality Higher Education (THHE). Having been developed in the context of the collaborative project In_Spire – Sharing Best Practices in Tourism Education – it draws on a systematic literature review, putting forward a model that supports the creation of a toolkit for tourism educators and the sharing of innovative pedagogical practices. In addition to reflecting on the affordances of experiential learning, this review will set the foundations for the toolkit, whose main goals include the dissemination of good practices, the enhancement of teacher training and the development of a dynamic repository of annotated resources for THHE, paving the way for future work, leveraging pedagogical innovation within this scope.

From volunteering to experiential learning

2024-12-31T11:25:23+00:00

In recent years, there has been a growing adoption of more active, student-centered pedagogical strategies, which aim to develop skills beyond theoretical knowledge and better prepare future professionals. Motivated by a diverse range of factors, such as the need to bridge/fill in training gaps identified by the job market, or the difficulty to engage 21^st century students, this adoption of innovative methodologies can also be framed by the lack of systematized data, which allows effective reflection and sharing of good practices in tourism higher education (THE). Innovative pedagogical methodologies are diverse and include service learning, which is understood as an approach that “combines the learning goals and the community service in such a way that it can simultaneously benefit both the students and the community” (Chau et al., 2023, p. 5). This approach is at the root of the Events Team project, a volunteer group that includes students from different courses and levels of higher education (vocational courses, bachelor’s, and master’s degrees) of the School of Hospitality and Tourism of the Polytechnic Institute of Porto (ESHT-IPP), in Portugal. The project – Events Team – aims to support the organization of events promoted by and/or requested to the School, while providing students with the opportunity to engage in hands-on learning experiences. The research hereby presented aims to further contribute to the ongoing reflection on the affordances of service and experiential learning by sharing the insights and key results of the project, namely by exploring the students’ motivations join and take part in the group’s activities, as well as their perceptions on the contribution of the experience to the enrichment of their learning and their future employability.

Risk perception during the COVID-19 pandemic: A generational approach

2024-12-31T11:25:23+00:00

It is estimate that Covid-19 has been responsible for almost 7.000.000 deaths in the World (WHO, 2023). The tourism industry was the most affected one with unprecedented impacts on travel consumer behavior. The COVID-19 pandemic increased the risk perception among the general population worldwide, with differences between the several generations.

Within this context, the main purpose of the present research is to measure risk perception among Baby Boomers, X, Y and Z generations during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The risk perception considered three dimensions related to COVID-19 pandemic: knowledge, beliefs, and fear. In order to measure risk perception among different generations, a quantitative approach was undertaken through a questionnaire applied to people of different generation cohort who want to make a national or international trip during the next months. The empirical collection was conducted from October 1st to December 15th of 2022 and data were obtained by launching and e-questionnaire with a group of questions related to travel risk perceptions and sociodemographic information’s.

The population under study consists of residents in Portugal territory who intends to be (national or international) travelers in the short/medium term.

A total of 960 useable questionnaires was collected.

The findings show how differently COVID-19 pandemic affected the Baby Boomers, Generation X, Generation Y and Generation Z, regarding to risk perception

This work attempts to contribute to the academic literature by looking at the travel risk perception from generations’ perspective.

Gender differences in travel risk perceptions within the COVID-19 pandemic context

2024-12-31T11:25:23+00:00

Tourism literature recognizes the importance of studying gender differences on the perceptions of risk due to the impacts on travel decisions (Yang et al., 2017). The purpose of the present study is to identify the main differences in safety perceptions to travel domestically and internationally between males and females within the COVID-19 pandemic context. Based in previous studies, the present work was built on the hypothesis that women are more sensitive than men to health risks with concerns travel behavior.

Using snowball sampling, it was possible to collect 1536 answers from respondents in 63 countries and the findings of this research, applied to the COVID-19 context, are in line with previous research: compared to men, women have a higher degree of risk perception when it comes to travel even when considering travel motivations.

Portuguese urban spaces and perceived risks: A stakeholder perspective approach

2024-12-31T11:25:24+00:00

The pursuit of leisure linked with tourism activities is also associated with several perceived risks that may occur before or during visitation. The perception of risk in tourism is partly due to the intangible and unpredictable nature of traveling to a place other than one's usual place of residence, which is associated with uncertainty and fear. In the case of urban tourism, many common characteristics of urban circuits can condition the perceived risk, namely the large concentration of people, traffic, a greater propensity for crime, ghettos, homelessness, vandalism and others. These features, which are found in most large urban areas, can increase tourists risk perceptions. However, tourism is an integral part of the urban context and cities are generators of wealth, both economically and socio-culturally. The risk variables, space and consumption, are particularly important in the study of perceived risk, as more trips are being made and tourist centers in cities have become increasingly vital (Cui et al., 2016). In this way, tourist activity largely depends on the safety of tourists, which may affect their consumption behavior and their intention to revisit the destination. In view of these factors, it was considered important to consult the various tourism stakeholders such as tourists, tourism operators, tourism workers and residents. The aim of this work was to understand, whether on the consumer side or on the supply side which risks are most commonly perceived by visitors, in Porto and Lisbon. Finally, respondents indicated measures and policies that they believe could increase the sense of security in the destinations surveyed.

Responsible tourism itineraries

2024-12-31T11:25:27+00:00

Objectives | Tourism plays a pivotal role in the global economy, contributing significantly to a destination's growth and development. However, the adverse impacts of mass tourism on cultural heritage, the environment, and local communities have raised concerns about tourism sustainability. In response to this, responsible tourism has emerged as a vital approach to ensure that tourism benefits all stakeholders while preserving the natural and cultural assets of a destination (Cardia, 2018). Responsible tourism itineraries represent a conscientious approach to travel and tourism that seeks to minimize negative impacts while maximizing positive contributions to the environment, local communities, and cultural heritage (Dayoub, et al., 2020). Responsible tourism itineraries are part of a broader movement towards sustainable and ethical tourism, ensuring that visitors have meaningful and enriching experiences that leave a positive impact on the destination and its people (Brochado et al., 2021). They offer a way for travellers to explore the world while minimizing harm and actively contributing to the well-being of the places they visit. A walking tour can exemplify a responsible tourism itinerary by allowing travellers to immerse themselves in the local culture, minimize their environmental footprint, and support the livelihoods of local guides and artisans while fostering a deeper understanding and appreciation of the destination's heritage (Fistola & La Rocca, 2018; Le Pira, 2021; UNWTO, 2019). This submission presents a comprehensive proposal for a responsible walking tour in Santarém, Portugal, under the name ‘Santarém, Step by Step’. The primary objective of this itinerary is to offer tourists an immersive culturally enriching and sustainable experience while simultaneously emphasizing the importance of preserving Santarém's unique cultural and natural heritage. The walking tour, "Santarém, Step by Step,"

Methodology | The proposed walking tour is designed with a strong commitment to responsible tourism principles, ensuring that the tour benefits both the tourists and the local community and is structured around a 5-phase methodology: preparation, product design, commercialization, realization, and evaluation (Reis & Lavaredas, 2024). Preparation: In this initial phase, meticulous planning takes place. This includes conducting thorough research on the local culture, history, and environment, as well as identifying key stakeholders and potential impacts on the community. It is essential to engage with local communities, assess the environmental impact, and establish ethical guidelines for the tour. Product Design: During this phase, the tour itself is designed. It involves crafting unique and authentic experiences that not only showcase the cultural and natural richness of Santarém but also respect and preserve its heritage. Tailoring the tour to the interests and needs of different types of tourists is also crucial. Commercialization: This step focuses on marketing and making the tour accessible to a wider audience. Promoting the tour ethically and responsibly is essential, emphasizing its cultural and environmental value. Pricing should be fair trade, and marketing efforts should align with responsible tourism principles, highlighting the benefits of sustainable and respectful travel. Realization: The realization phase involves the actual execution of the walking tour. Tour guides and participants must be well-trained to ensure that the tour respects local customs, minimizes its environmental impact, and promotes responsible behaviour. Local communities should benefit from the tour, either through employment opportunities or other forms of support. Evaluation: After each tour, a comprehensive evaluation should take place. This includes gathering feedback from both visitors, local stakeholders and communities to continuously improve the tour's quality and its alignment with responsible tourism principles. Regular assessments help identify any issues and implement necessary adjustments. This multifaceted methodology prioritizes responsible tourism principles, such as minimizing negative impacts on the environment and local communities, promoting cultural understanding, and ensuring economic benefits are equitably distributed. By following this structured approach, the walking tour aims to provide an authentic, enriching, and responsible experience for tourists while contributing positively to the local economy and preserving Santarém's cultural and natural heritage.

Results and implications | The implementation of this responsible tourism itinerary in Santarém is expected to foster greater awareness of responsible tourism among tourists, leading to a reduction in the environmental footprint of tourism activities, and creating a mutually beneficial synergy between economic development for local communities and heritage conservation.

Limitations | Despite its potential benefits, the proposed walking tour underscores the necessity of carefully managing initial implementation costs and ongoing maintenance, addressing the challenges associated with altering tourist behaviour and expectations, navigating potential resistance from local businesses regarding responsible tourism practices, and establishing robust systems for continuous monitoring and adaptation to ensure the sustained effectiveness of the tour.

Conclusions | This proposal presents a responsible tourism itinerary for Santarém, designed to balance the economic benefits of tourism with the preservation of the city's heritage and environment. By embracing responsible tourism principles, Santarém can position itself as a sustainable destination, attracting conscientious travellers who contribute positively to the local community and environment.

References

Abranja, N., Magalhães, C. (2018). Gestão de Agências de Viagens e Turismo (2ª Ed.). Lisboa: Lidel.

Brochado, A., Souto, J., & Brochado, F. (2021). Dimensions of sustainable tour experiences. Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality & Tourism, 22(5), 625-648.

Cardia, G. (2018). Routes and itineraries as a means of contribution for sustainable tourism development. In Innovative Approaches to Tourism and Leisure: Fourth International Conference IACuDiT, Athens 2017 (pp. 17-33). Springer International Publishing.

Dayoub, B., Yang, P., Dayoub, A., Omran, S., & Li, H. (2020). The role of cultural routes in sustainable tourism development: A case study of Syria’s spiritual route. International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning, 15(6), 865-874.

Figueira, L. M. (2013). Roteirização do turismo: Uma abordagem preliminar à “apresentação-interpretação” do território. Revista Turismo & Desenvolvimento, (20), 121-133.

Fistola, R., & La Rocca, R. A. (2018). Slow mobility and cultural tourism. Walking on historical paths. Smart planning: sustainability and mobility in the age of change, 301-322.

Kaplan, L., & Shiff, M. (2016). Mapping Ararat: an augmented reality walking tour for an imaginary Jewish homeland. Anthrovision. Vaneasa Online Journal, (4.2).

Le Pira, M., Gemma, A., Gatta, V., Carrese, S., & Marcucci, E. (2021). Walking and Sustainable Tourism: “Streetsadvisor.” A Stated Preference GIS-Based Methodology for Estimating Tourist Walking Satisfaction in Rome. In Sustainable Transport and Tourism Destinations (Vol. 13, pp. 45-58). Emerald Publishing Limited.

Leanza, P. M., Porto, S. M., Sapienza, V., & Cascone, S. M. (2016). A heritage interpretation-based itinerary to enhance tourist use of traditional rural buildings. Sustainability, 8(1), 47.

Palmi, P., Esposito, M., & Prete, M. I. (2021). Change in perspectives in cultural tourism: A sustainable managerial model for cultural thematic routes creating territorial value. Cultural Initiatives for Sustainable Development: Management, Participation and Entrepreneurship in the Cultural and Creative Sector, 199-223.

Reis, P. & Lavaredas, A. (forthcoming 2024). Gestão de Itinerários Turísticos. Lisboa: Lidel, Edições Técnicas Lda.

World Tourism Organization [UNWTO] (2015). Cultural Routes and Itineraries - Global Report. Affiliate Members Report (12). Madrid: UNWTO.

World Tourism Organization [UNWTO] (2019). Walking Tourism – Promoting Regional Development. UNWTO, Madrid, DOI: https://doi.org/10.18111/9789284420346.

Zamarreño-Aramendia, G., Cruz-Ruiz, E., & Ruiz-Romero de la Cruz, E. (2021). Sustainable economy and development of the rural territory: Proposal of wine tourism itineraries in La axarquía of Malaga (Spain). Economies, 9(1), 29.

A intersecção entre a tecnologia digital, a inovação social e o empreendedorismo feminino no turismo

2024-12-31T11:25:31+00:00

O estudo tem por objetivo oferecer uma análise crítica da literatura existente sobre empreendedorismo feminino e inovação social. Pretende-se explorar as interseções e sinergias entre esses dois campos, destacando as contribuições das mulheres empreendedoras para o desenvolvimento sustentável. Além disso, o trabalho procura identificar tendências emergentes, além de sintetizar informações recolhidas dos modelos e processos de inovação social e do empreendedorismo feminino no turismo

Analysing the development of sustainable tourism in the Porto and Northern Portugal tourism region

2024-12-31T11:25:31+00:00

Objectives | Tourism is widely recognized as a driver of development in numerous nations. In Portugal's context, it stands as a pivotal economic sector that has experienced remarkable growth in recent years (Lopes & Soares, 2017). In this sense, and following the guidelines of international agencies, it is necessary for tourism to adopt a new and holistic paradigm in sustainable tourism development plans (ETC, 2021).

According to Baidal (2001) the approach to sustainable tourism must take into account: i) Recognizing the holistic and interconnected nature of factors across various dimensions - economic, environmental, social, cultural, political, and technological - directly impacting development, and embracing a multidisciplinary planning approach; ii) Striking a balance between policy considerations and the technical-scientific aspects of planning, which serve as a primary catalyst for fostering social engagement; iii) Adapting to diverse socio-economic and political contexts, varying territorial scales, and distinct environmental characteristics; iv) Placing emphasis on the local level, where development challenges are identified and where the principles of sustainability, such as Local Agenda 21, can be effectively put into action; v) Implementing long-term strategies and actions that consider the well-being of future generations, while enhancing the ability to identify, reconcile, and unite stakeholders; vi) Encouraging planners to be more cognizant and dedicated to the planning process, enabling them to better identify stakeholders, harmonize their interests, and promote consensus.

Based on the holistic paradigm mentioned, this research aims to analyse the plans for tourism development in the Porto and Northern Portugal region. The first approach is to identify the tourism development plans and the second approach is to identify the associated dimensions and issues related with sustainable development considered in these plans

Effective planning is crucial in achieving equilibrium between economic objectives and the necessity of safeguarding and improving tourism destinations. It functions as a vital instrument for aligning the economic advantages of tourism with sustainable methods that guarantee the enduring appeal and sustainability of these destinations (Costa, 2020). By integrating strategic planning, destinations can maximise their potential for growth and economic development while protecting their natural and cultural assets.

Methodology | Based on the objective of the study, a qualitative methodology was adopted for analysing and identify tourism development plans drawn up by public bodies, the CCDR-N and the Regional Tourism Authority of Porto and Northern Portugal. The data collected was organised into dimensions and sub-dimensions of the sustainable tourism development.

Main Results and Contributions | The results show that, in 2007, the definition of tourism products for the Porto and Northern Portugal region served as a catalyst for the organisation of the territory into a tourist destination, which was subsequently adopted by the Northern Portugal Regional Coordination and Development Commission (CCDR-N) in 2008, created the first global tourism development strategy for the northern region of Portugal, the "Regional Tourism Agenda", comprising a systemic vision of the region's tourism system, which was followed by territorial development plans. The plan addresses the sustainability of the territory as an objective and mentions some initiatives and actions to realise the goal. This was followed by new documents that adapted European and national objectives and guidelines to the region. It was also found that the plans include sustainable development objectives, with the metrics presented focussing on economic growth.

The work contributes to identifying the dimensions and issues of sustainability presented in the plans and presenting guidelines for the presentation of economic development metrics.

Limitations | A limitation of the study is the lack of comparison with another region of Portugal which, from the perspective of public policies and growth of tourism supply, would provide interesting inputs on the strategies implemented in each region. Another limitation is the qualitative methodology existing data and tourism development plans without incorporating opinions or perspectives of industry stakeholders. This omission of stakeholder input may limit the study's comprehensiveness and overlook valuable insights from key players in the tourism sector.

Conclusions | The study demonstrates the importance of drawing up development plans in line with the objectives of sustainable development. It was found that the plans consider the recommendations of Baidal (2001) particularly in recognising a holistic vision of the characteristics that make up the territory, and that technical and scientific recommendations have been integrated into the drafting of the plans, particularly in the different economic contexts. It was found that the plans are made up of objectives and strategies, but in terms of metrics to understand the real impact of the plans, these are incipient or are presented as economic growth metrics rather than economic development metrics. In view of what has been analysed, there is still a long way to go to include economic development in tourism development plans in the Porto and Northern Portugal region.

Turismo religioso entre conceitos e reflexões

2024-12-31T11:25:32+00:00

O turismo religioso vem ganhando cada vez mais espaço nas pesquisas, mas urge uma atenção para rever seus conceitos estabelecidos ao longo dos estudos. As definições apresentadas por instituições governamentais ou religiosas, podem ajudar a uma nova abordagem, sob o patrocinio de uma pesquisa filosofica levando em conta novas pesquisas e uma abordagem mais detalhada de alguns conceitos. Apresentando alguns desses conceitos e fazendo uma pesquisa em bibliografia cinzenta, nos deparamos com novas reflexões seja por parte de estudiosos ou de discursos e documentos da Igreja Católica Apostólica Romana. Sem dúvida a busca de uma nova direção para o turismo religioso não pode deixar de lado alguns aspectos como a reflexão da sociedade atual e seus interreses.

The role of virtual reality in sustainable tourism – a systematic literature review and research agenda

2024-12-31T11:25:32+00:00

Objectives Tourism is an important industry for global economies, contributing to a significant proportion of jobs worldwide and moving millions of people each year (OECD, 2020). At the same time, tourism is also one of the most polluting industries and generates negative externalities in destinations (Gössling, 2013). For this reason, the scientific debate on sustainable tourism is so important since it can contribute to solving this problem by suggesting more sustainable practices.

The pandemic crisis resulted in an abrupt and huge decrease in tourism worldwide. The restrictions on people's mobility made it impossible for them to enjoy face-to-face tourism services during some periods, and the importance of virtual tours has thus increased. Virtual Reality was one of the technologies used to conduct the virtual tours. This technology has also been demonstrated to satisfy tourists and influence their future intentions towards the destination. Therefore, previous literature suggests that, in the post-pandemic period, virtual reality can be used to contribute to the sustainability of the tourism industry (El-Said & Aziz, 2022; Talwar et al., 2022). Although there are previous studies that indicate that VR can contribute to more sustainable tourism, to our best knowledge there is no literature review that summarises the possible contribution of this technology to the sustainability of the tourism industry. .

| To accomplish this objective, a systematic literature review was conducted using the PRISMA procedure, following the guidelines of Moher et al. (2009). The data collection process was performed while using two databases, namely Scopus and Web of Science. The data collection process was conducted until the 29th of June 2023. To collect data from data bases, it was used the following equation to search for scientific articles TITLE-ABS-KEY(touris*) AND TITLE-ABS-KEY(sustainab*) AND TITLE-ABS-KEY(("virtual tour*"). For an article being included in our sample, the three keywords used must be present in the title, abstract and keywords. To guarantee that all documents have passed through a peer review process, this search was limited to articles, excluding book chapters and conference procedures. As this research aims to have a deeper understanding on sustainable tourism, the subject area was limited to tourism and business/management areas. Finally, only articles in English were considered. After, apply all these conditions, 61 articles were obtained in Web of Science and 92 articles were obtained in Scopus, being all of them were considered for the identification stage of PRISMA procedure. In the screening stage, all abstracts have been read, but when some uncertainties exist, the conclusions and implications sections were also read. From the 153 initial articles, 98 articles were excluded because did not accomplish one of the following criteria: use Virtual reality technology, discuss the use of this technology for tourism purposes and refer sustainability of VR used for tourism. Finally, 7 articles were excluded due to duplication. All the articles included in the sample were analyzed the content of each one, in particular, it was captured information about authors, year of publication, publication source, number of citations, country of application, objective, method, VR experience, sustainable tourism addressed and marketing implication(s).

Main Results and Contributions Virtual reality is a technology included in a broader concept, that is virtual tourism. However, this technology has several advantages compared with other technologies, as it provides a more immersive and authentic experience. This technology may contribute to sustainability by replacing some face-to-face physical tourist experiences, which reduces the environmental and social impact of tourism. In addition, VR can also be introduced into the business model of organizations in this industry as a promotional tool for local products, improving the appreciation of these products by tourists. The literature on this topic is mostly composed of very specific case studies worldwide, which makes generalization of the results difficult. also proposes a research agenda composed of three main research lines for future studies. The first line is related to the concepts that may influence tourists’ intentions to use this technology to substitute tourism activities that can be more negative to the environment or to the destination. The second research line is related to the determinants of virtual reality adoption by tourism organizations. Lastly, the third research line is related to the features that virtual reality experiences should have to increase tourists’ perceptions and intentions towards the destination.

This study aims to contribute to the scientific literature and to tourism marketing professionals. Furthermore, the present study provides several insights into the effect that VR can have on tourists’ future intentions toward tourism services or destinations. For this reason, tourism marketing professionals should consider the use of VR for promotion purposes and to include the adoption of VR in digital transformation strategies.

Limitations | The present study also has limitations, like other scientific studies. The main limitation is related to the collection of data process, since Scopus and Web of Science databases were used in this process. However

Conclusions | Although there has been some research into the use of VR to provide more sustainable tourism services, there are still few developments that provide a solid theoretical framework about this topic. Despite the few empirical evidence, some studies have already used VR to provide tourist activities to increase the sustainability of the experience and users have reported positive perceptions about these VR experiences.

References

Adriaanse, L. S., & Rensleigh, C. (2013). Web of Science, Scopus and Google Scholar: A content comprehensiveness comparison. The Electronic Library, 31(6), 727-744.

El-Said, O., & Aziz, H. (2022). Virtual tours a means to an end: An analysis of virtual tours’ role in tourism recovery post COVID-19. Journal of Travel Research, 61(3), 528-548.

Gössling, Stefan. (2013). National emissions from tourism: An overlooked policy challenge? Energy Policy, 59, 433–442.

Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & PRISMA Group*. (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Annals of internal medicine, 151(4), 264-269.

OECD, (2020). Tourism Trends and Policies 2020

Plata, A., Cruz Franco, P. A., & Ramos Sánchez, J. A. (2022). Architectural Survey, Diagnostic, and Constructive Analysis Strategies for Monumental Preservation of Cultural Heritage and Sustainable Management of Tourism. Buildings, 12(8), 1156.

Talwar, S., Kaur, P., Escobar, O., & Lan, S. (2022). Virtual reality tourism to satisfy wanderlust without wandering: An unconventional innovation to promote sustainability. Journal of Business Research, 152, 128-143

Inbound tourism and economic and social risks

2024-12-31T11:25:33+00:00

We aim to carry out an analysis of the registered movements which, whether stable, positive, or negative, allow us to conclude about similarities and differences between countries; the space each one has as an inbound tourism country; and the reading of their populations in the face of atypical years. We also intend to conclude on the dependence that each country has on tourist activity and how much this corresponds to an increased vulnerability to events of unusual occurrence and dimension.

Shutterbug: Empowering Tourism Students through Visual Literacy and Language Proficiency

2024-12-31T11:25:33+00:00

Objectives | The Shutterbug Project is an innovative initiative aimed at redefining language learning in the context of Tourism Education. Its primary objective is to enhance the language proficiency and visual literacy of students enrolled in an English for Tourism course. Specifically, the project endeavors to empower students with the skills necessary to effectively communicate and engage with tourists through the use of photography and digital storytelling. By immersing students in practical, real-world experiences, the project seeks to bridge the gap between theoretical knowledge and practical application in the dynamic tourism industry.

Methodology The project was a case study conducted within the framework of an English course, an integral component of a second-year curriculum in a Tourism bachelor’s degree program. Leveraging a student-centric approach, the project began with a comprehensive needs analysis survey administered to 48 enrolled students. This survey provided crucial insights into students' preferences, competencies, and prior experiences with visual media. Building on these insights, the project focused on the creation of a photography and digital storytelling project.

Main Results and Contributions | The Shutterbug Project yielded significant outcomes empowering students through visual media. These results include:

Empowered Communication through Visual Media: by harnessing the power of photography and digital storytelling, students developed the ability to convey information, emotions, and cultural nuances effectively.
Enhanced Cultural Appreciation and Engagement: Through the lens of a camera, students gained a deeper understanding of the cultural and historical facets of their local tourism landscape.
Fostering Creative Expression and Innovation: The project provided a platform for students to express their creativity and innovative thinking. By encouraging them to curate visual narratives, the project cultivated a sense of ownership and pride in their work, elevating their confidence and motivation in the language learning process.
Facilitating Community Integration: Beyond the classroom, the Shutterbug Project facilitated a stronger connection between higher education students and the broader community. Through guided tours and interactive workshops, students actively engaged with local attractions, positioning themselves as ambassadors of their tourism-rich environment.

Limitations | While the Shutterbug Project demonstrated remarkable success, it is essential to acknowledge certain limitations. Firstly, some students faced challenges in developing proficient media skills, which impacted the quality of their visual content. Moreover, time constraints may influence the extent to which similar projects can be implemented across diverse educational contexts. These limitations highlight the importance of providing additional support to ensure all students can fully participate and benefit from such initiatives.

Conclusions | The Shutterbug Project has demonstrated the immense potential of integrating visual literacy into language learning within the field of Tourism Education. By immersing students in practical, hands-on experiences, the project significantly enhanced their language proficiency, enabling them to communicate effectively with tourists through the powerful medium of visual media. Furthermore, the project's impact extended beyond the classroom, fostering a deeper connection between students, their educational institution, and the local tourism community. This approach not only equips students for their future careers in tourism but also serves as a model for integrating practical language learning strategies into specialized fields of study.

References

Bassano, C., Barile, S., Piciocchi, P., Spohrer, J. C., Iandolo, F., & Fisk, R. (2019). Storytelling about places: Tourism Marketing in the Digital age. Cities, 87, 10–20.

Belda-Medina, J. (2021). Promoting inclusiveness, creativity and critical thinking through digital storytelling among EFL teacher candidates. International Journal of Inclusive Education, 26(2), 109–123.

Boers, F., Warren, P., He, L., & Deconinck, J. (2017). Does adding pictures to glosses enhance vocabulary uptake from reading?. System, 66, 113–129.

Fan, Y.-S. (2022). Facilitating content knowledge, language proficiency, and academic competence through digital storytelling: Performance and perceptions of first-year medical-related majors. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 1–21.

Foutsitzi, A. (2022). Images in Educational Textbooks and Educational Audiovisual Media. European Journal of Language and Literature, 8(2), 26–32.

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Fostering Global Perspectives in Tourism Education: Implementing Virtual Exchange Projects

2024-12-31T11:25:34+00:00

projects into a tourism undergraduate degree program. The approach spans three years, progressively engaging students in immersive cross-cultural experiences. This study describes the strategy underlying the integration of three distinct and structured semester-long VE projects into three different language courses of a tourism undergraduate degree program. The primary goals are to incrementally involve students in cross-cultural experiences, starting with sensory exploration in their local context, advancing to critical dialogues on decolonization, and culminating in a multidisciplinary exploration of sustainability issues. Through this phased approach, we aim to cultivate students' intercultural competence, deepen their global perspectives, and equip them with the skills necessary to approach sustainability challenges from a diverse and multidisciplinary standpoint.

Methodology | The three projects outlined below were meticulously implemented to enrich the educational experience within English language courses of the tourism undergraduate degree program. These projects are strategically implemented to align with the progression of students' linguistic proficiency and cultural understanding, ensuring a seamless integration into the curriculum.

Year 1: Sensory Exploration of Local Contexts

In the initial year, students embark on a VE centered on exploring sensory experiences within their local environment. This is achieved through a combination of field visits, guided activities, and online collaboration with international peers. Through digital platforms, students share their observations and reflections, creating a rich tapestry of cultural insights. This phase emphasizes observation, reflection, and effective communication skills.

Year 2: Building Bridges Across Continents (BBAC)

The second-year project, BBAC, delves into the nuanced conversations surrounding decolonization. Students engage in structured dialogues, critically examining tourism narratives, and identifying opportunities to dismantle colonial legacies. The VE format facilitates candid exchanges with peers from diverse backgrounds, promoting empathy and deeper cultural understanding. This phase emphasizes critical thinking, cross-cultural communication, and perspective-taking skills.

Year 3: ProGlobe - Sustainability in Multidisciplinary Lens

The third year introduces the ProGlobe project, a multidisciplinary endeavor focused on sustainability. Students investigate sustainability issues through the lens of their respective disciplines (e.g., tourism, international business, interior design). Through VE, they collaborate with peers worldwide, sharing insights, methodologies, and solutions. This phase promotes cross-disciplinary collaboration, analytical thinking, and a holistic approach to sustainable tourism.

Main Results and Contributions | The three VE projects have yielded substantial benefits. These initiatives have significantly enhanced students' language proficiency, crucial for effective global communication in the tourism industry. Additionally, students have developed heightened cultural sensitivity and intercultural competence, essential skills for navigating diverse cultural contexts. The projects, particularly BBAC, have sharpened critical thinking abilities, enabling students to critically assess prevailing narratives and consider alternative perspectives. Furthermore, the ProGlobe project's multidisciplinary approach to sustainability has equipped students with a comprehensive understanding of this critical facet of the tourism industry. This combination of language proficiency, intercultural competence, critical thinking, and sustainability awareness positions graduates as valuable assets to employers in the tourism sector, uniquely preparing them for the demands of the evolving global industry.

Limitations | While the VE projects have been highly successful, certain limitations exist. These include logistical challenges related to time zones, technological constraints, and project management skills. Additionally, the depth of cultural immersion may vary depending on individual student engagement levels.

Conclusions | The integration of VE projects into the tourism undergraduate degree program has proven to be a transformative educational endeavor. By progressively immersing students in cross-cultural experiences, we have observed a significant enhancement in their global perspectives, critical thinking abilities, and collaborative skills. Despite minor limitations, the benefits far outweigh the challenges. This model serves as a valuable blueprint for other institutions seeking to implement similar initiatives, ultimately enriching the educational experiences of future tourism professionals.

References

Fonseca, P., Julian, K., Hulme, W., Martins, M., Brautlacht, R. (2021). The multi-disciplinary approach to an interdisciplinary virtual exchange. In M. Satar (Ed.), Virtual exchange: towards digital equity in internationalisation (pp. 41-49). Research-publishing.net. https://doi.org/10.14705/rpnet.2021.53.1288

Martins, M., Brautlacht, R.; Poppi, F. (2022).Virtual Exchange: Offering 21st Century Skills through Interactive Online Collaboration in Higher Education. In C. Lütge (Ed.) Foreign Language Learning in the Digital Age: Theory and Pedagogy for Developing Literacies (pp.141-156). UK: Routledge.

Martins, M., Brautlacht, R., Agyapong, D., Owino, J., (2020). Online Collaboration Among European, African and US Students: Building Bridges Across Continents Project. In J. Morton (Ed.) Virtual Exchange Borderless Mobility between the European Higher Education Area and Regions Beyond (pp. 32-39). Germany: Erasmus+ National Agency for EU Higher Education Cooperation DAAD – Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst.

OECD (2018). Preparing our youth for an inclusive and sustainable world. The OECD PISA global competence framework.

UE (2020). Digital education. Action plan 2020-2027. Resetting education and training in the digital age. European Commission.

Transforming the tourism supply network through digitalisation

2024-12-31T11:25:34+00:00

Objectives | Fragmented coordination hinders the effectiveness and efficiency of delivering travel experiences in the tourism supply chain network. Inefficient use of resources within the supply chain causes delays, higher expenses, and a worsened visitor experience (García-Gómez. Demir, Díez-Esteban & Popesko, 2023). Moreover, a digital skills gap in the digital labour market in South Africa (DCDT, 2020) hinders progress for the MSMEs in the tourism value chain. The objective of this study is to utilise transformative transdisciplinary approach to evaluate the effect of digitalisation in the tourism supply chain network (TSC) and to co-design and co-produce digitalised SMMEs' transformative knowledge from a praxis (Afrocentric) approach in South Africa.

Methodology | Collaborative and participatory research seeks to change practice. A transformative transdisciplinary approach was adopted in KwaZulu Natal and Gauteng Province in South Africa among 122 MSMEs, where an embedded experimental research design was adopted to actively engage with the tourism supply chain network to test and apply transformation strategies in real-world scenarios.

Main Results and Contributions | About 40 businesses received professional training focusing on creating social media content and 5 received websites, all were advised on the use of big data, chatGPT, cybersecurity, legal matters, social media platforms using WhatsApp for business and reels, Linkedin, Instagram, and Facebook.

Limitations |The limited number of tourism MSMEs that were willing to participate in the study affected the representativeness of the findings and he research design in general. Transformative Transdisciplinary research as captured by (Lawrence, Williams, Nanz, and Renn 2022: 47) considers the inclusion of multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary academic research that involves (non-academic) societal actors as process participants. This study focused on real-world problems to proactively support action or intervention through collaborating with researchers, students, and SMMEs through the associations. Another limitation was observed through a response and selection bias; there were only two associations were selected, 1 in Gauteng with 137 members and 1 in KwaZulu Natal with stakeholders at the national, provincial, and local levels. Hey were responsible for the invitations of the participants. The participants may provide responses that they believe are socially desirable or that they think associations want to hear, potentially leading to response bias. Hence, this research may not capture the experiences and challenges of those tourism MSMEs that have not embraced digitalization, potentially leading to selection bias

Conclusions | Stakeholder engagement, coordination, and participation across the value chain are encouraged for inclusive growth, and sustainability and to have a competitive advantage. Such collaboration is paramount in the tourism industry because it is one of the commercial sectors that is easily affected by digital disruption.

The role of Wi-Fi networks to understand tourist´s behaviour

2024-12-31T11:25:35+00:00

Objectives |

In recent years we have seen an increasing use of mobile devices as a means of accessing the Internet, allowing individuals access to tourist platforms. Currently, wireless connectivity is increasingly appreciated by tourists, being, according to Anuar & Yulia (2017) service quality of the Wi-Fi the strongest factor influencing tourist experience and satisfaction, and according to Reyes-Menendez et al. (2018) a mean to promote customer loyalty in the restaurant sector. Wi-Fi networks can be a differentiating element in the strategy of tourism organizations and destinations, and should therefore be considered a priority in the strategies and policies defined for the sector. The involvement of European and national organizations has been quite significant in recent years. The European Commission created the WiFi4EU initiative with the aim of providing access to free, high-quality Wi-Fi in public spaces for residents of the European Union and local visitors to a municipality (European Commission, 2020), and, in Portugal, Tourism of Portugal approved, in 2016, the support line for investment in projects to provide high-quality Wi-Fi access in historic centers and public spaces with the highest influx of tourists.

In accordance with Normative Order No. 10/2016, the provision of Wi-Fi networks in the suggested locations will ensure that tourists, and also populations, have access to informative content in a faster and simpler way, and that they will be created the conditions for the emergence of new businesses based on digital and for the intelligent management of tourist destinations. About 90% of Portuguese municipalities, taking advantage of the community funds made available for this purpose, however, only 12 municipalities offer WiFi4EU access (Parreira, 2020). Although the importance and advantages of the Wi-Fi network for both tourists and stakeholders are recognized, very little attention has been paid by researchers and public organizations themselves, in order to understand the use of Wi-Fi networks by the Portuguese, especially in scope of tourism travel. As Rafailova & Hadzhikolev (2020) refer, one of the main conclusions of their study is that there is a need to find if tourists get information in advance or upon arrival for available places with free Wi-Fi.

Methodology | In this study we apply a quantitative methodology, three questionnaires were developed, with the aim of analyzing the use of free municipal WI-FI when carrying out tourist trips, and applied to the Portuguese in recent years (since 2020/2021). The questionnaires do not consist of the same number of questions; however, the main and specific objectives are similar. The sampling technique used was snowballing, which means that it increases with the existing connections between the respondents (Neuman, 2011). In total, 640 questionnaires were collected. This survey was developed through the Google Forms platform and distributed through social networks, namely Facebook and Instagram, annually, between December and January. The data is analyzed using SPSS 27.0 software. As the randomness of the sample was not guaranteed, the survey results were subject to a statistical treatment centered on univariate and bivariate analyzes (contingency tables) with a descriptive scope. A comparative analysis between the data was performed. In addition, we will conduct three semi-structured interviews to municipalities that have implemented wi-fi infrastructures in Portugal to understand there opinion and experience about the use and usefulness of free wi-fi to understand tourist consumer behavior.

Main Results and Contributions |

With this study it is concluded that the Portuguese knows and considers the existence of Wi-Fi networks in municipalities to be important, even indicating that this should cover other less touristy areas. On tourist trips, respondents tend to use free Wi-Fi networks in their visits. To access the wi-fi system, most respondents use a Smartphone, just by the fact that it's more practical and most of the people have access to on. When asked about the place of access, most responded that they access in historic city centers. The use of these networks has increased in recent years, with unusual behavior in 2020, due to the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. Most respondents use free Wi-Fi networks to browse social networks and consult tourist information. The realization of this study has practical implications for tourism organizations, allowing them to understand the user profile of the Wi-Fi network and its usefulness for the visitor in enjoying tourism at a given destination.

Limitations | This study has some limitations related to the fact that the sample is not representative and that the interviews were carried out only in some municipalities, in an exploratory manner. In future investigations, it is suggested to apply the questionnaire and conduct interviews with tourists and local organizations, respectively, that have implemented Wi-Fi infrastructure in the main tourist attractions.

Conclusions |

Wi-Fi networks are very important and necessary infrastructure for destinations to become smart destinations and to improve the tourist experience; as connectivity, speed and free internet access are increasingly valued aspects of tourism trips. In Portugal, municipal organizations are taking significant advantage of financial support and existing European and national initiatives for this purpose, which means that almost all municipalities will be covered with this infrastructure. With access points located in areas with the highest tourism affluence, tracking user data as well as their perception and use of the service, helped organizations to obtain insights into consumer behavior in tourism and become more competitive tourist destinations.

References

Anuar, N. & Yulia, A. (2017) Influence of Wi-Fi service quality towards tourists’ satisfaction

and dissemination of tourism experience. Journal of Tourism, Hospitality & Culinary Arts, 9(2), 383-398.

Despacho normativo n.º 10/2016 de 28 de outubro, Diário da República, 2.ª série — N.º 208 . https://files.diariodarepublica.pt/2s/2016/10/208000000/3231632317.pdf

European Commission (2021). Shaping Europe’s digital future: WiFi4EU | Wi-fi gratuito para todos na Europa. https://bit.ly/3hZgg20 [Accessed the 15 th of December 2020, 11:30]

Neuman, W. L. (2011). Social Research Methods Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. Pearson Education, Inc.

Parreira, R. (2020). WiFi4EU: 90% dos municípios portugueses já receberam vales para instalação de Wi-Fi gratuito. SapoTek. https://tek.sapo.pt/noticias/internet/artigos/wifi4eu-90-dos-municipios-portugueses-ja-receberam-vales-para-instalacao-de-wi-fi-gratuito.

Rafailova, Genka and Hadzhikolev, Antonio, (2020), Assessment of Smart Experience of Tourists and Local Citizens in Tourist Destination, Anniversary Scientific Conference with International Participation Tourism and Connectivity, 1, 563-569, https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:vra:pr2010:y:2020:i:1:p:563-569.

Reyes-Menendez, A., Palos-Sanchez, P., Saura, J. & Martin-Velicia, F. (2018). Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/3487398.

Mission Impossible: An autoethnographic account of tourist visa application experience

2024-12-31T11:25:36+00:00

Mission Impossible: An autoethnographic account of tourist visa application experience

Keywords | visa application, autoethnography, affordance, orientalism

Objectives | For many, visa requirement is a key factor when deciding to visit a destination (Juma & Douglas, 2023). Given its significance, it is surprising to find that the research on tourist visas is very limited. Although the freedom to travel should be considered as a normal condition of human life (Hasselberg, 2012), the visa-free privilege is mostly reserved for tourists from wealthy democratic states (Whyte, 2008), while the rest of the world faces various levels of visa-related constraints. This, to some level, has been reflected in tourism knowledge creation, where scholars from developed countries, in many cases, have visa-free access to most countries in the world, control the narratives and hold the authoritative power in knowledge production. As a result, the important voices of visa and border crossing in tourism are neglected in the literature (Zare & Ye, 2023).

The existing literature on tourist visas mainly focuses on how visa regulations influence inbound tourism flow. Strong evidence has supported that a more friendly visa policy has an active role in facilitating positive destination images (Çakar et al., 2018), significantly increased tourist numbers (Bangwayo-Skeete & Skeete, 2017) and stronger visiting intentions (Juma & Douglas, 2023). On the one hand, seeing the great economic benefits of visa liberalisation, interest groups actively lobby the government to encourage travel-friendly policies; on the other hand, governments use tourist visas as a management tool to regulate the tourism flows and mitigate the negative impacts in the destination, such as overtourism (Cheung & Li, 2019). Although studies have mentioned challenges of obtaining a visa, such as high cost, long queues, and extended waiting time (Whyte, 2008), no studies have explored the embodied experiences of obtaining a tourist visa. This study, thus, aims to fill the research gap by providing an autoethnographic account of first-hand experiences in applying for a Schengen visa in the UK.

Orientalism (Said, 1978) and affordance theory (Gibson, 1977) serve as the theoretical lens of this study. Orientalism offers perspectives to critique and investigate the visa application process, particularly the power imbalance, economic disparities, cultural hegemony, and security concerns stemming from the notion of the ‘Oriental Other’. The affordance theory, on the other hand, shifts away from a human-centric focus, and help to identify not only the constraints that the visa application online system and application centre impose on me but also how Chinese netizens actualise social media and other technologies to negotiate these challenges.

Methodology | An autoethnography was conducted between February and April 2023. I, as a researcher, recorded my visa application experience. Data including screenshots, voice memos, detailed reflection diaries and photographs. The autoethnographic approach enables me to provide a contextually detailed description by drawing from my own experiences, personal narratives, and emotions to provide a nuanced understanding of the visa application experiences.

Main Results and Contributions | The findings reveals the strict and illogical tourist visa requirement, and its negative impact on tourists’ experience. For instance, confirmed accommodation and return ticket bookings are the compulsory documents for visa application. In addition, the online platform for visa appointments made it technically impossible to book an appointment slot (after trying for 2 months) and ask to register a new account every 20 days. Furthermore, the servicescape in the visa application centre is very hostile and intimidating. This uneven power relations and hostile treatment of the tourist visa application process reflect on today’s visa policies in the West, predominantly for the reason of border security and controlling illegal migration (Bianchi, 2006), without considering this process plays an essential part in visitors’ pre-trip experience.

Interestingly, this study also uncovers when facing these challenges, Chinese netizens living in the UK collectively started an online community to support each other. For instance, chat groups were created, and each member was assigned a designated slot to refresh the screen and check slot availabilities. When there are slots available, they will share in the group chat. The support also extends to developing sophisticated add-ins to the browser to make available slots more visible and refresh the screen automatically. All of these were shared within the community. In addition, they provide strong support through encouraging each other, sharing tips, and complaining about the system.

Conclusions | Although Chinese netizens developed the negotiating mechanism for these challenges, and some did manage to get the visa eventually, this study still aims to challenge and question the unfair and hostile tourist visa application system, and how such system damage all the efforts of DMOs and local communities put in to develop tourism in the local economy. Through the theoretical lens of orientalism and affordance theory, this study contributes to the limited yet important studies on visa and immobilities in the tourism context, and revealed power and geopolitical issues in tourism through embodied experiences. I urge policymakers and governments to revisit the visa requirement policies and the experience design of visa application, and develop a more humane, hospitable approach for the future visa application process.

References

Bangwayo-Skeete, P. F., & Skeete, R. W. (2017). Who Travels Visa-Free? Insights into Tourist Hassle-Free Travel. Journal of Travel Research, 56(3), 407–418. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287516643410

Bianchi, R. (2006). Tourism and the Globalisation of Fear: Analysing the Politics of Risk and (in)Security in Global Travel. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 7(1), 64–74. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.thr.6050028

Çakar, K., Kalbaska, N., Inanir, A., & Şahin Ören, T. (2018). eVisa’s impacts on travel and tourism: The case of Turkey. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Technology, 9(1), 13–31. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1108/JHTT-02-2017-0019

Cheung, K. S., & Li, L.-H. (2019). Understanding visitor–resident relations in overtourism: Developing resilience for sustainable tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 27(8), 1197–1216. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2019.1606815

Gibson, J. (1977). The theory of affordances. In Perceiving, acting and knowing. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Hasselberg, I. (2012). The Deportation Regime: Sovereignty, Space, and the Freedom of Movement. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 38(7), 1186–1187. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2011.646467

Juma, C., & Douglas, A. (2023). Visa requirements and visit intention: Applying the theory of planned behavior. Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1080/19407963.2023.2249911

Said, E. (1978). Orientalism: Western concepts of the Orient. New York: Pantheon.

Whyte, B. (2008). Visa-free travel privileges: An exploratory geographical analysis. Tourism Geographies, 10(2), 127–149. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616680801999984

Zare, S., & Ye, I. Q. (2023). Contested tourists’ border-crossing experiences. Annals of Tourism Research, 100, 103571. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2023.103571

MINOR CONCERNS

I am grateful for the opportunity to read this Extended Abstract (EA) and make the following constructive suggestions.

In general terms, the EA is quite interesting and covers an important point in the autoethnographic account of first-hand experiences in applying for a Schengen visa in the UK Airport. From a methodological perspective, the article is well done and well integrated with the literature.

Scientific journals indexed in international databases are used for all bibliographic references.

The abstract is well-written and informative. However, I have a few suggestions that could enhance the abstract’s quality:

-The objectives could be strengthened by providing more context about the significance of visa requirements in tourism and highlighting the research gap that this study aims to fill.

-The section on existing literature could be condensed to provide a more concise overview of the main findings and limitations of previous studies.

-The description of the autoethnographic approach could be clarified by explaining the specific techniques used to collect and analyse data.

-Also the discussion of Orientalism could be expanded to explore how the concept of the "Oriental Other" is explicitly or implicitly reflected in the visa application process.

-The autoethnographic account could be enhanced by providing more concrete examples of the challenges and strategies experienced by the researcher in obtaining a Schengen visa in the UK.

-The analysis of the autoethnographic data could be strengthened by drawing connections between the researcher's personal experiences and broader theoretical concepts.

-The findings are vague. The author should clarify.

The high education system: The high education system: The case of tourism operations and distribution curricula

2024-12-31T11:25:37+00:00

Tourism as a sector with significant relevance in the world, which has greatly contributed to the development and growth of economies, destinations, and communities, depends on several components and integrates a vast multiplicity of players, it has been one of the most desirable and appealing to communities and human beings. However, this fact is not always reflected as a priority when looking for a job or when choosing which course to pursue in higher education. Due to its high vulnerability to the context in which it operates and to external factors, after several crises, mainly those that have occurred in the 21st century, from economic crises, pandemics, extreme natural events, terrorism, and wars, it has undergone several and considerable transformations. It has also lost many companies, jobs, and human resources. There is now an urgent need to better prepare, train and retain talent in the sector, otherwise, its resilience and sustainability will become unfeasible. Starting from the premise that more appropriate, adjusted, aligned, updated, enriched higher education curricula are needed, as well as properly prepared, trained, and motivated teachers, with curricular units with assertive programmatic content, directed in line with the real theoretical needs but also those of companies and institutions and simultaneously meet students' expectations. Knowing that there are several studies mostly based on the hotel subsector, few on tourist operations and distribution, and none recognized that analyze the syllabus of curricular units after the impacts of the pandemic crises, the war in Europe and extreme weather events, in teaching tourism and hospitality, there is an urgent need to correspond with studies that contribute to the expected adaptation and creation of sustainable tourism.

Sustentabilidade no setor hoteleiro: Estudo de Caso na região autónoma da Madeira

2024-12-31T11:25:38+00:00

Apesar de se reconhecer que a Indústria Hoteleira tem sido um dos principais setores na adoção de iniciativas no âmbito da Economia Circular (E.C.), é do conhecimento geral que as Unidades Hoteleiras geram quantidades significativas de resíduos, com frequência resíduos evitáveis, com registos muito longe dos valores de referência em matéria de resíduos da EU que apontam para um objetivo de 0,6 kg por hóspede/noite. Muitos desses resíduos são tratados como lixo quando poderiam ser reaproveitados, pelos próprios hotéis ou por outros utilizadores.

A recorrente escassez de determinados recursos e produtos, somada ao risco na esfera climática e ambiental, fazem com que o planeamento, gestão e controlo da qualidade dos ecossistemas venha a ser o mais detalhado e eficiente possível. A Região Autônoma da Madeira (RAM), como território isolado e com recursos escassos, regista entre as suas prioridades, compreender a fragilidade dos ecossistemas insulares, que tendem a ser altamente sensíveis e expostos a riscos e ameaças externas.

Considerando a dependência económica do setor do turismo, pretende-se adotar modelos mais sustentáveis e eficientes. Baseado em respostas de cerca de 1000 questionários, recolhidos na Ilha da Madeira, identificaram-se atitudes, práticas, preocupações e grau de aceitação de medidas a implementar ao nível do destino e do estabelecimento hoteleiro. Num exercício centrado nos dados, e num tratamento estatístico objetivo dos mesmos conclui-se que adoção do paradigma “EC” implica sacrifícios (alteração de hábitos enraizados, diminuição do consumo de certos recursos) a redefinição das expectativas e o acesso a experiências diferentes, mais sustentáveis e menos utilizadoras de recursos escassos. O estudo oferece algumas notas para reflexão, nomeadamente que tipo de cooperação e sinergias podem ser desenvolvidas com outros setores e partes interessadas, sugerindo um caminho para seguir rumo a um ecossistema turístico resiliente e sustentável.

From physical to virtual space: new technologies in the experience of visiting gardens

2024-12-31T11:25:38+00:00

Objectives | According to the Florence Charter, any historic garden is designed to be seen and walked around. It is thus clear that the essence of a garden is only holistic and fully realized when the assumptions underlying the reasons for creating it – use, experience, and experiment – are fulfilled, and until now these have mostly been achieved in the physical space itself, in person. Given the specific characteristics of this type of tourist attraction, which motivates in-person visits, the physical experience of appreciating these spaces is irreplaceable (Silva & Carvalho, 2023). However, this may not be the only way. The use of new technologies in tourism has led to a revolution in the way visitors access information and acquire knowledge about, participate in, and relate to the physical spaces they visit (Andrade & Dias, 2020). Moreover, "smart" and "digital" destinations or attractions are at the forefront of sustainability and accessibility (Buhalis, 2020). Many digital possibilities have been developed for mobile devices, particularly mobile phones, which are now an integral and essential part of any daily activity, be it work or leisure. The context of COVID-19 has in some cases awakened the need to implement such technologies, and in other cases it has accelerated their use. This study seeks to find out about the digital technologies and innovations that a selected group of historic Portuguese gardens, considered major tourist attractions, make available to their visitors, how they are adopted and used and the characteristics of the experience they provide.

Methodology | This exploratory study took as its starting point the responses from the questionnaire survey applied to the owners or managers of these gardens at the end of 2021 (Silva & Carvalho, 2023). Subsequently, the technique of non-participant observation was adopted using the internet as a source of information, specifically the websites of the more-or-less 40 gardens selected.

Main results and contributions | Technology and digital tools were already part of the strategies used to approach the cultural and landscape heritage of some historic gardens before the outbreak of the pandemic. This is the case, for example, of Quinta da Regaleira, which developed an augmented reality application, Regaleira 4.0, in 2017 (Andrade & Dias, 2020). The results of the questionnaires revealed that most of them either did not have this type of strategy or they implemented it as a result of this specific context. However, in the case of the 360º virtual tours, these were reinforced, and the guided virtual tours were mainly employed due to the pandemic. With regard to augmented reality, only one garden implemented it in the wake of the health crisis. According to the research carried out on the websites of these gardens, only around 25% have solutions that allow digital visits from anywhere other than the garden. Most of them use virtual reality, including virtual tours and 360º tours with narrative videos, images and multimedia content. Fewer in number are the gardens that offer digital experiences in the space as a complement to the physical visit. Examples include applications with and without augmented reality, whether or not the mobile device's camera is pointed at marks or QRCodes, which allows: i) visualizing multimedia content such as text about and images of various plants and/or collections in the garden, as well as narrative videos and audio; ii) following routes based on pre-defined routes or creating your own routes; iii) getting information about the distance to travel to find a particular species; iv) taking selfies with historical characters in augmented reality; v) accessing interactive quizzes with various challenges and questions; vi) playing virtual geocaching where visitors can search for treasures and even win prizes. Two groups of gardens can be distinguished in terms of their use of technology. One group uses virtual tools that are more basic and only allow visitors to tour the spaces and obtain some extra information about the associated botanical and cultural heritage. A second group has developed digital experiences that provide a more direct, informed, and stimulating connection between visitors, the site, and the heritage present there, involving them in the construction of their own visit experience.

Limitations | The exploratory nature of this study prevents generalizations, and the lack of updated online information may have an influence on the results.

Conclusions | Virtual space is gaining relevance as a complement to physical space, as far as tourism is concerned. In this way, virtual visits to heritage sites are increasingly used as a solution to differentiate and enrich the visiting experience, and are becoming commonplace. A physical visit to the gardens is irreplaceable, but it can even be enhanced with the use of new technologies and digital media so that visitors can get the most out of their heritage and contribute to the dissemination of knowledge and awareness of these spaces. This study makes a further contribution to our knowledge of the upgrading strategies that have been developed in Portugal's historic gardens, as well as providing an insight into the use of new technologies in the context of the garden visit experience. In addition, it could be a useful starting point for future assessments of users' perceptions of the use of technology, and how and to what extent it contributes to the visit experience.

As vivências do trabalho durante a pandemia de Covid-19

2024-12-31T11:25:39+00:00

Neste estudo, buscou-se entender as potenciais influências da pandemia de Covid-19 na percepção dos trabalhadores do turismo em relação às suas condições de trabalho na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. A pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar o impacto da pandemia na percepção desses profissionais sobre suas atuais condições de trabalho e o nível de satisfação associado a essas circunstâncias.

Digital Marketing and the Metaverse

2024-12-31T11:25:39+00:00

O metaverso surge como uma plataforma que permite aos seus utilizadores viver experiências que transcendem os limites do mundo físico e que serão integradas no quotidiano e aplicadas a várias áreas (Ning et al., 2023). Esta plataforma traz mudanças significativas em aspetos fundamentais da interação e comunicação do consumidor (Mystakidis, 2022) e da sua perceção de produtos e serviços (Gursoy et al., 2022). Além disso, também oferece aos profissionais de marketing e marcas novas possibilidades de interagir com o seu público-alvo. Dadas essas mudanças, que podem ser diretamente atribuídas ao ambiente tridimensional da plataforma e aos princípios e filosofias que a regem, os profissionais de marketing digital devem ser proativos na compreensão e adoção do metaverso (Gursoy et al., 2022).
Numa fase sem precedentes de rápido desenvolvimento, o metaverso aplica tecnologias como a rede 5G, cloud computing, visão computacional, blockchain e inteligência artificial, que constituem a sua base tecnológica, a diversas áreas (Ning et al., 2023). Descrito como a próxima versão da internet, a Web 3.0, apresenta grandes oportunidades para os profissionais de marketing (Dwivedi et al., 2022). O metaverso pode ser aplicado a áreas como saúde e educação para resolver dificuldades e problemas (Dwivedi et al., 2022), e cultura, viagens e turismo, permitindo infinitas e ilimitadas novas experiências (Ning et al., 2023).
O desenvolvimento do marketing digital é inseparável do desenvolvimento tecnológico (Desai, 2019). Por esse motivo, os profissionais de marketing devem ser proativos na identificação, compreensão e adoção de novas tecnologias que possam ser usadas como ferramentas de comunicação e publicidade, branding, engagement e atendimento ao cliente (Gursoy et al., 2022).
O metaverso e a sua aplicação na indústria de turismo e hospitalidade têm sido objeto de estudo, centrando-se no aumento do envolvimento do cliente, expansão do seu alcance e criação de experiências únicas (Buhalis et al., 2023b). Assim, este trabalho desvenda as principais áreas de investigação e aquelas que precisam de ser fomentadas no campo do turismo e hotelaria.

Processos participativos da sociedade civil nas instâncias do turismo

2024-12-31T11:25:40+00:00

O trabalho apresntado destaca a crescente importância da participação cidadã nas decisões políticas e sociais no Brasil, especialmente após a Constituição Federal de 1988, que descentralizou a gestão pública. No contexto do turismo, a gestão descentralizada permite que diferentes regiões busquem alternativas de desenvolvimento adaptadas à sua realidade. Fóruns e conselhos desempenham um papel fundamental na ampliação da participação social na administração do turismo regional. A pesquisa visa analisar como os processos participativos influenciam a estruturação desses conselhos e fóruns no Brasil, investigando práticas, desafios e impactos na eficácia e representatividade dessas instâncias. A metodologia envolve revisão sistemática de literatura, levantamento documental e análise de conteúdo, com uma abordagem exploratória e descritiva. Os resultados esperados incluem uma compreensão aprofundada da dinâmica participativa na formação dessas instâncias, contribuindo para o fortalecimento da democracia e representatividade. O estudo reconhece desafios relacionados à composição e atuação das instituições participativas e destaca a importância de conselheiros qualificados para o efetivo controle social. Conclui-se que o aprimoramento da representatividade e eficácia dessas instâncias é crucial para uma gestão turística mais inclusiva e democrática, alinhada aos princípios de descentralização e participação.

The Realms Experience of Fishing Tourism

2024-12-31T11:25:40+00:00

Fishing Tourism is an activity that often favours sustainability objectives in the area where it is developed . This work aims to describe the user experience in Fishing Tourism through a netnographic analysis of reviews of different Fishing Tourism activities where the texts of the comments are divided into sentences to better relate them to the different variables of the study, for which artificial intelligence is applied The study model is analysed with Machine Learning techniques combining different supervised and unsupervised analyses and with great graphical value, which favours decision-making by tour operators and research interpretation for scientists.

Findings from this study are directly applicable to marketing efforts in other tourism experiences

Methodologically, separating the reviews by sentences through the use of IA expands the elements of analysis and at the same time concretised the relationships between the expressions and the variables of study by narrowing and refining the context.

Turismo e tempo de Trabalho

2024-12-31T11:25:43+00:00

Conforme Costa (1996), o turismo implica deslocação e permanência temporária de pessoas fora da sua residência habitual. O tempo é uma característica essencial do Turismo, reconhecida na Lei das Politicas Publicas de Turismo como o “movimento temporário de pessoas que implica(..) atividades económicas geradas e facilidades criadas para satisfazer as suas necessidades”( art.º 2º alínea a)D.L. 191/2009, de 17 de Agosto). Neste artigo, discute-se a regulação portuguesa do tempo laboral na sua ligação ao turismo em várias vertentes: tempo de trabalho, tempo de descanso, tempo retribuído, tempo contratado, tempo organizado, tempo parcial. Conclui-se que, não obstante a relevância dada pelo legislador constitucional à auto-regulação dos sujeitos interessados (empregadores e trabalhadores) a legislação laboral relacionada com o turismo é imperativa, uniforme e homogénea, com nula ou reduzida abertura a princípios essenciais do turismo como a competitividade, a diversidade e a especialização.

Ressignificação dos lugares de memória negra invisibilizados no território turístico

2024-12-31T11:25:43+00:00

Dotada de complexidade, a cidade apresenta diversidade cultural que se expressa em distintos comportamentos, sociabilidades, religiosidades e valores. As vivências urbanas compreendem desafios cotidianos ao nos depararmos com o Outro, que é portador de um segredo a ser desvendado: requer abertura para que se inicie a aproximação destinada à descoberta de significados desconhecidos e ocultos. O turismo oferece possibilidades correlatas, o que demanda abertura para novas experiências, histórias e vivências culturais nos lugares visitados. A inclusão da pauta antirracista coloca desafios para a ressignificação de narrativas dos territórios turísticos, ou seja, da abertura a esse Outro até então invisibilizado nos destinos turísticos tradicionais. A proposta tem como objetivo discutir a importância do turismo na ressignificação dos lugares de memória afropaulistanos em um bairro representado por narrativa oriental. Para tanto, o estudo apoia-se apoia-se na pesquisa documental, observação participante e realização de entrevistas, cujos dados foram submetidos à análise de conteúdo de tipo categorial temática. Iniciativas destinadas a ocultar os lugares associados à escravidão na área central da cidade de São Paulo remontam ao século XIX, ao que se acrescenta os sucessivos programas de revitalização que valorizaram a narrativa oriental, sobretudo japonesa, instituídos a partir da década de 1970, com o objetivo de recuperar o patrimônio histórico, ativar a economia e incentivar o turismo. A intensificação desse processo resultou na mobilização do movimento negro e na sua atuação efetiva com o propósito de ressignificar os lugares de memória afropaulistanos ali presentes. O turismo apresenta potencial para a ressignificação de atrativos históricos culturais, nesse sentido, ao se inscrever na pauta antirracista, é capaz de contribuir para a socialização de temas sensíveis com pouca visibilidade na sociedade anfitriã. Nesse sentido, a experiência de visitação viabiliza a valorização dos lugares de memória, a formação de vínculos com a ancestralidade e o estabelecimento de uma nova relação com o lugar, colaborando com a consolidação de identidades afirmativas.

Dimensions of the rural tourism experience: the perspective of visitors with visual disabilities

2024-12-31T11:25:44+00:00

Objectives | The continuous increase in the engagement of individuals with disabilities in the tourism sector has been a subject of academic investigation. Despite this, there is a limited body of research specifically delving into the involvement of people with visual disabilities (PwVD) in tourism activities. Simultaneously, the demand for rural destinations has witnessed substantial growth in recent years. However, literature addressing the demand for rural tourism destinations by PwVD remains notably scarce. While some studies theorize that people with sensory disabilities, including PwVD, may derive heightened benefits from rural tourism (Gomes & Eusébio, 2023), empirical investigations into the pursuit of this specific tourism product by PwVD are still lacking. The dimensions shaping the rural tourism experience encompass aesthetics, education, escapism, and entertainment, exerting influence on satisfaction, memory, and arousal (Kastenholz et al., 2018). In tourism, the aesthetic dimension (passive immersion) often relies on visual stimuli. This empirical study explores the dimensions of the rural tourism experience and the weight given to the visual component of the product, focusing on the perspective of visitors with visual disabilities.

Methodology | To meet the predefined objectives, a mixed-method approach was employed for data collection and analysis. Utilizing Pine and Gilmore's (1998) experience economy framework and applying Kastenholz et al.'s (2018) methodology, fifteen semi-structured interviews were conducted with Portuguese individuals with visual disabilities, between June and August of 2021. The interviews aimed to delve into the past travel experiences of the participants, particularly concerning rural tourism destinations. To enhance the insights obtained from these interviews, a specific rural tourism destination situated in the Central region of Portugal, namely the village of Vilarinho de São Roque, was visited by three of the interviewed PwVD. These visitors prefer distinct mobility aids in their daily life, specifically a guide dog, a white cane, and a personal assistant. Through direct observation, it was possible to examine how each visitor perceived the rural destination, and how their mobility aid of choice impacts their overall rural tourism experience.

Main Results and Contributions | Results from both interviews and direct observation confirm that PwVD intensely feel the benefits from rural tourism activities. PwVD pursue immersive sensorial stimuli in nature, despite the structural constraints inherent to their participation in tourism activities. The interviewed PwVD describe their rural tourism experiences as being strongly esthetic despite their lack of visual cues. Respondents expressed a significant interest in personalized experiences aimed at deepening their comprehension of the esthetic dimension of the rural destination. This dimension emerges as the most impactful factor influencing the satisfaction, arousal, and memory of PwVD in the context of their rural tourism experiences. The visits carried out by PwVD to Vilarinho de São Roque corroborated these claims. While the visitor using a guide-dog showed a greater level of independence in navigating the rural destination, the visitor accompanied by a personal assistant had a better understanding of the village. All three visitors felt like a personalized experience with human interaction and description of the space will improve their absorption and immersion in the rural involvement.

Limitations | Given the difficulty in approaching the market segment, the sample size is reduced, constricting the results from this research. Additional research with a wider sample could allow for collection of quantitative data could prove useful to better understand this market segment.

Conclusions | This study addresses a research gap and sheds light on the engagement of PwVD in rural tourism, particularly within the realm of the dimensions of the rural experience. The investigation explores the esthetic dimension of the tourism experience and its influence on satisfaction, memory, and arousal of PwVD, introducing the concept of independence of esthetics from visual cues. PwVD describe rural tourism as strongly esthetic, resorting to sensorial stimuli present in nature to passively immerse themselves in the experience. To enhance this dimension of rural tourism, PwVD look for human interaction and personalized activities involving a description of surroundings and scenery. The study's insights offer practical implications for the development of accessible and inclusive rural tourism destinations, emphasizing the importance of addressing structural barriers and incorporating personalized elements to enhance the overall experience for individuals with visual disabilities, hence providing valuable insights for policymakers, tourism professionals, and destination managers.

References

Gomes, A. & Eusébio, C. (2023) Empowering people with visual disabilities through rural tourism: the benefits of nature activities and how the various travel constraints can be overcome, Tourism Recreation Research, 48:6, 940-954.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2023.2221071

Kastenholz, E., Carneiro, M. J., Marques, C. P., & Loureiro, S. M. C. (2018). The dimensions of rural tourism experience: impacts on arousal, memory, and satisfaction. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 35(2), 189–201. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2017.1350617

Pine, J., & Gilmore, J. (1998). Welcome to the experience economy. Harvard Business Review, 76(4), 97–105

The possibilities of implementing sustainability reporting (ESG) by Polish Airport

2024-12-31T11:25:44+00:00

Objectives | The purpose of this paper is to present the impact of environmental, social and corporate governance criteria (implemented at EU level as ESG reporting) on airport operations. These criteria will form the basis of sustainability (otherwise known as ESG) reporting, which will complement traditional financial reporting. For 2024, companies so far covered by the NFRD (Non-Financial Reporting Directive) will report. However, in subsequent years, more entities will be required to comply ESG rules, including airports that meet 2 of the 3 adopted by EU criteria (turnover, balance sheet and employment). In addition, the Coorporate Sustainability Reporting Directive includes regulations on the supply chain responsibilities of reporting organisations. Polish airports, as an international supply chain operator, are aware of the criteria for ESG implementation, but the application process is differentiated. In addition, their role in the region is bases on their economic potential and the impact on the region’s economic activity, which consequently affects the number of collaborators worldwide. Therefore, there is a need to investigate the degree of awareness and implementation of ESG concepts at Polish airports.

Methodology | Due to the formation of formal regulations and reporting requirements, which will be included within the implementation document of the European Sustainability Reporting Standards (ESRS), an analysis of foundational data was adopted as the main method. Primarily legal acts and statistical date were used, as well as information personal interviews from managers at Polish airports. The choice of Polish airports in not accidental. Polish air traffic contributed over 5% of traffic for the European Union in 2021. In addition, the perspectives for the development of air traffic for Poland until 2040, assuming a systematic increase in the number of passengers carried in Poland, the involvement of air carriers, long-term development plans for regional airports and building of CPK (Central Hubs for Poland), make the selection of the subject for study appropriate. Fifteen airports were analysed, considering their air traffic and ownership structure. Based on the analysis of the collected data, Authors were presented recommendations for the correct implementation of the ESG.

Main Results and Contributions | The European Commission, over the past years, has progressively introduced more regulations related to the Green Deal. One of the most recent documents is the Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD) and the European Sustainability Reporting Standards establishing European standards for environmental, social and corporate governance (ESG) reporting. The purpose of this extended abstract is to discuss the regulations contained in the recently adopted CSRD, which came into force in January 2023, and how it may affect airports.

ESG as a concept is relatively new. However, it is possible to find ideas that are older and similar in scope (for example TBL - the triple bottom line introduced in 1994 by J. Elkington and referring to an accounting framework with three dimensions: social, environmental and economic). Nevertheless ESG (E - environmental, S - social, G - corporate governance) assessments of companies are becoming a key element in the global drive to ensure sustainability. The reporting principles - the scope of which is defined by the letters of the acronym ESG - are set out in the ESRS standards.

In the first instance (from 2024), large companies affected by the NFRD will report. In the second instance (from 2025), companies 2 of the 3 criteria: employing more than 250 people, with annual revenues of more than EUR 40 million or a balance sheet total of more than EUR 20 million. Then, for 2026, entities employing more than 10 people and listed on the stock exchange will report.

The directive itself will also apply to companies in supply chains. As such, airports will need to consider ESG criteria, even if they themselves do not directly comply with non-financial reporting, as airlines - such as Ryanair and Wizz Air already report voluntarily. Also, the IATA document, Fly net zero, points to the need for energy savings at the airport, such as restrictions on the use of auxiliary propulsion units, single-engine taxi times. According to IATA, Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) is expected to constitute 65% of the total fuel demand by 2050. The European Union has set a target of 63% SAF fuel utilization by 2050, and carriers have expressed their commitment to increasing the use of SAF. An illustration of this commitment is KLM, an airline that allows passengers to purchase additional SAF fuel to reduce the CO₂ emissions associated with their flights. This further emphasizes that carriers will have specific expectations from airports.

In the research, it can be inferred that Polish Airports is in the value chain of entities that are obliged to report ESG and thus, will to some extent have to share information on environmental impact, social and corporate governance factors.

The global aviation industry accounts for 2% of the world's total carbon dioxide emissions. In the context of the airport, ESRSs related to pollution (including greenhouse gas emissions) and affected communities may be of particular relevance, as some nuisance from the presence of the airport - from excessive traffic to increased noise - arises for residents in the surrounding area. In accordance with the IATA document, (energy) resource management is of significance, as indicated in ESRS E5 on Resource Use and Circular Economy. Ongoing efforts are being made to adopt the new international standard ISO 53001, designed to assess the attainment of sustainability goals. Consequently, it serves as a response and tool for the CSRD.

In summary, airports are one of those places that, even if they will not be required to report non-financially under the Directive, the external considerations will have an influence on the need to obtain non-financial data and take actions in the ESG area.

The Authors see a need for future research in this area. Firstly, there is still a lack of scientific papers on ESG issues in air transport, and thus, our study fills a scientific gap. Furthermore, it is a second aspect, our research is helpful for decision makers creating regional air transport policy and airport managers.

Limitations | The analysis of foundational data is extremely important in the case of sustainability reporting, as the subject matter is new and a theoretical foundation needs to be created for it. However, it should be noted that material dedicated to airports does not exist at the moment. In addition, it is worthwhile to start conducting research and interviews in the given field, as they can be a valuable source of information exchange and support airports in developing a sustainable approach to business.

Conclusions The implementation of sustainability in air transport, including airports, is covered in various studies and guidelines, making it difficult to implement sustainable solutions. Some airports, meeting the criteria of the CSRD, will be obliged to report under the regulations. Others, in all likelihood, will be asked about ESG criteria by their contractors as an important part of the value chain. Because of this, sorting out the sustainability of airports in a formal and legal context is important. ESG reporting will significantly influence the evaluation of contractor selection. Key contractors, such as carriers, will choose airports based on the outcomes of balanced reporting. Consequently, it is crucial to develop an ESG strategy and reporting, even if not currently mandated, to enhance competitiveness.

References

Elkington, J. (1998) Cannibals with Forks: The Triple Bottom Line of the 21st Century. Stoney Creek: New Society Publishers.

European Commission (2023) Corporate sustainability reporting. European Commission. Available at: https://finance.ec.europa.eu/capital-markets-union-and-financial-markets/company-reporting-and-auditing/company-reporting/corporate-sustainability-reporting.en (Access 19.12.2023).

Directive 2014/95/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 October 2014 amending Directive 2013/34/EU as regards disclosure of non-financial and diversity information by certain large undertakings and groups. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32014L0095(Access 20.06.2023).

European Parliament and European Council (2022). Directive (EU) 2022/2464 of the Parliament and of the Council. Official Journal of the European Union. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32022L2464 (Access 20.06.2023).

IATA (2021) Fly net zero. Available at: https://www.iata.org/en/programs/environment/fl ynetzero/ (Access 20.06.2023).

Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2023/2772 of 31 July 2023 supplementing Directive 2013/34/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards sustainability reporting standards. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32023R2772 (Access 22.01.2024)

IATA Report “Sustainable Aviation Fuel”; Available at: https://www.iata.org/en/iata-repository/pressroom/presentations/saf-gmd2023/ (Access 24.01.2024)

ISO 53001 - Management Systems for UN Sustainable development goals – RequirementsAvailable:https://www.iso.org/standard/86672.html (Access 24.01.2024)

The role of venture capital and private equity in the Portuguese market

2024-12-31T11:25:46+00:00

The main contribution of this study on the Portuguese market, spanning 2000 to 2022, is to analyze whether venture capitalists and private equity investors create value for the companies they are financing and whether the gains persist in the medium-long run, thus contributing to the long-term financial sustainability of the financed companies.

Práticas de Conservação de Água em Empresas de Enoturismo em Portugal

2024-12-31T11:25:46+00:00

Objetivos | Reconhecido pela forte tradição vitivinícola e pela beleza das suas paisagens vinícolas (Guedes & Rebelo, 2019), Portugal tem apostado no enoturismo como forma de dinamizar os destinos vinícolas. Esta aposta tem permitido atrair um número crescente de turistas ávidos por experiências vinícolas únicas, sendo o enoturismo uma atividade em franco crescimento no país (Maduro, Guerreiro, & de Oliveira, 2015). No entanto, a sustentabilidade destes destinos e deste setor depende, em grande parte, da conservação de um recurso natural essencial: a água. Este recurso desempenha um papel central tanto no processo vitivinícola, como na promoção de experiências turísticas (Alonso, Bressan, Kok, & O’Brien, 2021). Neste contexto, a conservação da água numa perspetiva de sustentabilidade tem dois grandes benefícios. Em primeiro lugar, assegura a viabilidade a longo prazo da indústria vinícola e dos serviços turísticos associados. Em segundo, ajuda a preservar os ecossistemas aquáticos locais e a qualidade de vida das comunidades residentes nestes destinos que dependem deste recurso. É pois imperativo compreender e valorizar a importância da conservação da água a nível do enoturismo em Portugal. Neste sentido, há necessidade de refletir sobre as práticas sustentáveis atuais de gestão da água pelo enoturismo em Portugal. Além disso, para uma visão mais profunda sobre esta temática, é essencial também investigar os determinantes que podem influenciar as decisões sobre a adoção destas práticas por parte dos decisores destas empresas. Para tal, este estudo tem como objetivos principais: i. Investigar o estado das práticas de conservação da água atualmente em vigor nas empresas de enoturismo em Portugal: identificar os principais serviços/atividades oferecidas e refletir sobre os seus gastos de água, bem como analisar as medidas e tecnologias utilizadas para reduzir o consumo e o desperdício deste recurso; ii. Identificar e analisar os principais determinantes na adoção dessas práticas por parte dos empresários e decisores: fatores que impulsionam (motivadores) ou dificultam (barreiras) a adoção de práticas de conservação de água por parte dos empresários e decisores das empresas de enoturismo, bem como os benefícios associados à implementação das mesmas.

Metodologia | A metodologia de investigação utilizada no presente trabalho adota a triangulação inter-métodos. Neste sentido, optou-se por dois tipos de recolha de dados primários (Fase I e Fase II), onde foi utilizado o método misto de investigação de natureza distinta: qualitativa (Fase I – inquérito por entrevista em profundidade semiestruturada) e quantitativa (Fase II – inquérito por questionário). A amostra, em ambas as fases, é composta por está direcionada aos proprietários/gestores ou decisores das empresas vitivinícolas com serviços e atividades de enoturismo. Na fase I, um total de representantes de 10 empresas mostraram-se disponíveis para participar no estudo. Após a codificação das empresas (E1 – E10), utilizou-se a organização dos dados das entrevistas e posteriormente análise de conteúdo através do Software MaxQDA (22). Na fase II, foram recolhidos até ao momento um total de 78 questionários completos válidos. O programa Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) (versão 29.0) está a ser utilizado no tratamento de dados desta fase.

Principais resultados e contributos | Relativamente ao objetivo I deste trabalho os principais serviços/atividades oferecidas são as provas de vinhos, as visitas às adegas/vinhas e loja de compra. A oferta de experiências gastronómicas, programas de vindimas ou piqueniques são também referidas por uma parte das empresas. Os gastos e desperdícios de água estão associados principalmente com a lavagem de utensílios utilizados nas provas, bem como na limpeza e utilização das infraestruturas de apoio. As práticas de conservação da água são sobretudo de baixo custo e estão centradas principalmente na mitigação do desperdício e redução do seu consumo.

Para o objetivo II deste estudo, os resultados do estudo qualitativo destacam que as principais motivações para a adoção de práticas de gestão dos recursos hídricos são de natureza interna – pressão interna individual. Esta pressão está relacionada com a necessidade de preservar o património agrícola da família e a preocupação de que essa questão possa afetar o futuro da empresa e da sociedade em geral. Essas conclusões são consistentes com os dados preliminares quantitativos que indicam os fatores individuais como os principais motores da adoção destas práticas. Ambos os resultados referem que o principal benefício esperado está vinculado à redução de custos. Os entrevistados identificaram principalmente uma barreira interna organizacional como o principal obstáculo à adoção dessas práticas. Essa barreira está relacionada com as questões financeiras, especificamente o "custo de implementação das práticas". Ao examinarmos os dados quantitativos, os resultados evidenciam principalmente obstáculos externos (instituições), em particular a "falta de apoio financeiro institucional", "falta de uniformidade de normas", bem como “incentivos ambientais muito burocráticos”.

A nível de contributos, este artigo pretende dar início à reflexão sobre as estratégias de gestão hídrica no setor do enoturismo em Portugal, assim como identificar os determinantes que moldam as decisões dos empresários nessas estratégias. Trata-se de um trabalho pioneiro dado que adota uma abordagem multidisciplinar, incorporando quatro subdisciplinas, nomeadamente na área da sustentabilidade, marketing, psicologia e turismo. Estas contribuições têm o potencial de serem aplicadas em políticas públicas ambientais, orientar práticas empresariais, contribuir para campanhas de marketing social mais eficazes e inspirar pesquisas futuras no campo da sustentabilidade.

Limitações | Este estudo apresenta algumas restrições que requerem consideração na interpretação dos resultados. A nível do estudo qualitativo, é importante notar que as empresas analisadas estão situadas exclusivamente em duas das catorze regiões vitivinícolas de Portugal. Mais precisamente, a região predominante neste estudo é a dos Vinhos Verdes. Esta região é caracterizada por uma elevada pluviosidade e uma abundância de recursos hídricos, o que a diferencia das regiões de Portugal que enfrentam problemas significativos de escassez de água. É plausível argumentar que essas condições climáticas favoráveis podem influenciar atitudes e comportamentos pró-ambientais, possivelmente atuando como uma barreira à adoção de práticas de conservação de recursos hídricos. No que concerne ao estudo quantitativo, é pertinente observar que, devido à recolha de dados estar ainda em progresso, o tamanho da amostra atual é relativamente limitado. Esta circunstância impõe a necessidade de abordar os resultados com moderação e de ponderar cuidadosamente as conclusões.

Conclusões | Os objetivos deste estudo foram formulados com base nas lacunas identificadas na revisão da literatura sobre enoturismo sustentável, com foco na gestão hídrica. Apesar de vários estudos abordarem a sustentabilidade de maneira geral, poucos investigaram de forma abrangente as práticas de conservação da água no contexto do enoturismo em Portugal. Assim, no âmbito do estudo empírico, devido à limitada disponibilidade de informações, foi necessária uma recolha de dados exploratórios para aprofundar o conhecimento. As informações fornecidas constituíram a base para a segunda fase do estudo empírico. Os resultados aqui apresentados são preliminares e necessitam de um maior aprofundamento ao nível da análise estatística, e de um aumento na dimensão da amostra. As informações apontam a preocupação ambiental e a preservação do património agrícola como motores importantes na tomada de decisões das empresas. No entanto, também há barreiras significativas que limitam a implementação dessas práticas. Estes dados devem ser trabalhos para aprimorar o desempenho das empresas, considerando a vital importância da preservação da água no contexto do enoturismo em Portugal. Isso não apenas promove a sustentabilidade do setor, mas também protege os recursos hídricos e o bem-estar das comunidades.

Referências bibliográficas

Alonso, A. D., Bressan, A., Kok, S. K., & O’Brien, S. (2021). Filling up the sustainability glass: Wineries’ initiatives towards sustainable wine tourism. Tourism Recreation Research, 0(0), 1–15. DOI: 10.1080/02508281.2021.1885801

Guedes, A., & Rebelo, J. (2019) Merging wine and tourism-related services: evidence from the Douro (Portugal) Wine Region. Journal of Wine Research, 30(4), 259-274. DOI: 10.1080/09571264.2019.1652152

Maduro, A. V., Guerreiro, A., & de Oliveira, A. (2015). The industrial tourism as enhancer of local develo pment case study of Alcobaca Wine Museum in Portugal. Pasos Revista De Turismo Y Patrimonio Cultural, 13(5), 1129–1143. DOI: 10.25145/j.pasos.2015.13.077

Creative tourism and regenerative design

2024-12-31T11:25:47+00:00

Objectives| This article presents the congruences and divergences between creative tourism and regenerative design by analyzing the process of drawing up Recife's creative tourism plan for 2019 - 2021. The work is a case study carried out by analyzing the content of the reports on the process of drawing up Recife's 2019-2021 creative tourism plan and the experience of the researcher.

Methodology| This is a case study, as it aims to analyze regenerative tourism through the experience of drawing up the creative tourism plan for Recife 2019 - 2021. In addition to a bibliographical review of specialized literature, data was collected through documentary research and participant observation. The data was analyzed using content analysis.

Main findings and contributions| The analyses suggest that creative tourism as an activity has dynamics that drive the establishment of regenerative cultures since it can help transform the worldview of the people involved. The significant differential of creative tourism as a transformative practice is establishing learning relationships and using art/creativity as a platform for this action. It can be seen that the regenerative elements of creative tourism applied to the process of drawing up the creative tourism plan have contributed to the establishment of an integrative public policy, the results of which feed back into the system and drive it towards new actions expanded beyond the spaces directly related to creative tourism. The study shows that creative tourism has the potential to impact the tourism model that is practiced in Recife.

Limitations| This research is a particular case study of the Recife ecosystem; the findings may not be generalizable to other places or tourism dynamics. It would be very beneficial for the field of creative tourism studies if it could be replicated in other creative tourism ecosystems in order to understand how the characteristics of creative tourism behave.

Conclusions| Creative tourism uses art as a platform for expressing encounters and learning, making it a potent activity for integrating and transforming world views. By connecting with the place through creative activity, people connect with themselves and access dormant resources; the activity generates meaning for them in connection with the place.

The dynamics of the creative tourism development model in Recife show characteristics of regenerative design and are a starting point for thinking about a regenerative tourism development model. Issues such as looking at the place through the lens of abundance and presenting it from the point of view of its potential can influence the way travellers look at the destination and revise the power relations between the centre and the periphery, as well as the way the locals look at themselves, their knowledge and their territory, which has an impact on their belief in themselves and their confidence that other realities are possible.

Belief in oneself and the possibilities expands engagement in actions. It strengthens popular co-participation and governance and gives legitimacy to the processes and resolutions arising from this dynamic. This makes it possible to reach and influence spaces not directly related to the daily reality of creative tourism, thus influencing processes and opening up space for other ways of operating.

Learning is fundamental in creative tourism, both as a product and a process. Learning is an essential dynamic in regenerative systems because it favours an empathetic outlook when one understands the other person's reality, increases the system's repertoire and contributes to an adaptive and resilient ecosystem.

References|

Almeida, L.F.L. (2020) Turismo Criativo: Uma viagem por culturas, encontros e Experiências. Rio de Janeiro: Bambual Editora

Cerqueira, R.R. (2014) Governança compartilhada e desenvolvimento territorial. In: Jordan, A. (ORG) IADH Atua – Referências para uma prática em desenvolvimento local/territorial. Recife: IADH

Dredge, D. (2022). Regenerative tourism: Transforming mindsets, systems and practices. Journal of Tourism Futures, 8(3), 269–281. https://doi.org/10.1108/JTF-01- 2022-0015

Duxbury, N., Bakas, F. E., de Castro, T. V., & Silva, S. (2021). Creative tourism development models towards sustainable and regenerative tourism. Sustainability (Switzerland), 13(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13010002

Duxbury, N; Richards, G. (2019) Towards a research agenda for creative tourism: developments, diversity, and dynamics. In: A research agenda for creative tourism, United Kingdom: Edward Elgar Publishing, p.1–14.

Gibbons L.V. Regenerative—The New Sustainable? Sustainability, 12, 5483, 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12135483

Molina, S. (2011) Turismo creativo: el fin de la competitividade. Santiago, Chile: Escritores.

Reed, B. (2006). Shifting our mental model, Rethinking Sustainable Construction conference, Florida, EUA.

Remoaldo, P.; Matos, O.; Gôja, R.; Alves, J.; Duxbury, N. Management Practices in Creative Tourism: Narratives by Managers from International Institutions to a More Sustainable Form of Tourism. Geosciences, 10(2), 46, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10020046

Richards, G. (2018). Panorama of Creative Tourism Around the World. Seminário Internacional de Turismo Criativo. Recife. Dezembro

Richards, G. (2011). Creativity and tourism. The state of the art. Em Annals of Tourism Research (Vol. 38, Número 4, p. 1225–1253). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2011.07.008

Richards, G., & Raymond, C. (2000). Creative tourism. ATLAS News, 23,16–20.

Rodrigues, S.L.; Souza, M. (2015) O papel das Governanças na regionalização do turismo. Revista Brasileira de Ecoturismo, São Paulo, v.8, n.2, mai/ago, pp.234-250.

Schianetz, K. & Kavanagh, L. & Lockington, D. (2007). Concepts and Tools for Comprehensive Sustainability Assessments for Tourism Destinations: A Comparative Review. Journal of Sustainable Tourism. 15. 10.2167/jost659.0.

Secretaria Adjunta de Turismo (2016). Plano de Turismo Criativo de Brasília. Brasília: SEBRAE/DF. Disponível em: http://www.turismo.df.gov.br/wp- conteudo/uploads/2017/11/Plano-de-Turismo-Criativo_.pdf acessed in 30 de agosto de 2020

Secretaria de Turismo de Porto Alegre (2013). Programa Porto Alegre Criativa. Porto Alegre.

Secretaria de Turismo, Esporte e Lazer (2018). Plano de Turismo Criativo de Recife. Cartonera Editora. Disponível em: http://turismocriativo.visit.recife.br/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/plano_turismo_criativo.pdf acessado em 30 de agosto de 2020

Sharma, B. & Tham, A., (2023). Regenerative Tourism: Opportunities and Challenges Journal of Responsible Tourism Management, Vol.3(1), pp.15-23 2023 https://doi.org/10.47263/JRTM.03-01-02

Silva, L. A., Paiva Júnior, F. G. de, & Santana, R. C. B. de. (2021). O turismo criativo na agenda política e urbana: possibilidades de contribuição para os objetivos do desenvolvimento sustentável. Revista Turismo Em Análise, 32(2), 323-343. https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.1984-4867.v32i2p323-343

Sivesan, S. (2019). Challenges of sustainable tourism in ancient cities: a case study based on Kandy, Sri Lanka. Journal of Business Studies 6 (1). http://doi.org/10.4038/jbs.v6i1.42

Tucker, H., (2016), empathy and tourism: Limits and possibilities, Annals of Tourism Research, 57, issue C, p. 31–43, https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:eee:anture:v:57:y:2016:i:c:p:31-43.

van der Duim, V. R., Lamers, M. A. J., & van Wijk, J. J. (Eds.) (2015). Institutional Arrangements for Conservation, Development and Tourism in Eastern and Southern Africa: A Dynamic Perspective. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9529-6

Wahl, D. C. (2020) Design de Culturas regenerativas. 2ª ed. Rio de Janeiro: Bambual Editora.

The stories of the unheard: travel border-crossing and mobility injustice

2024-12-31T11:25:48+00:00

Objectives | Cross-border travel or overseas travel, facilitated with low-cost airline, has become the contemporary reality of the tourism industry. Travellers’ experiences of crossing the airport border, however, vary depending largely on their backgrounds (such as nationality, religion, appearance, and even accents) as well as the geopolitics of the border they are crossing in relation to the passport they are holding (Zare & Ye, 2023). To safeguard sovereignty, dehumanising practices, such as racial stereotyping and risk profiling have become normalised at airports, leaving many negative encounters unnoticed (Stephenson, 2006). The nuanced nature and impacts of these encounters were largely underexamined in the tourism literature, which gave birth to this study.

The assemblage theory will serve as a conceptual lens to understand the different components (human/non-human) that come together and influence social processes (Volo & Wegerer, 2023). Thus, this study aims to explore the various encounters of travellers passing through airport border control upon arriving at the destination airport. Through stories and associated memory journals, we hope to unpack the discourses that underpin the unequal and differentiated traveller experiences at the border.

Methodology | This study used a qualitative interview approach (Small, 1999; Pinnegar & Daynes, 2007) to examine the multi-faceted nature of travellers’ border-crossing at airports. By engaging with multiple voices and memories, this approach enables multiple meanings and understandings of a continuously constructed border-crossing reality to emerge, with aims to address and resist certain expressions of power, especially for those who were marginalized in terms of travel freedom (Torabian & Miller, 2022). Thematic and discourse analysis will be used to analyse data.

Main Results and Contributions | Preliminary findings have shown that international travellers undergo tremendous physical strains standing in long immigration queues and a broad range of negative emotions from fear, anxiety, and intimidation to anger, shock, feeling of intrusion, and shame. Some of these emotions continue during the trip and long after the holidays. Despite questioning the process of treatment at the airport border, many travellers opt to not voicing their concerns.

At times, travellers expressed strong reactions towards the often uncertain identities being questioned at the border. In some extreme cases, travellers were placed into immobility, such as being taken to the inspection rooms or being asked to wait without an estimated indication of time or reasons. Another observation was the constant rationalization and self-blame amongst some participants. Some stated that the reputation of their passport or stereotypes associated with certain ethnicities justified the treatments they have to endure at the border.

This study responds to the growing attention related to freedom of movement within the tourism industry and seeks to address concerns faced by many travellers. The usage of assemblage theory to unpack the overlooked discriminative border treatment expands our understandings of border encounter as more than the spatial definition (visible borders) and extends to the socially constructed and non-literal context of the border. This study also recognizes the airport border as a problematic, ethical and power-infused space. Travelers endure emotional, social, physical, and cognitive challenges that require further academic & industry attention.

Conclusions | Understanding tourists’ border encounters at the destination is of great importance for industry and policymakers. Problematising the border space is the first step in surfacing the experiences and challenges crossing airport border. Through such understandings, more humane and dignified approaches to border policing could be adapted.

Can the subaltern speak in Creative tourism?

2024-12-31T11:25:49+00:00

This study aims to discuss, from a decolonial perspective, the relationship between tourist activity and the local, specifically the tourist-host relational dynamic in the context of creative tourism. The study proposes a reflection on the power dynamics within tourism and whether creative tourism can be a practice associated with the emancipation of the host community.

The attractiveness of Porto as a pet-friendly destination

2024-12-31T11:25:49+00:00

Este estudo tem como objetivo investigar de forma abrangente o facto de o Porto ser um destino turístico pet-friendly e determinar em que medida este destino acolhe os visitantes que viajam com os seus animais de estimação. Os objetivos específicos incluem a avaliação da presença de instalações pet-friendly no Aeroporto do Porto, a análise da acessibilidade e das opções de transporte para os visitantes com animais de estimação, a investigação da disponibilidade de alojamento pet-friendly em plataformas como a Airbnb e a Booking, e a identificação de restaurantes e estabelecimentos de restauração que acolhem visitantes com animais de estimação, com especial destaque para o The Fork. Além disso, o estudo pretende avaliar a inclusividade das atividades e atrações turísticas no Porto para quem se faz acompanhar de animais de estimação, com base nas categorias mais populares no TripAdvisor. Pretende também mapear a localização de hospitais veterinários, clínicas, lojas de animais e parques para cães na cidade, e avaliar a acessibilidade de serviços como pet sitting e dog walking no Porto. Através destes objetivos específicos, a investigação pretende fornecer informações valiosas para compreender e melhorar o turismo pet-friendly na vibrante cidade do Porto.

A política nacional de turismo no Brasil pelas lentes do Serviço Nacional de Informações - 1970-1979

2024-12-31T11:25:49+00:00

A pesquisa recorreu à história do regime militar no Brasil para compreender um dos traços marcantes dos regimes de exceção: a vigilância, aqui entendida como investigação e espionagem. O trabalho se deteve na vigilância exercida pelo Serviço Nacional de Informações (SNI) sobre os meios governamental e empresarial do turismo no país. A justificativa repousa na necessidade de conhecer se e em que medida a formulação, implantação e condução da política nacional de turismo no Brasil foi objeto das instâncias de investigação e espionagem formalizadas no Governo Federal durante o período da ditadura militar

The Nexus Between Human Development and Tourism

2024-12-31T11:25:49+00:00

This study analyses how tourism affects human development (HD) in ten countries during a twenty-four-year period from 1996 to 2019 using a panel estimation approach. The Human Development Index (HDI) that represents health, knowledge and standard of living was adopted as a dependent variable. Apart from tourist arrivals, the study includes relevant variables such as jobs, government effectiveness and political stability. Findings reveal that tourist arrivals have a weak relationship with jobs, political stability and HDI. Tourism has only a slight impact on HD. Interestingly, political stability has a significant and positive relationship to HD. This suggests that a peaceful and stable political environment improves HD.

Climate and Its Effects on International Tourism to Uzbekistan

2024-12-31T11:25:50+00:00

Tourism industry is highly sensitive to climate change and can significantly affect tourist’s behaviour and destination choice. This study analyzes the impact of climate change on tourist arrivals to Uzbekistan from 67 countries using traditional gravity models for the period 2008-2018. The results reveal that tourism demand of Uzbekistan is not highly dependent on climate issues however, average temperature and precipitation have significant effects.

Impacts of the User-Generated Content on Travel Decision-Making and Destination Image: A Systematic Literature Review

2024-12-31T11:25:50+00:00

This study aims to map the evolution of research on the role of user-generated content (UGC) in travel decision-making and destination image (DI).

Making communities a central part of tourism’s future: the Maceira – Embaixadores D’Aldeia project

2024-12-31T11:25:50+00:00

Objectives | This project defined as main objectives, the following: (1) promote sustainable development by prioritizing the preservation of the local environment and cultural heritage; (2) preserve its cultural, heritage and tourist identity and simultaneously developing solid strategies to promote tourism; (3) offer an accessible and inclusive village community tourism concept, linked to the initiatives and experiences of the resident community; (4) and integrate the tourist offer with the heritage reality of the village in particular and the region in general, by offering experiences based on the observation of the built historical heritage, interaction with cultural heritage and production.

Methodology | This project was implemented from September 10, 2020 to June 30, 2023 in Maceira, in the municipality of Fornos de Algodres. Based on this case study, general indicators were defined, specifically with regard to the level of participation, characterization of participants, satisfaction rate, occupancy of tourist accommodation establishments and the number of entities associated with the project. Specific indicators were also defined to each activity in order to define metrics that would make it possible to quantify and gauge the level of implementation of the project and its real impacts. The methodology adopted was quantitative and qualitative, using two types of data collection sources: primary, by the application of questionnaires in person and interviews to the participants and stakeholders, and secondary, including literature review and the analysis of pre-existing data in official documents and sources.

Main Results and Contributions | A total of 27 households were directly involved, with a total of 44 individuals, spread across various age groups (children, young people, adults and seniors), and in this sense, intergenerationality was promoted within the scope of the activities, bringing multiple benefits among the beneficiaries. As planned, all the work carried out had an indirect impact on other individuals, namely the rest of the population living in Maceira and neighboring towns, the visitors who were involved in various activities, and the various institutional partners. The implementation rate of the proposed activities was over 95%. This project had a total of 27 entities providing services to the project, in addition to 5 entities as social investors, thus broadening the scope of the impact. According to the analysis of the results from the collection methods applied in the various activities, the level of satisfaction of the participants and the community was very high, a factor that reinforces the commitment made. This project fostered the transmission of local culture and heritage, enhancing and preserving it, while also promoting local development, especially in the tourism sector. The aim was to focus on genuine tourism and experiences, where visitors are invited to take part in the daily lives of the ambassadors/residents.

Limitations | The main limitation occurred during the project’s duration period was the COVID-19 pandemic. To overcome this threat, those responsible for implementing the project were resilient and showed a high level of adaptability, restructuring the initial planning and creating very creative solutions that added value to the project. The fact that the project had a very limited territorial scope was also a limitation.

Conclusions | UNWTO is supporting communities as they prepare to welcome visitors back and realize the potential of tourism to kickstart recovery and drive sustainable and inclusive growth. This project has created a base of work and outreach that must be leveraged in the future, because this, like any project, must not stop or stagnate. The experience and knowledge of the Ambassadors, as well as that of the project promoter and its partners, should be used to continue the work. The active participation of the village's population, i.e. the Ambassadors, the main figures in this project. The village's most valuable asset is undoubtedly its people, who have the knowledge and wisdom, the experience and the experiences that are important to share with those who visit Maceira. This participation has given the Ambassadors a great sense of belonging. It was quite clear that the local community was particularly motivated to take part in the various activities, which led to a clear increase in their self-esteem. The presence of project content on different digital communication channels has made the project more visible and known, contributing to its success, and the participants in these actions have come to value their community and their contribution to the project even more.

References

Fulgêncio, E. (2012). Projeto de Desenvolvimento Comunitário Maceira – uma Aldeia Cultural. Dissertação de Mestrado em Animação Artística: Instituto Politécnico de Viseu. Disponível em: http://hdl.handle.net/10400.19/1701

INE (2023, junho 25). Website do Instituto Nacional de Estatística. https://www.ine.pt

Junta de Freguesia de Maceira (2023, julho 15). Website da Junta de Freguesia de Maceira. https://www.jf-maceira.pt/

Marques, A. (2010). Da Construção do Espaço à Construção do Território. Fluxos & Riscos-Revista de Estudos Sociais, 1- 1), pp. 75-88.

Muller, S., Amaral, F. & Remor, C. (2010). Alimentação e Cultura: Preservação da Gastronomia Tradicional. Anais do VI Seminário em Pesquisa e Turismo do MERCOSUL. Caxias do Sul, Brasil: Universidade de Caxias do Sul.

Projeto Embaixadores D´Aldeia (2023, julho 15). Website do Projeto Maceira – Embaixadores D’Aldeia. https://embaixadoresmaceira.com/

Santos, D. (2011). Dos Modelos De Desenvolvimento Local Aos Projetos de Animação Cultural: Conceitos, Dimensões E Desafios. Consultado em: http://hdl.handle.net/10400.11/1009

Thananusak T, Suriyankietkaew S. (2023) Unpacking Key Sustainability Drivers for Sustainable Social Enterprises: A Community-Based Tourism Perspective. Sustainability; 15(4):3401. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15043401

Coopetition in the hospitality sector

2024-12-31T11:25:53+00:00

Objectives | Since the late 20^th century, sustainable development has become a major driving force for the world’s economic development. The announcement of the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals in 2015 has further reinforced the need and effort to actively contribute to sustainable development. The tourism and Hospitality Sector has realised the need to follow this movement towards sustainability. Although there is an ongoing scholarly discourse on the definition of sustainable tourism (Asmelashy and Kumar, 2019), the movement towards sustainable tourism has been identified as a challenge and guiding philosophy at the same time (Bogren and Soerensson, 2021). Fragile ecological settings and cultural sensitiveness of touristic regions, fast-paced technical development and rising awareness of social well-being are further factors that need to be considered when adopting sustainable tourism practices (Asmelash and Kumar, 2019; Bogren and Soerensson, 2021).

A successful and smooth transition towards a more sustainable tourism sector requires a willingness to adopt current business models and strategies (Christ et al., 2017). Therefore, our contemporary business environments require the ability to engage in complex, paradoxical business activities (Lewis 2000, Manzhynski and Biedenbach 2023). The concept of coopetition, in which the advantages of cooperation and competition are combined to generate value and achieve collaboration amongst competitors, represents such a paradoxical activity (Christ, Burritt et al. 2017)(Christ et al., 2017; Lee and Roh, 2023; Manzhyanski and Biedenbach, 2023).

The purpose of this research is to examine the potential and practice of coopetition strategies among SMEs in addressing sustainability issues. Over 10 (inter-)national reusable cup-sharing schemes, which are based on coopetition strategies to achieve sustainability for tourists and local residents, have been investigated. A reusable cup-sharing scheme aims to reduce environmental impact, i.e., plastic waste and energy use, by providing beverages in reusable cups for a small deposit. The scheme requires a carefully constructed ecosystem, building on the principle of coopetition for sustainability, comprising a platform operator, cafes and restaurants, bio-based cup suppliers, logistics companies, cup washing operators, local authorities, and residents and visitors in a geographically defined catchment.

This analysis compares and contrasts existing reusable cup-sharing schemes in Europe and internationally on four themes: (1) Business model, (2) Ownership, (3) Geographical Coverage, and (4) Financial arrangements. In doing so, key motivations to join the coopetition and key barriers for the scheme to operate and scale up were identified. Furthermore, the level of coopetition is analysed, and any correlation between operational activities and the level of coopetition is investigated.

Methodology | This study follows an abductive approach and multiple-case analysis. This is commonly applied in case studies and action research. The approach of abductive reasoning allows the combination of real-life observation with the matching of theoretical insights (Spens and Kovács, 2006). As abductive reasoning starts with a real-life observation, data was collected in three phases. First, reflections on an implemented cup scheme; second, drawing upon a secondary data analysis with existing cup schemes on an international level; third, reflection on expert meetings with founders and project managers from one cup scheme.

The data was analysed based on a thematic analysis of each of the cases. A thematic analysis involves the coding of qualitative information. This method allows the breaking of the data and gathered information into components and themes, ultimately allowing the identification of patterns and occurrences (Bryman and Bell, 2015).

Main Results and Contributions | The study investigated ten European-based reusable cup schemes based on the four criteria of (i) business model, (ii) financial ownership, (iii) geographical coverage, (iv) financial aspects. Based on these criteria, a level of coopetition is derived, and a possible correlation between operational activities and the levels of coopetition is investigated.

Preliminary findings indicate that cup-sharing schemes can be classified into three business models: direct sales, subscription-based model, and joint-purchase model. However, due to complexities in the business model and organisational design of the individual schemes, the likelihood of cooperations or the private sector owning the scheme is higher. Successful schemes indicated easy accessibility for customer convenience. It is omnipresent that cup-sharing schemes are being trialled in easily accessible regions with high footfall. Financial support is predominantly given by private organisations with a strong affinity toward sustainability issues. In addition, preliminary findings suggest that smaller, community-based cup schemes maintain a higher level of coopetition than nationwide schemes. Reasons for that are assumed to be linked to logistical and operational aspects, such as equipping business partners with cups and washing and cleaning processes. Further noticeable is the strong focus of all schemes on enhancing the quality of local communities. A prominent reason for establishing the scheme in the first place is the reduction of single-use waste and the reduction of littering on the streets of the community. Further findings are to highlight the level of coopetition and possible linkages to the five criteria, with the tendency that smaller, community-based cup are operating on a higher level of coopetition.

Limitations | The study acknowledges some limitations, this includes, amongst others, the geographical coverage of selected cup schemes. It provides a snapshot of the European cup-schemes.

Conclusions | The research analyses different cup-sharing schemes based on four characteristics. In doing so, key motivations and barriers for the scheme to operate and scale up were identified. This is particularly useful for practitioners who aim to implement such schemes. In addition, the research contributed theoretically by developing a coopetition strategy model.

References

Asmelash, A.G., & Kumar, S. (2015). Assessing progress of tourism sustainability: Developing and validating sustainability indicators. Tourism Management, (2019) 67-83.

Bogren, M., & Soerensson, A., (2021). Tourism companies’ sustainability communication – creating legitimacy and value. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 21:5, 475-493.

Bryman, A., & Bell., E. (2015). Business Research Methods. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Christ, K.L., Burritt, R.L., & Varsei, M. (2017). Coopetition as Potential Strategy for Corporate Sustainability. Business Strategy and the Environment, 26, 1029-1040.

Lee, M.-J. and T. Roh (2023). Unpacking the sustainable performance in the business ecosystem: Coopetition strategy, open innovation, and digitalization capability." Journal of Cleaner Production 412.

Manzhynski, S., & Biedenbach, G., (2023). The knotted paradox of coopetition for sustainability: Investigating the interplay between core paradox propertieis. Industrial Marketing Management: 110: 31-45.

Post-crisis communication: towards destination’s image repair or destination’s resilience creation?

2024-12-31T11:25:57+00:00

Objectives and background | This study aims at discovering the impacts of crisis communication on destination’s image in the most recent crisis or disasters (from 2017 to 2021, both years included). In these years, several studies analysed diverse crises or disasters that negatively impacted the tourism sector, such as natural disasters- tsunami in Indonesia in 2004, Gurkha earthquake in Nepal in 2015, Hokkaido Eastern Iburi (2018) and Kumamoto (2016) earthquakes in Japan or the eruption of Mount Merapi volcano in Indonesia in 2010-, financial crisis as the Greek economic recession (2005-2015), political-related crisis, like the refugees crisis in 2016, terrorism attacks such as the ones in Barcelona and Cambrils (Spain) in 2017, or the most global recent global health crisis: the COVID-19 pandemic. Those events can have negative effects on destinations’ image or reputation (Schroeder et al., 2018) and influence tourists’ travel intention (Zenker et al., 2019). Therefore, Destination Marketing Organizations must implement crisis communication strategies focused on diminishing tourists’ risk perception-that may affect destination image and reputation- to lessen the impacts of these events on the tourism activity (Yeh, 2021) . This research provides the ‘research fronts’, the most updated themes in a scientific field (Price, 1965), which are useful to obtain a general overview of the crisis communication strategies of the most recent events. This overview is complemented with the emerging themes of future research that result from the analysis. Those topics constitute a research agenda for scholars and a guide for DMOs in their future crisis communication strategies.

Methodology | The study was mainly conducted with a bibliometric methodology, to identify the new issues in a scientific field and their behaviour over time (Fernandez-Alles & Ramos-Rodriguez, 2009). Particularly for this research, a bibliographic coupling was used, since it is considered the best bibliometric technique to obtain emerging themes of future investigation (Zupic & Cater, 2015). The bibliometric analysis was carried out with 129 academic papers extracted from Web of Science database focused on crisis communication for destinations and dated from 2017-2021 (both years included). The bibliographic coupling was complemented with a h-Classic classification, to detect the most relevant academic literature in this field, following the guides of Martinez et al., (2014), and a thematic analysis. According to Braun & Clarke, (2006) this qualitative methodology contributes to the study of the organization and relationship between the most common themes in a certain field.

Main Results and Contributions | The bibliographic coupling provides 4 clusters in which the ‘research fronts’ (clusters 1 and 2) and the emerging themes of research (clusters 3 and 4) are identified. The results shows that the identified ‘research fronts’ refer to how crisis communication strategies are based on the concept of ‘safety’ for destinations’ image repair after the outbreak of any kind of crisis or disaster, and how the collaboration among the tourism stakeholders is beneficial in those situations to create destinations’ resilience. The emerging themes of research are related to the DMOs’ post-crisis communication strategies, and how those models aim at reducing tourists’ risk perception and, thus, encouraging travel intention. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first bibliometric study specifically focused on crisis communication for destinations’ image. It offers insights about crisis communication models developed in the most recent crises and disasters and practical guides for DMOs’ strategies in upcoming events or post-crisis scenarios.

Discussion | The results in this study showed the relevance of crisis communication strategies for the creation of the image of ‘safe destinations’, both during a crisis or a disaster or in the post-crisis scenario, coinciding with previous research, such as the one by Mair et al., (2016). In the current post-digital era, those messages of ‘safety’ should be conveyed using a combination of channels: traditional media and digital environment (Bhati et al., 2021). Beyond repairing destinations’ image or reputation, the last global crisis, the COVID-19 pandemic, highlighted the relevance of collaboration between all the stakeholders in tourism sector to create destination’s resilience (Zenker & Kock, 2020). In the post-COVID-19 era, the creation of a conceptual and integrative model of destination resilience is considered the most adequate response to ensure destinations’ sustainable development (Traskevich & Fontanari, 2021). The emerging themes of research obtained in this study refer to the post-crisis communication strategies, opening new paths of investigation, to discover if those models should include the message of ‘safety’ to reduce risk perception and boost travel intention, if they should return to ‘business as usual’ pre-crisis strategies, or if they should potentiate new sustainable tourism practices that contribute to create resilient destinations (Hall et al., 2020).

Conclusions |

The last global crisis, the COVID-19 pandemic, was unprecedented compared to the most recent crises or disasters, due to its specific characteristics (eg. globalization, lockdowns, duration, and development in the post-digital era), and that was reflected on DMOs’ crisis and post-pandemic crisis communication strategies. The models focused on the concept of ‘safety’ to diminish tourists’ risk perception and to repair a damaged destination image used in past events resulted useless for this crisis, as the global spread of the disease did not damage destinations’ images (Geysi & Yalçinkaya, 2023). With a lack of tourists’ risk perception and negative effects on destinations’ images, in the post-pandemic scenario the crisis communication strategies were more focused on recovering tourism activity, encouraging tourists to travel again, with a “business as usual” focus (Hall et al., 2020), more than based on creating destinations’ resilience.

Limitations | The main limitations of this study are related to the inherent ones of the used methodology to identify ‘research fronts’, and the analysed period of time (from 2017 to 2021, both years included). The conclusions are based on the most recent global crises and disasters, so they lack the findings in this field from the research conducted prior to 2017.

References

Bhati, A. S., Mohammadi, Z., Agarwal, M., Kamble, Z., & Donough-Tan, G. (2021). Motivating or manipulating: the influence of health-protective behaviour and media engagement on post-COVID-19 travel. Current Issues in Tourism, 24(15), 2088–2092. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1819970

Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa

Fernandez-Alles, M., & Ramos-Rodriguez, A. (2009). Intellectual Structure of Human Resources Management Research: A Bibliometric Analysis of the Journal Human Resource Management, 1985-2005. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 60(1), 161–175. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.20947

Geysi, N., & Yalçinkaya, Ü. L. (2023). City Branding in #stayhome Era: Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Official Tourism Instagram Account Uses of New York City and London. Abant Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 23(2), 1211–1229. https://doi.org/10.11616/asbi.1270613

Hall, C. M., Scott, D., & Gossling, S. (2020). Pandemics, transformations and tourism: be careful what you wish for. Tourism Geographies, 22(3, SI), 577–598. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2020.1759131

Mair, J., Ritchie, B. W., & Walters, G. (2016). Towards a research agenda for post-disaster and post-crisis recovery strategies for tourist destinations: a narrative review. Current Issues in Tourism, 19(1), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2014.932758

Martinez, M. A., Herrera, M., Lopez-Gijon, J., & Herrera-Viedma, E. (2014). H-Classics: characterizing the concept of citation classics through H-index. Scientometrics, 98(3), 1971–1983. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-013-1155-9

Price, D. J. D. (1965). Networks of scientific papers. Science, 149(3683), 510-.

Schroeder, A., Pennington-Gray, L., Kim, H., & Liu-Lastres, B. (2018). Using the media’s tweets to broaden previous conceptualizations of political travel risks. Tourism Management Perspectives, 26, 107–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2018.03.001

Traskevich, A., & Fontanari, M. (2021). Tourism Potentials in Post-COVID19: The Concept of Destination Resilience for Advanced Sustainable Management in Tourism. Tourism Planning & Development, 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/21568316.2021.1894599

Yeh, S.-S. (2021). Tourism recovery strategy against COVID-19 pandemic. Tourism Recreation Research, 46(2), 188–194. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2020.1805933

Zenker, S., von Wallpach, S., Braun, E., & Vallaster, C. (2019). How the refugee crisis impacts the decision structure of tourists: A cross-country scenario study. Tourism Management, 71, 197–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.10.015

Zenker, S., & Kock, F. (2020). The coronavirus pandemic - A critical discussion of a tourism research agenda. Tourism Management, 81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2020.104164

Zupic, I., & Cater, T. (2015). Bibliometric Methods in Management and Organization. Organizational Research Methods, 18(3), 429–472. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428114562629

In Between Welcome and Unwelcome: The Airport Border-Crossing Experiences of Non-Resident Citizens

2024-12-31T11:26:05+00:00

Objectives | Freedom of movement has been recognised as a fundamental human right by national and international legislation and regulatory bodies (Aitchison, 2023). However, inequalities are prevalent in many settings. Prime examples of such settings are liminal spaces such as airport borders, where, in the name of national security, systematic ‘othering’ of the passengers dictates who is ‘us’ and who could be potentially ‘them’ and thus not being allowed entry (Zare & Ye, 2023). In the process of identifying ‘them’, many legal travellers, including international visitors, students, or skilled workers with legal status in the host country, are scrutinized and treated as if they pose a threat. The ‘guilty until proven innocent’ attitude at the borders towards legal residents who may have been living, working and paying taxes at the host country for a long time could create a sense of weariness and never quite belonging. Not having the passport of the host country (the objective dimension of the belonging) casts shadows the individuals’ sense of attachment and affection to the place (the subjective dimension of belonging) (Antonsich's, 2010; Yuval-Davis, 2006). Therefore, this study explores the predominant airport border experiences of non-citizen residents of countries including students and skilled workers. The focus of this exploration is on deconstructing travellers’ experiences with the airport border procedures and to gain insight on the impacts of these events, especially immigration encounters on residents’ senses of welcome and belonging to the host country.

Methodology | Using a purposive sampling, semi-structured interviews were carried out with 10 non-citizen UK university lecturers. The Orchestra model (Pearce, 2011) was used as a framework to help interviewees deconstruct their experiences step by step. Pearce's (2011) Orchestra Model of the Tourist Experience suggests that travellers’ experiences need to be examined from five aspects: physical, emotional, cognitive, behavioural and social.

Demographic Information were critical to understand the impacts of intersectionality on individuals’ border-crossing experiences. Therefore, with prior consent, age, nationality, visa type, travel companion, the length of residence in the UK, origin and destination airports were obtained from the interviewees. The participants were asked to describe key parts of their encounter with the immigration office at the border (critical incidents). Then, they were asked about their perception of the treatment they received, as well as how this experience impacted their sense of belonging and welcome to the host country. The Thematic analysis was adopted to identify recurring themes, patterns, and insights from the participants' narratives (Braun & Clarke, 2006). Each interview question was aligned with pre-existing themes linked to the five components of the orchestra model. The themes were refined iteratively through a continuous comparison between the data and the underlying theoretical concepts.

Main Results and Contributions | Findings depicted that the airport border encounters for non-citizen residents returning home were physically, emotionally, cognitively, behaviourally, and socially challenging. Sitting for long in aeroplane and then standing in extensive queues at the border control, humans are bodily, emotionally, and cognitively stretched. The findings also demonstrated that the reality of border practices is often onerous, discriminatory, and hostile. Previous studies have noted the inequality in mobility rights and the normative profiling practices among international tourists at the airport border control, shaped by an amalgam of historical colonial orders, capitalist-oriented ways of thinking and asymmetrical power (Bianchi, Stephenson & Hannam, 2019; Torabian & Mair, 2017; Zare & Ye, 2023,). This study drew specific attention to the often-overlooked segments of non-citizen residents and their border encounters. The result of this study, therefore, underscores the significance of questioning today’s hyper-normalised and standardized airport border practices (Bal. et al., 2022). Surfacing the unheard voices, understanding the diverse travellers’ experiences, and employing design-based frameworks (Pearce & Zare, 2017) can be a step forward in improving border-crossing experiences.

The accounts in this study also revealed that holding passports from the country-of-origin outweigh having valid long-term visas and biometric resident cards in receiving fair and sensible border scrutiny. The participants’ legal status (residents but not citizens) versus their subjective affections and attachments to their life in the host country created a sense of dissonance among residents. This situation is described by Yuval-Davis (2006) and Antonsich's (2010) as dictating rather allowing negotiation for ‘belonging’.

Limitations | As an exploratory study, the scope focused primarily on the skilled workers in higher education and PhD students’ experiences when entering or exiting the UK. It is arguable that the occupations of the participants are traditionally respected, thus possibly leading to partial border experiences. Future studies could expand the populations and explore a more diverse range of border-crossing experiences.

Conclusions | Theoretically, the routine airport crossings of non-citizen residents returning to their home countries have remained largely unquestioned. This study contributes to the knowledge by bringing to light these underrepresented voices. It unveils negative effects of border-crossing experiences on migrants’ sense of belonging and welcome and responds to the theoretical calls for exploring the ways in which more hospitable, welcoming, and inclusive spaces could be fostered (Chambers, 2022). Practically, the aim of this study was to draw attention to the fact that airport borders are often hostile rather than hospitable places for many travellers, regardless of their legitimate legal status. The key issue arises from the massive asymmetry of power and the absence of visible or easily accessible mechanism for border-crossers to voice their objections (Aitchison, 2023). In almost every other context, travellers are valued as customers with full rights to hold the service provider accountable in case of service failure (Wattanacharoensil, et al., 2017). A reform in the current philosophy, assumption and operation of the border control procedures is, therefore, necessary.

References

Aitchison, G. (2023). Border-crossing: immigration law, racism and justified resistance. Political Studies, 71(3), 597-615.

Antonsich, M. (2010). Searching for belonging–an analytical framework. Geography compass, 4(6), 644-659.

Bal, M., Brookes, A., Hack-Polay, D., Kordowicz, M., & Mendy, J. (2022). The Absurd Workplace: How Absurdity is Normalized in Contemporary Society and the Workplace. Springer Nature.

Bianchi, R. V., Stephenson, M. L., & Hannam, K. (2020). The contradictory politics of the right to travel: mobilities, borders & tourism. Mobilities, 15 (2), 290-306.

Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative research in psychology, 3(2), 77-101.

Chambers, D. (2022). Are we all in this together? Gender intersectionality and sustainable tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 30 (7), 1586-1601.

Pearce, P. L. (2011). Tourist behaviour and the contemporary world. Multilingual Matters.

Pearce, P. L., & Zare, S. (2017). The orchestra model as the basis for teaching tourism experience design. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 30, 55-64.

Torabian, P., & Mair, H. (2022). Insurgent citizens: mobility (in) justice and international travel. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 30(2-3), 392-407.

Wattanacharoensil, W., Schuckert, M., Graham, A., & Dean, A. (2017). An analysis of the airport experience from an air traveler perspective. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 32, 124-135.

Yuval-Davis, N. (2006). Belonging and the politics of belonging. Patterns of prejudice, 40 (3), 197-214.

Zare, S., & Ye, I. Q. (2023). Contested tourists' border-crossing experiences. Annals of Tourism Research.

Enhancing resilience in tourism destination assemblages through smart governance

2024-12-31T11:26:09+00:00

Objectives |

This research introduces various epistemological dimensions of resilience to address the challenge of tourism destinations facing the existing lack of consensus and the various contrasting viewpoints considered in the resilience field. The paper aims to emphasize the complexity of tourism destinations as multiplicities in which people, nature, economy, and politics are interconnected within a single socio-ecological assemblage (Cheer and Lew, 2018; Jovicic, 2019; Hartman, 2021). It highlights that destinations are intricate socio-ecological assemblages where various elements are interconnected and cannot be studied in isolation (Hall, 2018). The paper suggests a different approach to governance structures (Hartman, 2018) that emphasizes adaptive governance to encourage the emergence of well-coordinated tourism and non-tourism components at destinations (Briassoulis, 2017; Lew et al., 2017; McKercher, 1999). In this context, governance structures that consider resilience across scales and sectors become crucial for anticipating changes and making resilient decisions (Hartman, 2018; Amore et al., 2018).

Methodology |

The paper begins with a comprehensive literature review aimed at identifying existing debates, perspectives, and gaps in the understanding of resilience in tourism. It then develops a conceptual framework that integrates concepts from various sources, including socio-ecological assemblages, panarchy, adaptive governance, and smart technology. To achieve this, the authors argue for the establishment of a tourism intelligence system that utilizes big data technology and both quantitative and qualitative indicators. This system enables the prediction of various scenarios (Gibson and Tarrant, 2010; Kitchin et al., 2015), paving the way for the formulation of pro-resilient decisions. These decisions consider the entire elements of the socio-ecological assemblage and their interactions from a multi-scalar holistic perspective (Getimis, 2012).

Main Results and Contributions |

This paper seeks a significant contribution by providing a comprehensive conceptual understanding of resilience in social-ecological tourism assemblages. It achieves this by expanding resilience to encompass ecological, social, political, and economic dimensions, offering a more holistic perspective. Additionally, the paper introduces a new governance approach emphasizing adaptability and coordination across tourism destination components. Furthermore, the proposal of a tourism intelligence system utilizing smart technology offers a practical solution for tracking scenarios and making informed, pro-resilient decisions. By considering resilience across different scales and sectors, the paper underscores the importance of a multi-scalar governance approach in tourism destinations. Importantly, the paper's insights have potential policy implications. It advocates for changes in governance structures and the implementation of technological systems to enhance the resilience of tourism destinations.

Limitations |

The conceptual model proposed is not substantiated through direct testing or validation in a real-world context. Consequently, there exists a compelling need for further empirical research to ascertain the practical applicability of these theoretical constructs. Hence, it is imperative to complement this conceptual work with empirical investigations in the future, to ensure that the theoretical foundations are robust and have tangible implications in practical settings.

Conclusions |

The evolution of resilience within the tourism sector signifies a paradigmatic shift from a narrow economic-centric orientation to a comprehensive, interrelated perspective. This departure from the conventional trajectory of returning to equilibrium post-disturbance underscores the imperative for a continuous state of adaptive flux. However, extant governance frameworks manifest inherent deficiencies in addressing these intricate dynamics, often exhibiting fragmentation across scales and domains. The theoretical underpinning of assemblage theory proffers an integrative framework that accords equal valuation to all constituent elements, thereby advocating for a mode of governance characterized by adaptability. The effective stewardship of tourist destinations as "multiplicities" mandates a nuanced, malleable approach. Implementing governance structures that are both multi-tiered and multi-sectoral, guided by meta-governance principles. Within this context, the incorporation of smart tourism strategies, underpinned by the integration of open data and technological facets, assumes a pivotal role in augmenting resilience.

References

Amore, A., Prayag, G. & Hall, M. (2018) Conceptualizing destination resilience from a multilevel perspective. Tourism Review International, Vol. 22, pp. 235–250

Briassoulis, H. (2017). Policy integration for complex environmental problems: The example of Mediterranean desertification. Routledge.

Cheer, J. and Lew, A. (2017). Understanding tourism resilience: Adapting to social, political, and economic change. Routledge.

Cheer, J. M., and Lew, A. A. (2018). Tourism, Resilience and Sustainability. Oxon: Routledge.

Getimis, P. (2012) Comparing Spatial Planning Systems and Planning Cultures in Europe. The Need for a Multi-scalar Approach, Planning Practice & Research, 27 (1), pp.25-40. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/02697459.2012.659520

Gibson, C.A. & Tarrant, M.. (2010). A 'conceptual models' approach to organisational resilience. Australian Journal of Emergency Management. 25, pp.6–12. Available at: https://onx.la/8775e

Hall, M. (2018) Resilience theory and tourism. In Saarinen, J. and M. Gill, A. (Eds.) Resilient Destinations and Tourism. Governance Strategies in the Transition towards Sustainability in Tourism. 3. Routledge.

Hartman, S (2021) Destination governance in times of change: a complex adaptive systems perspective to improve tourism destination development. Journal of Tourism Futures, pp 1–12. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1108/JTF-11-2020-0213

Hartman, S. (2018) Resilient tourism destinations? Governance implications of bringing theories of resilience and adaptive capacity to tourism practice. In: Innerhofer, Fontanari & Pechlaner (Eds.) Destination Resilience – Challenges and Opportunities for Destination Management and Governance. (pp. 66–75). Abingdon: Routledge. Available at: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203701904-5

Jovicic, D (2017). From the traditional understanding of tourism destination to the smart tourism destination. Current Issues in Tourism. 22, pp.1–7. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2017.1313203

Kitchin, R., Lauriault, T. P., and McArdle, G. (2015). Knowing and governing cities through urban indicators, city benchmarking, and real-time dashboards. Regional Studies, Regional Science, 2(1), pp.6–28. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/21681376.2014.983149

Lew, A. (2014) Scale, change and resilience in community tourism planning, Tourism Geographies, 16 (1), pp.14–22, Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2013.864325

McKercher, B. (1999) A chaos approach to tourism, Tourism Management, 20 (4), pp.425–434, Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(99)00008-4

Governança para adaptação às mudanças climáticas: Um estudo multinível com enfoque no setor de turismo

2024-12-31T11:26:13+00:00

O estudo tem como objetivo analisar a governança dos instrumentos político-normativos para a adaptação às alterações climáticas em um contexto multinível - Portugal, Área Metropolitana de Lisboa e Cascais - com enfoque no setor do turismo. A pesquisa tem natureza exploratória e documental, o método utilizado foi análise de conteúdo. Os principais resultados revelam uma falta de coordenação entre os três níveis de governança analisados. Em nível local, houve uma forte influência de uma rede externa de origem europeia. A participação do setor de turismo a nível nacional foi restrita, com predominância de representantes estatais. No entanto, houve um aumento da participação do setor em âmbitos regional e municipal, especialmente por meio de workshops. Cascais desenvolveu um plano estratégico específico para a adaptação do setor de turismo, porém, careceu de envolvimento de atores-chave do setor, como empresas e associações, levantando preocupações sobre sua representatividade e participação na governança.

O Turismo de Eventos nas Políticas Públicas das Cidades

2024-12-31T11:26:14+00:00

Tal como acontece com as outras atividades econômicas, o turismo necessita de ser planejado de forma harmoniosa para assim beneficiar o destino turístico em questão e os seus residentes (Dalonso et. al, 2014; Uvinha, 2016). Buscando entender os impactos do turismo de eventos na melhoria da qualidade de vida nas cidades, este estudo tem como objetivo compreender a influência dos eventos na construção das políticas públicas do município de Joinville, SC, Brasil. A partir da utilização do método qualitativo de pesquisa, por meio da aplicação de questionário à stakeholders relacionados ao segmento do turismo de eventos, bem como pela análise documentos oficiais e estratégicos da cidade, pretende-se elucidar o efetivo impacto do turismo de eventos na implementação políticas públicas que visem melhorias na qualidade de vida das populações residentes.

Learning and researching with others: Go-alongs and nature-based tourism

2024-12-31T11:26:14+00:00

Objectives | If academia is to do its part in re-thinking and transforming tourism, there is an urgent need for innovative methodologies and methods. Tourism research and higher education in tourism need to move beyond traditional ways and means of scientific reasoning if sustainable tourism development and regenerative tourism is to be part of the solution to counterfeit climate change challenges and the biodiversity crisis.

The need for innovative tourism methodologies and methods is especially urgent when nature is a focal actor, with whom academics wish to actively engage during and through research practices and processes. Tourism scholars saliently call for more collaborative and participatory methodologies focusing on researching with others and nature. Research where researchers not only talk but also walk and increasingly drive, wheel, train, bicycle or something else with others (e.g. Anderson, 2004; Carpiano, 2009; Evans & Jones, 2011; Reed, 2002). These methods can be classify as go-alongs and the potentials of go-alongs deserve closer attention and deeper discussions.

The aim of this presentation is to problematize potentials of go-alongs as a method and means to knowledge creation in tourism research and higher education. In doing so, the presentation draws in two separate streams of research: The former focusing on researcher-participant interactions, the latter on student-teacher interactions. Across these two strands of research, the paper discusses the potentials and limitations of go-alongs for research, respectively higher education within tourism.

Methodology | This paper draws in two separate strands of research, the purpose of both is to unfold the potentials of go-alongs for participatory tourism research and education with nature and others.

The first strand of research focuses on potentials of go-alongs for participatory research with tourists, residents and second-home owners. This study included 34 go-alongs with around 100 participants (Duedahl & Blichfeldt, 2020). Aiming to explore and test the potentials of go-alongs identified in the first research, the second strand of research, the TriWadWalk 2022, focuses on potentials of go-alongs for higher education in tourism. The aim of this research was to explore the potentials of go-alongs for better teacher-student interactions with each other and nature. TriWadWalk 2022 aimed to explore routes to more integrative science for the Wadden Sea Region (https://www.rug.nl/triwadwalk-2022-crossing-borders-blending-perspectives). The TriWadWalk 2022, with support from the Common Waddensea secretariat; the Faculty of Spatial Sciences; the Wadden Academy; University of Southern Denmark and the European Union Erasmus Program, brought together a core group of ten scholars and ten students from Germany, the Netherlands and Denmark, who moved through the Wadden Sea Region by foot, bike, boat and train to blend perspectives from different scientific fields.

Main Results and Contributions | The first 35 go-alongs were led by participants (residents and tourists) and forced researchers to navigate with others while being led along by others through literal and figurative unknown terrains of nature, socially engaging with others, (dis)empowerment and embodiment (Duedahl & Blichfeldt, 2020). The TriWadWalks documented how being-in nature and being-with others, as well as the 1:1 ration of students and teachers, allowed for more vivid and equalitarian interactions between students and teachers than traditional classroom teaching. However, the TriWadWalks also showed that being-in and being-with others and nature does not automatically erase academic hierarchical positionalities or segregation. Therefore, the potentials of go-alongs for higher education can only be unfolded insofar teachers and students can navigate both the four unknown terrains identified in the first stream of research and the unknown terrain of leaving behind traditional academic hierarchical structures and positionalities: Accepting to be-along and go-along on more equal terms than traditional university settings and structures inspire.

Limitations | The research is qualitative and explorative and does therefore not generalize statistically. However, the findings may generalize analytically and thus, the five unknown terrains presented in this paper may apply to other tourism research in and with others and nature.

Conclusions | Go-alongs are a set of innovative, participatory methods, which may enhance potentials for being-in and being-with others and nature. To unfold these potentials, researchers need to embrace being-along in and with nature as the social and bodily navigation of unknown terrains with others. In the case of go-alongs with tourist and residents the researcher especially needs the develop and nurture abilities to navigate unknown terrains of nature; unknown terrains of socially engaging with others; unknown terrains of (dis)empowerment and unknown terrains of embodiment. In the case of unfolding go-alongs’ potentials for higher education in tourism, students and teachers furthermore need to navigate the unknown terrains of fluidity and need to develop the ability to leave traditional academic positionalities behind.

References

Anderson, J. (2004). Talking whilst walking: A geographical archaeology of knowledge. Area, 36(3), 254–261. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0004-0894.2004.00222.x

Carpiano, R. M. (2009). Come take a walk with me: The “go-along” interview as a novel method for studying the implications of place for health and well-being. Health & Place, 15(1), 263–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2008.05.003

Duedahl, E. & B. Blichfeldt (2020): To walk the talk of go-along methods. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality & Tourism.1-21.

Evans, J., & Jones, P. (2011). The walking interview: Methodology, mobility and place. Applied Geography, 31(2), 849–858. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2010.09.005

Reed, A. (2002). City of details: Interpreting the personality of London. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 8(1), 127–141. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9655.00102

Os museus enquanto elemento ancora dos destinos turísticos

2024-12-31T11:26:15+00:00

Objetivos | Os museus são espaços de fruição turista, como tal os turistas procuram nos mesmos experiências que vão muito além da função da função cultural e educacional, ou seja, atividades de cocriação, de interação de experiências multissensoriais (Carvalho & Duarte, 2021). Nesse contexto, em vários destinos os museus recebem visitas turísticas não são o principal motivo da deslocação turística. Por ouro lado, existem destinos como Bilbau que criara uma estratégia de marketing turístico do destino assente num museu (Kotler, 2015). Nesse sentido, o presente estudo tem como principal objetivo analisar se os museus podem ser um elemento ancora dos destinos, sendo a visitação ao mesmo a principal motivação da deslocação turística e levando ao desenvolvimento do destino.

Metodologia | Para tal, o presente trabalho acorou-se na análise dos comentários na plataforma TripAdvisor por parte dos visitantes, totalizando a analise de 7821 comentários (1780 Guggenheim Museum Bilbao, 343 La Cité du Vin e 5698 Madame Tussauds London). No entanto, de forma a responder ao objetivo e tendo em consideração a diversidade dos museus, pretende-se ainda contribuir para discussão deste tema através da aplicação do modelo “Business Model Canvas” (Osterwalder e Pigneur, 2010) aos seguintes museus: Guggenheim Museum Bilbao, La Cité du Vin (Bordeus) e ao Madame Tussauds London, tendo por base os comentários analisados.

Principais resultados e contributos | Após análise dos comentários, constatou-se que tanto no Guggenheim Museum Bilbao quanto no museu La Cité du Vin, os visitantes destacam principalmente a arquitetura. Considerando a origem dos comentários, a maioria dos clientes é europeia, mas a procura interna também é significativa. No entanto, a valorização da experiência é comum a esses museus. Os visitantes consideram-nos imersivos, elogiando a qualidade das esculturas em cera e a história de Londres no Madame Tussauds London, o design e as esculturas de cães e flores (tulipas) no Guggenheim Museum Bilbao, e a experiência sensorial do mundo do vinho na La Cité du Vin.

Apesar das diferenças entre os museus em funcionalidade, tema e arquitetura, a "proposta de valor" para os visitantes é a base estratégica, criando experiências diferenciadas e imersivas como fatores de atração. Isso permite que os gestores dos destinos compreendam que os museus podem ser âncoras dos destinos turísticos e impulsionadores do desenvolvimento territorial, desde que o modelo de negócio priorize a qualidade da experiência, design e uma temática envolvente.

Os canais de venda e comunicação dos museus são semelhantes, incluindo presença em redes sociais, sites próprios e venda de bilhetes por meio de parceiros, como agências de viagens. Em relação à "relação com os clientes", a interação ocorre principalmente na aquisição de bilhetes, mas alguns museus, como La Cité du Vin e Madame Tussauds London, adotam estratégias de registo em plataformas para compartilhar fotografias e novidades.

As receitas provêm da venda de bilhetes e de souvenires em todos os museus, mas o Madame Tussauds London também obtém receitas com bar, acesso ao cinema 3D e fotografias com figuras de cera da família real. A La Cité du Vin gera receitas extras com provas de vinhos especializadas, vendas de vinhos, formações e aluguer de espaços, enquanto o Guggenheim Museum Bilbao e o La Cité du Vin têm restaurantes.

Os recursos-chave incluem conhecimento e tecnologia nas áreas temáticas para melhorar a atração nos espaços museológicos. As atividades-chave variam entre os museus, mas a experiência imersiva é o ponto comum, destacando-se atividades como a observação do cão e flores no Guggenheim Museum Bilbao, o sentido do olfato e provas de vinhos na La Cité du Vin e visitas e fotografias com figuras de cera no Madame Tussauds London.

Os parceiros-chave incluem artistas no Guggenheim Museum Bilbao, produtores de vinho na La Cité du Vin e escultores de bonecos de cera no Madame Tussauds London, com os municípios e agentes turísticos sendo parceiros-chave em todos eles. Os custos envolvem manutenção, segurança, recursos humanos, promoção/divulgação, pagamento de serviços e aquisição de novas atrações, entre outros.

Por último, importa referir que os museus La Cité du Vin e o Guggenheim Museum Bilbao são os locais mais visitados nos seus destinos pelo que se depreende que funcionam como recursos ancora dos destinos. No entanto, o Madame Tussauds London, apesar de ser dos locais mais visitados segundo as avaliações na plataforma, não é o primeiro nem o único recurso turístico com destaque em Londres, pelo que não se pode afirmar que o mesmo seja um produto ancora do destino.

Limitações | A principal limitação prende-se cm a impossibilidade de aplicação de inquéritos aos visitantes, analisando mais detalhadamente os fatores de atratividade turística por cada segmento de visitantes. Por outro lado, seria interessante verificar por parte dos gestores dos museus qual a estratégia que os mesmos consideram ser seguida pelos museus e se os entende com fatores ancora dos destinos.

Conclusões | Os museus podem ser elementos ancora dos destinos turísticos, no entanto, nem todos os museus conseguem tal feito, para tal é necessário que a estratégia dos mesmos tenha como alicece principal a atratividade dos mesmos. Nesse sentido, fatores como a temática, a arquitetura e as experiências assumem um papel fundamental. Nesse contexto, qualquer destino pode englobar na sua estratégia de desenvolvimento turístico um museu ancora.

Gastrodiplomacy in the Bairrada wine region (Portugal)

2024-12-31T11:26:16+00:00

A gastronomia, em sentido amplo, é um grande desafio para a expansão do turismo. A maioria dos destinos portugueses destaca o vinho e a comida na sua promoção, mesmo que nem todos tenham uma marca de património alimentar claramente identificada pelos clientes. Assim, será crucial o desenvolvimento de uma estratégia de comunicação online que contribua de forma decisiva para a visibilidade de Portugal e para aumentar a sua notoriedade nos mercados nacionais e internacionais. As dimensões diplomáticas da gastronomia e do turismo têm sido reconhecidas e estudadas há muito tempo, dando origem ao termo “gastrodiplomacia”, que se refere a campanhas concertadas e sustentadas de relações públicas e a investimentos por parte dos governos, muitas vezes em colaboração com intervenientes não estatais, para aumentar o valor e o posicionamento da marca nacional através da gastronomia (Rockower, 2020). Perante as alterações da procura, os destinos (liderados pelas entidades regionais) devem promover a ligação entre a gastronomia, o património alimentar local e a cultura, para responder às expectativas de autenticidade e qualidade dos clientes. Com base num contexto teórico de expansão das fronteiras dos patrimónios alimentar,es e com o objetivo de potenciar a competitividade regional, definimos como questão de partida “Como os municípios da Bairrada constroem a sua identidade e dão notoriedade aos patrimónios vitivinícola e alimentar tradicionais?”. A Bairrada (situada no Centro de Portugal) é o território em estudo, onde foi implementada uma técnica de recolha de dados qualitativos (análise de conteúdo de websites). Foram definidos dois objetivos principais: 1- Identificar os atores responsáveis pela promoção das marcas gastronómicas regionais/locais e o papel destes “embaixadores”; 2- Explorar o conteúdo dos seus websites de forma a encontrar um padrão de marketing estratégico para os patrimónios alimentares. Considerando um ponto de vista multilateral do património alimentar, os resultados mostraram um território com grande potencial.

Considerando um ponto de vista multistakeholder dos patrimónios alimentares, os resultados mostraram um território com enorme potencial enogastronómico, necessitando no entanto de algum investimento na comunicação online, conteúdo, serviços, interactividade, inovação e eficiência .

Multi-generational Employee Recruitment and Retention in Visitor Attractions in Scotland

2024-12-31T11:26:17+00:00

The research aimed to investigate the issues associated with the recruitment and retention of visitor-facing employees in Scottish visitor attractions and to explore anecdotal evidence of issues arising as a result of an increasingly multi-generational workforce.

Machine Translation in Tourism: Implications for the Hospitality Industry

2024-12-31T11:26:18+00:00

Objetivos | Accelerated globalization and advancements in mobility have implied an increased contact between different linguistic tourism markets. Despite the centrality of language in the tourism phenomenon, this relationship has scarcely been analyzed in tourism literature. However, communication across different languages is essential for successful intercultural communication, negotiation, and persuasion in the context of international tourism. However, despite the importance of language skills, the increasing globalization of the tourism industry makes it unlikely that an individual acquires sufficient knowledge in all the languages that they might encounter either as a host or as a guest. In addition, human translators are not at hand in all situations, and they imply costs. Hence, machine translation (MT), i.e., automatic translation, may be a viable alternative in many situations. In the past few years, advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) have led to a rampant evolution in the field of human translation – e.g., the Google Translate app alone had been downloaded one billion times by March 2021. However, despite the impact of this technology on society, businesses and individuals, the implications of these developments for how individuals communicate across languages have been scarcely analyzed by previous literature, and the use of MT in the tourism sector remains as a huge research gap to be filled.

The present study aims to analyze the use of MT tools in the hospitality industry. It answers the following research question: What are the implications of MT use in the hospitality industry? The specific research objectives of this study are: i) to investigate perceptions and satisfaction with MT use among hotel employees and managers; ii) to analyze how MT technology is used by hotel employees (i.e., name of MT tools used, types of circumstances, purposes, frequency of use, used languages, use of text vs. speech translation etc.); iii) to ascertain potential risks and limitations of MT use; iv) to determine the relevance of improving MT literacy among hotel employees and managers, and strategies for improving such literacy; and v) to find out technological improvements desired by different types of hospitality businesses.

Metodologia | This study adopted a qualitative approach. Firstly, we carried out semi-structured in-depth interviews with experts in several fields, including both academic and business experts (e.g., translation, computational linguistics, machine translation, artificial intelligence, and tourism). Secondly, we carried out interviews 30 with hotel employees and hotel directors in Barcelona and Lisbon. Content analysis was carried out with the assistance of the software MaxQDA.

Principais resultados e contributos | The main contributions of this study are: i) a better understanding of how MT technologies can benefit the hospitality industry, considering both businesses and tourists; ii) promoting MT literacy and an appropriate use of MT tools, considering its risks, limitations and drawbacks; iii) and providing directions for how MT technology could further develop to satisfy businesses and employees’ desires and needs. Theoretically, we contribute to the scarce literature on technology-mediated communication in the tourism context.

Limitações | This study had a qualitative nature. Therefore, results cannot be generalized to other contexts.

Conclusões | The increasing reliance on machine translation (MT) in the globalized tourism sector necessitates an understanding of its implications in the hospitality industry. This research underscores the potential of MT as a valuable tool, facilitating communication across diverse linguistic barriers. While MT promises increased efficiency and reduced costs, it is essential for hospitality professionals to be literate in its use, and cognizant of its limitations. Despite the importance that the interviewees assigned to MT, the majority did not consider that it presently replaces the need for employees to acquire language skills. As language technology (e.g., ChatGPT) continues to advance, ongoing research is essential to track the evolving implications addressed in this study

Referências bibliográficas

Stewart, D. (2019). English for tourism in the non-native English classroom: Machine translation and corpora. In: M.J. Ennis & G.M. Petrie (Eds.), Teaching English for Tourism: Bridging Research and Praxis (pp. 114-130). Routledge. DOI: 10.4324/9780429032141

Vieira, L. N., O’Sullivan, C., Zhang, X., & O’Hagan, M. (2022). Machine translation in society: insights from UK users. Language Resources and Evaluation. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10579-022-09589-1

Yamada, M. (2019). Language learners and non-professional translators as users. In M. O’Hagan (Ed.) The Routledge handbook of translation and technology (pp. 183-199). Routledge. DOI: 10.4324/9781315311258-11

The Potentials of rural Tourism in the Communities Around Hluhluwe iMfolozi Park, South Africa

2024-12-31T11:26:21+00:00

Governments have traditionally sought to develop rural areas through tourism. Rural communities are noticeably undergoing major socioeconomic crisis, necessitating the transformation and diversification of rural livelihoods. As a result, tourism is increasingly being used as a tool for community development with the aim of promoting community participation and inclusion in tourism planning and activities.

Jardins e o efeito COVID-19: as perceções dos gestores

2024-12-31T11:26:22+00:00

Objectives | Gardens are attractions in their own right. As such, a garden visit can be considered the most popular form of contemporary outdoor leisure activity (Benfield, 2013, 2021). The positive trend worldwide in garden visitation growth was only interrupted by the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. The consequences of this disruption, particularly for tourist attractions and tourism in general, are still being determined and it will take a long time to effectively assess them and understand their extent and depth. Sources of information are mainly reports on the impact on tourist gardens produced by the gardens themselves or by garden associations, and they show in particular a drop in visitor numbers, revenue, or staff employed. Besides these generalist impacts, some studies also examine the environmental impacts, the safety measures adopted, and the strategies implemented to reach the public (Hodor et al., 2021; Silva & Carvalho, 2023). More concrete opinions that go beyond the essentials of the COVID-19 effect in these visitable spaces are yet to be established. The purpose of this work is to find out what garden managers believe about the COVID-19 effect on gardens. The focus is on two main areas, the visiting and the managing, from both a general perspective and related specifically to the garden managed.

Methodology | A quantitative and exploratory research approach was applied to a group of selected gardens considered major tourist attractions, which included Portuguese gardens and gardens from the European Route of Historic Gardens (ERHG). A total of 33 sites contributed to this study, of which about 60% are from Portugal and the rest are from Spain, Italy, Germany, Poland and Greece. The data were obtained through an online survey questionnaire applied to the managers in the last quarter of 2021. For the present work the following topics were evaluated: i) general considerations about the effects of the pandemic on gardens; ii) garden management and visitation during the pandemic and post-COVID-19 periods, regarding their own gardens. A five-point Likert scale was used for the evaluation to quantify the data more easily and obtain more detailed answers that revealed different stages of opinions. A simple descriptive analysis was performed.

Main results and contributions | Regarding the first topic, the positive effects of the pandemic stand out. These effects were particularly related to the gardens’ attractiveness and image. Diverting the domestic public to visit gardens due to the pandemic was the effect with the greatest consensus among respondents (reaching a mean of 4.0 on a Likert scale of 1 to 5). According to them, gardens were the most popular option for visits at the end of lockdown periods (3.9), and gardens even become the most popular attraction in the context of a pandemic (3.7). This latter perception is more pronounced for the ERHG gardens. However, managers disagreed with the fact that there is still a reluctance to visit gardens (2.0), taking them safe places to visit during a pandemic. Regarding the second topic, the managers stress that gardens were able to adapt to the safety requirements imposed (4.4), and also to seize the opportunity offered by the pandemic (3.6), thus revealing their resilience, ability to adapt and be proactive. These features are reflected in the intensification of digital actions (3.5), made possible by investment done in digital platforms (3.4), and the development of new points of interest (3.4), with an emphasis on the ERHG gardens, as a way of keeping in touch with the public and attracting new visitors. Managers also agree that the gardens were an alternative choice to visit during the pandemic and an alternative for domestic visitors, too (3.9), just as the local public has (re)discovered the gardens, which attracted new visitors (3.7). Regarding the reasons to visit a garden during the pandemic, two aspects were highlighted: one related to the general safety and the perception of low risk of virus transmission in gardens (4.1); and the other associated with specific features of gardens such as their spaciousness, the open air, and the contact with nature (4.2), the search for peace, quiet, and relaxation (4.1), and finally the renown of the garden (4.0). In terms of post-COVID-19 perceptions, managers outline a positive scenario for gardens, they expect an increase in visitors, particularly from abroad, and are more skeptical about the local market. According to them, the digital innovations implemented will remain in place (3.8), a position that features more strongly among the Portuguese gardens.

Limitations | First, these results are restricted to a small sample of gardens, which compromises the generalization of the results. In addition, some relevant tourist gardens didn’t answer, and the information provided by them could have enriched this research, either by consolidating the results or taking them in a different direction. This situation reflects not only a lack of awareness of the importance of participating in this type of study, but also resistance to sharing information. The Associations to which most of the gardens belong should raise awareness among their members about this particular issue. Second, the absence or scarcity of empirical investigation compromises the comparative analysis of evidence and the enrichment of scientific knowledge.

Conclusions | The COVID-19 period has become one of the most disruptive and challenging periods in the recent history of tourism. There were huge consequences, which are still being counted and which we are still trying to understand. In the case of gardens, the findings of this study go further than merely establishing the obvious and immediate consequences. They not only show the resilience of these spaces and their capacity to adapt, they also make it clear that they can create conditions to position themselves as alternative, safe places to visit, maximizing the opportunity offered by the circumstances. On the one hand, the general public, especially the local community, are clearly relevant; and on the other hand, the investment made in digitalization through the different platforms, has been very significant, although with different levels between the gardens. Both elements were determinant in resuming and maintaining these attractions during the pandemic. These findings are in line with conclusions already drawn in relation to certain other destinations or attractions, such as museums. These results could complement research literature about visiting and managing gardens during disruptive crises, notably during COVID-19, for which studies are very scarce. They could also provide some important insights to support strategies to prevent and/or mitigate future negative aspects resulting from disruptive circumstances.

COVID-19, Saúde mental e integração de políticas públicas no planejamento do turismo

2025-01-07T11:32:17+00:00

Consideram-se sete premissas sobre as quais apontamos, aqui, algumas referências: 1) o Turismo é uma área de pesquisa, atividade e planejamento de natureza necessariamente multi, inter e transdisciplinar (CIRET, 1994; Pires, 1998; Max-Neef, 2005; Farias, Sonaglio e Ferreira, 2019; Rigolot, 2020; Neto (s/d); 2) apesar de ser um fenômeno social em que os aspectos econômicos são visíveis, ainda há carência de estudos que abordem, de modo simultâneo aspectos relacionados à repartição de seus benefícios; 3) o fenômeno requer e depende, obrigatoriamente, da comunicação e relação entre as pessoas; 4) no planejamento da atividade devem ser levadas em conta diversas políticas de caráter público e privado que, para ser efetivas, requerem ser integradas entre si; 5) a recente pandemia causada pelo SARS-CoV-2 modificou profundamente os modos de vida das pessoas, causando impactos severos na economia mundial e, consequentemente, no turismo, sobretudo em seus aspectos econômicos/sociais; 6) a COVID-19 deixou inúmeras sequelas, particularmente na saúde mental, o que tem levado autoridades da saúde e pesquisadores a se debruçarem sobre estudos e políticas que possam mitigar esses danos (OPAS, 2021; 2022; 2023a; 2023b); 7) o turismo, como uma atividade que tem como base a paz e o respeito à socio-bio-diversidade, pode ser um meio que facilite um olhar ampliado para a recuperação dos aspectos econômicos de diferentes setores, com o restabelecimento da saúde das pessoas (Buckleye Cooper, 2020; Labib et al., 2022; Pitkänen, et al., 2023).

Discutir o turismo tendo como eixo central a saúde, é um desafio excepcional, pois tudo acontece de forma simultânea – o que vemos ou estudamos num determinado momento são, de fato, recortes da realidade de um continuum de ações humanas. Nesse processo não há um encadeamento de fatos em sequência.

A discussão se fundamentou em evidências identificadas em trabalhos publicados sobre as sequelas ocasionadas pela COVID-19 na saúde mental, que deixou as relações entre as pessoas bastante fragilizadas e a comunicação muito sensível. Tal cenário motiva aproximar turismo e saúde por meio da identificação e integração de dispositivos existentes em diversas políticas públicas. Buscamos apoio nas seguintes políticas públicas brasileiras: Política Nacional de Saúde Mental; Política Nacional de Promoção de Saúde; Política Nacional de Humanização; Política Nacional de Educação Permanente; Política Nacional de Práticas Integrativas e Complementares; Plano Nacional de Turismo; e em Relatórios Institucionais sobre Turismo e sobre Mudanças Climáticas tanto nacionais como internacionais.

Perspectivas de Baixo Carbono e Sustentabilidade do Turismo na Amazônia Brasileira

2024-12-31T11:26:23+00:00

Objetivos | Nas questões ambientais, desde 1987 com o Relatório Brundtland, o termo desenvolvimento sustentável e o conceito do tripé da sustentabilidade triple bottom line, introduzido por Elkington (1994), têm papel fundamental para uma agenda que reconhece a necessidade de integrar o pensamento ambiental em todos os aspectos sociais, políticos e econômicos. Mais adiante, incluíndo nas práticas ambientais, sociais e de governança de uma organização como evidenciado no relatório Who Cares Wins (2004). Em 2015, os Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (ODS) da Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU), especificamente os números 11, 12, 13, 14 e 15. Embora deva se reconhecer que dos ODS, o turismo tem potencialidade de ser relacionado a todos (OMT, 2023). No cenário atual, o turismo de baixo carbono, torna-se imprescindível para atenuar o curso das catástrofes naturais que vem se repetindo de forma mais frequente e rigorosa. Deste modo, este estudo tem como objetivo central avaliar as projeções de gases de efeito estufa equivalentes em dois atrativos turísticos de Manaus, no Estado do Amazonas: o Teatro Amazonas e o Encontro das Águas dos Rios Negro e Solimões, antes e depois da pandemia do SARS-COV-19 declarada pela Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS).

Metodologia | O estado do Amazonas é o maior em extensão territorial da República Federativa do Brasil e, por conseguinte, da Amazônia Brasileira. Dadas as condições geográficas, o principal meio de transporte para se chegar ao Amazonas é aéreo, sendo Manaus, a capital do Estado, a porta de entrada e a cidade indutora do turismo, tendo como principais atrativos turísticos o Encontro das Águas e o Teatro Amazonas. Estas razões justificaram a escolha da cidade de Manaus para se constituir como objeto deste estudo. Serão verificados, em base projetiva, a emissão de GEEe nos sistemas de transporte destino/origem local, produção de resíduos sólidos e consumo de energia nos dois principais atrativos turísticos de Manaus, comparando-os entre os períodos de 2018-2019 e 2021-2022, com vistas a observar o comportamento antes e depois da pandemia do SARS-COV-19. A fim de possibilitar o alcance dos resultados prospectados será possível estabelecer metas de redução a partir de um conjunto de ações de mitigação para uma jornada de ação climática. Além disso, um questionário será aplicado aos gestores dos dois atrativos turísticos, com a finalidade de verificar o nível de conhecimento relacionado ao tema, bem como o grau de engajamento de suas jornadas de ação climática.

Principais resultados e contributos | Vislumbra-se que os achados da pesquisa apontem para medidas capazes, de desenvolver ações de mitigação para redução das emissões de gases de efeito estufa equivalentes e também de um conjunto de medidas que possam auxiliar a percepção positiva dos usuários: gestores, habitantes e turistas e ao desenvolvimento de condutas mais sustentáveis em face de suas jornadas de ação climática, associando-as aos objetivos de desenvolvimento sustentável.

Limitações | Pelos levantamentos bibliográficos realizados nesse estágio preliminar do estudo têm-se como limitação teórica a incipiência de estudos sobre a descarbonização no turismo. Infere-se que na etapa empírica a limitação poderá ocorrer em função do exíguo tempo para a pesquisa de campo e análise dos dados.

Conclusões | O setor de turismo é uma das principais atividades econômicas que pode ser afetado pelas mudancas climáticas e apresenta parcela importante no volume de emissões de GEE. Diante disso, concebe-se que este estudo deixará como legado uma contribuição metodológica inovadora ao ser desenvolvida verificando em base projetiva as emissões de GEEe e quais medidas de mitigaçao podem ser propostas para serem aplicadas no contexto da Amazônia Brasileira.

Exploring critical aspects of the contemporary family tourism experience: a qualitative approach from the LGBTQ+ influencers’ perspective

2024-12-31T11:26:24+00:00

This study aims to illuminate the modern family tourism experience through a less-explored lens – that of LGBTQ+ families. For decades, the family life cycle has served as a valuable tool in tourism marketing and understanding the intricate dynamics of tourist decision-making. However, as our social landscape continues to evolve, new family models emerge, demanding the tourism market to adapt to their unique needs and desires. In the broader context of Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion (DEI), this exploratory study seeks to uncover the ways in which LGBTQ+ families are influenced by social media influencers. More specifically, social media content created by a highly influential blogger was analyzed by employing the analytical capabilities of Leximancer. Social media content offers new avenues for tourism marketers to align their strategies as per the customer likings (Creevey, Kidney & Mehta, 2019) and has also become an essential source of information for tourists deciding where to go and what to do at a destination (Seunghyun, Hyung & Chihyung, 2018). Yet, to the best of our knowledge, it has not been explored in family tourism settings. Major findings show that safety, acceptance, gay friendliness, privacy, personalized attention and positive attitudes expressed from tourism stakeholders (residents, staff working in the travel and tourism industry) are critical to meet the needs and wants of the segment. Variety of choices is also a highly appreciated aspect while evaluating destination attractiveness from the side of LGBTQ+ travelers. Such variety includes dedicated LGBTQ+ events, options offering them a sense of community, inclusive tourism attractions destination, exploration activities, opportunities to live and express their feelings without sensing any fear (couple activities), and connection to the natural environment. Premium offerings also emerge as an element that could thrill the LGBTQ+ family traveler. In conclusion, this study underscores the need for the tourism industry to adapt to the evolving landscape of family models and to prioritize the values of safety, acceptance, and diversity in catering to LGBTQ+ family travelers. By doing so, destinations and businesses can create more inclusive and welcoming environments, ultimately benefiting both travelers and the industry itself.

What Made You Go? Understanding Tourist Motivations In Visiting Current And Former Conflict Zones With A Focus On Iraq

2024-12-31T11:26:25+00:00

Objectives | Locations recovering from conflict encounter difficulty rebuilding their tourism sectors. Factors include infrastructure devastation and persistent perception of danger long after an actual conflict has ended, creating a hesitancy among potential visitors. This work seeks to answer the following research questions: For those who do venture into these locations soon after war or in the midst of it, what are their characteristics and motivations? Would understanding these early travelers allow recovering locations to target them through early marketing to speed tourism sector recovery and overall economic rebuilding, perhaps leading to a faster shift in outside perceptions of whether a location remains dangerous after a war has ended?

Tourism’s importance to the global economy is clear. The tourism industry is one of the world’s largest economic sectors. According to the World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC), until the 2020 Covid-19 pandemic, the sector represented “1 in 4 of all new jobs created in the world, 10.3% of all jobs (333 million), and 10.3% of global GDP (USD 9.6 trillion.” (2022)

For many countries recovering from war and conflict, the tourism industry may serve a role to kick start the economy, relinking a nation and its people to the outside world. While a question for future work, the researchers also hypothesize that rebuilding the tourism sector may both stabilize a weak economy as well as help in the transition to democratic and socially responsible governance in the wake of conflict.

Methodology | The research takes a mixed methods approach with a primary emphasis on qualitative analysis. The researchers will conduct approximately 10 qualitative interviews with recent travelers to areas considered current or recent former conflict zones, with a current phase focused on Iraq. Questions would get at motivations, before and after visit perceptions of a location, media research, family and friend influences, ethnic and family ties to regions of war along with how well traveled one might have been before such visits. In addition, to determine the influence of these factors, the researcher will collect data on characteristics such as Risk-Taking Behavior and Resilience using already available scales.

In addition, to determine the influence of other factors, researchers are collecting data on characteristics such as Risk-Taking Behavior using the General Risk Propensity Scale – GriPS (Zhang, et al, 2018). The project is currently focused primarily on visits to Iraq, both the southern Arab section where the recent war was concentrated and the northern Kurdish Autonomous Region, which has developed a nascent tourism sector. Subjects are being recruited from companies which have brought tourists to conflict zones, as well as from networks of independent travelers. The interviews will be coded to examine patterns which might emerge in the subject responses. The researchers will also test the robustness of traditional analysis of qualitative data by a comparative analysis using both traditional and data analysis software such as NVivo. The research is in its preliminary stages, including the early interviews with travelers.

A model for aspects of the planned qualitative methodology is presented by Monterrubio and Barrios (2016) in their work on tourist motivations among lesbian travelers in Mexico, “Lesbians as Tourists: A Qualitative Study of Tourist Motivations in Mexico.” The researchers used their social networks and snowball samples to gather their interviewees for a subject that like motivations of travelers to conflict zones is also not well understood and for which there is little in the way of existing research.

Interviewees for this project on tourist motivations will be gathered via target boutique travel companies and other organizations which have brought travelers into current and former conflict zones which have begun to develop emerging, though limited, tourism sectors. Such companies include Kurdistan Adventures, run by Australian Shannon Skerritt, and The Other Iraq Tours, started by Retired U.S. Army Colonel Harry Schute, or Wild Frontiers, which specialized in Afghanistan until the 2021 Taliban takeover, as well as Spiekermann Tours. Some of these company owners are direct contacts of the researcher in his capacity as a journalist. Other interviewees will be gathered via social media, including Facebook groups aimed at travelers to conflict zones.

The interviews have a duration in the range of approximately one hour, with additional time for completing Risk and Resilience surveys. The goal is to transcribe the interviews and code the themes that emerge from them, with a Grounded Theory approach. Later research might examine specific themes that emerge in greater detail. The interviews will be coded to examine patterns which might emerge in the subject responses. The researcher will also test the robustness of traditional analysis of qualitative data by a comparative analysis using both traditional and data analysis software such as NVivo.

Importantly, defining what is a conflict zone or former conflict zones will be key to deciding which visitors to include within surveys. In its current phase, the project is focused primarily on visits to Iraq, both the southern Arab section where the recent war was concentrated and the northern Kurdish Autonomous Region, which is beginning to develop a tourism sector. Visitors to Afghanistan might also be considered. Both countries are sites where the United States and other countries have been involved in occupation and conflict. Thus, these locations are generally considered recent conflict zones by the lay population. (Sanger and Burns, 2003), (Zucchino, 2021)

Main Results and Contributions | Despite the constant appearance of wars across the globe, the war in Ukraine only the most recent example, there is little research on how locations recovering from conflict can rebuild their tourism economies. Locations recovering from conflict encounter difficulty rebuilding their tourism sectors. Factors include infrastructure devastation and persistent perception of danger long after an actual conflict has ended, creating a hesitancy among potential visitors. This work seeks to answer the following research questions: For those who do venture into these locations soon after war or in the midst of it, what are their characteristics and motivations? Would understanding these early travelers allow recovering locations to target them through early marketing to speed tourism sector recovery and overall economic rebuilding, perhaps leading to a faster shift in outside perceptions of whether a location remains dangerous after a war has ended? As we are in preliminary stages, we expect to have a better understanding by the time of the conference.

Limitations | We are in preliminary stages, with five interviews conducted with travelers to Iraq, recruited from a boutique travel agency. So far, these travelers tend to skew older and wealthier. We will be posting for recruitment on social media and expect that those interviewees might be more diverse.

Conclusions | We are in preliminary stages, and expect to have more detailed preliminary qualitative analysis and additional interviews with people who have visited Iraq, recruited via social media, by the time of the conference.

References [Literature review not requested, and some references appear in that.]

Alvarez, M.D. and Campo, S. (2014) The influence of political conflicts on country image and intention to visit: A study of Israel’s image / Tourism Management 40: 70-78

Biran, A., and Hyde, K. F. (2013) Guest editorial: New perspectives on dark tourism; International Journal Of Culture, Tourism And Hospitality Research, Vol. 7 No. 3 2013, pp. 191-198

Charmaz, K. (2004) Grounded Theory, in, Approaches to Qualitative Research, Hess-Biber, S.N., and Leavy, P., 2004 Oxford University Press, New York, New York.

Fodness, D (1994) Measuring Tourist Motivation, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 21, No. 3, pp. 555-581

Fodness, D. and Murray, B. (1997) Tourist information search. Annals of Tourism Research, 24 (3), 503–23.

Hall, C. M. (2002). Travel safety, terrorism and the media: the significance of the issue-attention cycle. Current Issues in Tourism, 5(5), 458e466.

Hall, C.M., Timothy, D., & Duval, D. (2003). Security and tourism: Towards a new understanding? Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 15(2 –3), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1300/J073v15n02_01

Lisle, Debbie (2016a) Holidays in the danger zone: entanglements of war and tourism, University of Minnesota Press

Lisle, Debbie (2016b) Off-Duty Resilience: Reorienting Tourism, Leisure, and Recreation in the US Army BOSS Program, American quarterly, Vol.68 (3), p.747-768

Luongo, M. (2014) Iraqi Kurdistan: Open for Travelers, Travel + Leisure. January 2014. [Web Only, no longer online. Old Link: http://www.travelandleisure.com/articles/iraqi-kurdistan-open-for-travelers.html]

Monterrubio, C. and Barrios, M.D. (2016) Lesbians as Tourists: A Qualitative Study Of Tourist Motivations In Mexico, Tourismos: An International Multidisciplinary Journal Of Tourism. Vol. 11 (4) pp. 64-90. UDC: 338.48+640(050)

Sanger, D and Burns, J.F. (2003) Threats And Responses: The White House; Bush Orders Start Of War On Iraq; Missiles Apparently Miss Hussein. The New York Times. March 20, 2003. Retrieved December 4, 2022: https://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/20/world/threats-responses-white-house-bush-orders-start-war-iraq-missiles-apparently.html

Stone, Philip R., (2020) Dark tourism and ‘spectacular death’: Towards a conceptual framework Annals of Tourism Research 83 (2020) 102826 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2019.102826

Strauss, A. L. (1987) Codes and Coding (Chapter 3) in Qualitative Analysis for Social Scientists. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K.

World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC), (August, 2022) Travel & Tourism Economic Impact 2022: Global Trends.

Zhang, D. C., Highhouse, S., & Nye, C. D. (2018). Development and validation of the general risk taking propensity scale (GRiPS). Journal of Behavioral and Decision Making. https://doi.org/10.1002/bdm.2102

Zucchino, D. (2021) The U.S. War in Afghanistan: How It Started, and How It Ended. The New York Times. Oct. 7, 2021. Retrieved December 4, 2022: https://www.nytimes.com/article/afghanistan-war-us.html

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Viagens de um património alimentar português

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O reconhecimento, valorização e divulgação dos patrimónios alimentares permitem a recuperação dos sabores, saberes e saberes-fazer, pilares da cultura e da identidade de um povo, promovendo a sua transmissão às gerações vindouras, indispensável na salvaguarda do património cultural imaterial.

A experiência turística é, cada vez mais, uma experiência sensorial e a maioria dos turistas consegue entender a cultura local através da sua gastronomia. A inclusão dos patrimónios alimentares na oferta turística gastronómica constitui-se, pois, como um pilar de desenvolvimento da experiência turística, contribuindo para o desenvolvimento local e para o branding territorial.

O Arroz-doce marcou a sua presença na doçaria portuguesa desde os tempos medievos e ainda hoje está presente nas mesas do quotidiano, sendo um prato obrigatório nas festividades, nomeadamente nas mesas natalícias.

Pretende-se com este estudo analisar as alterações do Arroz-doce ao longo dos séculos, no que diz respeito aos ingredientes, quantidades e unidades de medida utilizadas, preparação e modo de apresentação da receita. Sendo certo que os patrimónios alimentares não são estáticos, refletindo alterações históricas e sociais, a análise efetuada permite concluir, contudo, pela quase inalterabilidade da receita do Arroz-Doce, justificando também por esse motivo o seu lugar de destaque na doçaria tradicional portuguesa e na oferta turística gastronómica e a sua classificação como património alimentar português.

Sem espaço para Clio: sensibilidade histórica e cultural dos jovens em tempos líquidos

2024-12-31T11:26:26+00:00

Objetivos | Pretende-se compreender através de um projeto de investigação-ação levado a cabo no ano letivo de 2022-2023, em duas Escolas Superiores (Educação – ESE e Tecnologia e Gestão – ESTG) do Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, o grau de sensibilidade e compromisso de um grupo de estudantes do ensino superior relativamente à temática da importância da História, do Património e da Identidade Cultural nas suas vidas. Para tal, foi aplicado um inquérito por questionário desenvolvido junto de um grupo de estudantes pertencentes à Licenciatura em Turismo (ESTG) e Mestrados em Educação Pré-Escolar e Ensino do 1º Ciclo do Ensino Básico e ainda em Ensino do 1º Ciclo e de Matemática e Ciências Naturais e Português e História e Geografia de Portugal no 2º Ciclo do Ensino Básico (ESE). Paralelamente, dentro do projeto Demola (Catalá-Perez et al, 2020) foi desenvolvido, com um grupo de seis estudantes dos Institutos Politécnicos de Viana do Castelo e de Coimbra (de CTESP e Licenciatura) um projeto de cocriação para motivar os jovens a interessarem-se, novamente, pelos temas históricos e pela sua identidade cultural, cujas linhas principais serão desenvolvidas neste trabalho. Esta metodologia vem sendo crescentemente utilizada no ensino superior politécnico, em Portugal (Amante & Fernandes, 2022; Costa et al, 2022; Figueiredo et al, 2021; Valduga & Balão, 2023)

Metodologia | Sendo um trabalho de investigação com feição e desenho de projeto – inspirado no modelo demola, de inspiração finlandesa – foi desenvolvido no decurso de um semestre letivo, teve como alicerces metodológicos uma abordagem de natureza qualitativa, com contributos de uma perspetiva educacional construtivista e epistemologicamente ativa, sustentada na investigação-ação de natureza participante, na grounded theory e nas grandes linhas de ação transdisciplinar das ciências sociais e humanas, nomeadamente no campo da Educação Histórica e Patrimonial, na sua relação com o Turismo. O estudo recorre, também, a técnicas importantes como a narrativa biográfica, as notas de campo/diário de bordo e a análise documental.

Principais resultados e contributos | A Educação em Turismo (Airey, 2016) – articulada com a Educação Histórica e Patrimonial (Wu, 2021) – tratando-se de uma área científica naturalmente interdisciplinar, tem emergido na literatura como um tópico relevante e substantivo (UNWTO, 2022) que importa, no entanto, aprofundar. Através da presente investigação, com o olhar fino da lente da Educação Histórica e Patrimonial (um dos vetores que nos parece fundamental numa Educação Turística Sustentável e de Qualidade), fica claro que os jovens que, atualmente, ingressam no ensino superior ou acedem ao grau de mestre (essencialmente nascidos no final da década de 1990 e inícios da década de 2000), apresentam ideias confusas e abstratas no que se refere à construção do seu pensamento histórico e não apresentam motivação em desenvolver conhecimentos e competências específicas neste domínio, tão importante para a sua valorização pessoal e profissional, num mundo cada vez mais “desfigurado” culturalmente. Resulta de um olhar mais atento e cuidado que os seus hábitos de consumo cultural – relacionados com leitura, frequência de espetáculos e exposições, visita a museus e a outros países – não parecem estar particularmente desenvolvidos, apesar de uma oferta cada vez mais ampla e, muitas vezes, ajustada economicamente (em custo) à sua faixa etária. Apesar das inegáveis oportunidades que as novas tecnologias digitais trouxeram, o seu potencial não parece estar a ser plenamente integrado na construção de uma consciência histórica e patrimonial mais intencional e ativa. Será este divórcio resultante de uma experiência passada negativa no ensino da História, nomeadamente no Ensino Básico e Secundário? Que relação estabelece a Família na vinculação patrimonial e identitária fundamental na construção do conhecimento histórico dos jovens? Estas são algumas das questões que, do nosso ponto de vista, devem ser trabalhadas na base para que as próximas gerações possam olhar para estes temas de uma forma mais motivadora e intencional, essencial no desenvolvimento de competências cidadãs e de um pensamento crítico estruturante nos tempos ameaçadoramente “líquidos” (como lhe chamou Baumann) que vivemos. Apesar do manifesto “adormecimento” e relativa falta de curiosidade no que respeita ao conhecimento do passado e de todos os desafios – e dificuldades – já elencadas, verificamos que há um potencial positivo de valorização da História e do Património que, se devidamente enquadrado, pode significar uma mudança significativa nas próximas décadas.

Limitações | Este estudo apresenta, desde logo, como limitação, a amostra que foi utilizada: no caso do questionário aplicado, tratou-se de uma amostra de conveniência, visto que foi aplicada nos alunos e turmas em que o autor deste trabalho lecionou no pretérito ano letivo. Relativamente ao projeto desenvolvido com os 6 alunos no decurso do semestre, a escolha foi feita por uma plataforma informática associada ao projeto Demola, em que a investigação foi realizada. Há também uma limitação temporal visto que o projeto se situou, marcadamente, no segundo semestre letivo do ano de 2022-2023. Algumas destas limitações procuraram ser supridas na leitura comparativa com estudos análogos de consciência histórica juvenil que foram realizadas em distintas geografias (Rusvitaningrum et al, 2018; Santos, 2021 e Syahputra & Ardianto, 2020).

Conclusões | Desde o diagnóstico da questão problema central a uma proposta de ação concreta balizada no trabalho prático com jovens universitários, concluímos que a mudança de paradigma que nos parece urgente e fundamental só poderá ocorrer dentro dos contextos familiar e escolar. A Família e a Escola compartem responsabilidades nos domínios da Educação Histórica e Patrimonial. O facto deste projeto estar enquadrado em metodologias educativas ativas de cocriação e design thinking (abordagem Demola) que propõem resposta a desafios reais da comunidade, através de uma ampla gama de competências transversais, parece-nos um caminho a seguir. Esta mudança só se operará se o trabalho for articulado e concertado entre as Escolas (de todos os níveis de ensino) e as Famílias e, por isso, também as propostas que a aprendizagem de serviço nos surgem como relevantes num verdadeiro trabalho colaborativo, dinâmico e comunitário.

A Análise de processos produtivos sobre a ótica da produção mais limpa aplicada em restaurantes

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Este artigo propõe analisar em estudos de casos publicados o processo de implementação da produção mais limpa (PML), aplicada em restaurantes, seus desafios e resultados. O setor produtivo dos restaurantes gera impactos ao meio ambiente e a análise destes pode contribuir com a definição de estratégias para sua mitigação. Nesse contexto, este estudo teve como principal objetivo investigar as pesquisas publicadas sobre a aplicação de processos mais limpos em restaurantes no Brasil e seus desafios.

Tourism stakeholders’ involvement and collaboration in the context of the Ukraine refugee crisis

2024-12-31T11:26:31+00:00

Objectives | The fact that wars are still a rather widespread reality in the 21^st century, with significant negative effects for the involved territories (Tomej et al., 2023), holds significant interest in the field of tourism. On the one hand, the tourism industry can be severely affected in war contexts, as wars determine such conditions which make it difficult for the tourism sector to survive (Fyall et al., 2006). On the other hand, it is considered that the tourism industry, due to the resources it has, could have (and should have) an important role in supporting the regions impacted by wars, and questions have been raised regarding the actions that could be taken in this direction (Dolnicar & McCabe, 2022). These concerns have been amplified recently especially because of the political context following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, a context considered very damaging for the world tourism economy (Kumar Pandey & Kumar, 2022), but which also brought to attention the matter of ”solidarity tourism” (Dolnicar & McCabe, 2022; Higgins-Desbiolles, 2022).

In light of the above-mentioned facts, the current paper approaches the second perspective regarding the relationship between wars and tourism, respectively the one concerned with the potential of tourism industry of supporting war-affected territories and individuals. More precisely, only a particular topic related to war crises will be approached, that of the support and assistance offered to the refugees who fled to escape the wars. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to explore the role and the potential impact of tourism stakeholders in the management of war-related crises, with focus on the particular case of the refugee crisis determined by the war in Ukraine in 2022. With this aim in mind, a series of research questions have been formulated: (1) How can the tourism industry, in general, and different types of stakeholders, in particular, contribute to managing a crisis induced by a war? (2) What role does collaboration between tourism stakeholders play in the context of such a crisis? (3) What action procedures could be established to ensure efficient interventions on behalf of tourism industry for future crisis situations?

Methodology | The study relied on a semi-structured interview applied to a number of 11 stakeholders involved directly or indirectly in the tourism activity in Iasi City, Romania, belonging to various sub-fields of the tourism sector (hospitality, transport, administration). They were selected based on their involvement in supporting refugees from Ukraine, as reflected in the local media and newspapers, their support varying based on the specific of their activity. Iasi City was chosen as case study due to its key involvement during the Ukrainian refugee crisis in 2022 and because the tourism industry in this city was considerably impacted in the first stages of this crisis. Also, Iasi City stands out through its important administrative and economic role in the region. The interview was structured in three main sections, concerning the following topics: (1) detailed insights on tourism stakeholders’ involvement in supporting the refugees, (2) the role of tourism stakeholders collaboration in managing this war-induced crisis and (3) stakeholders’ suggestions for a better management of such crises. Data obtained through these interviews were analysed through thematic content analysis and Social Network Analysis.

Main Results and Contributions | The help provided by the stakeholders was diverse, from accommodation, daily meals, essential products, or transportation, depending on the field of activity of each individual stakeholder. The first two months following the outbreak of the war coincide with the most substantial support from the tourism stakeholders, and some of the stakeholders continued to be partly involved throughout the year. As for their motivation, the emotional impact that this crisis had on them, as well as the desire of some of the stakeholders to define Iasi as ”the destination of solidarity”, although this was not really transformed in a marketing strategy in the end, stand among the main drivers of their involvement.

Opinions regarding the importance of collaboration for supporting the refugees varied, and these opinions are also reflected in the intensity of collaboration, as stakeholders who indicated to have been dependent on collaboration also pointed out numerous and diverse relationships established for providing support to the refugees. Two stakeholders stand out as having a central role in the network of stakeholders, respectively the Iasi International Airport and the Destination Management Organization called „Destination Iasi” a role emphasised by their high level of connectedness in the collaboration network. Therefore, such stakeholders prove to have a significant influence in bringing other stakeholders together in such a crisis situation, and their actions might further provide an example in defining proper solutions from a crisis management perspective in times of war.

Limitations | Considering the employed methods, an important limitation of the study resides in the sometimes-reduced availability of tourism stakeholders for the interview. As such, a higher number of respondents could have provided even further insights into tourism sector’s involvement in the Ukraine crisis and also other important networking behaviours could have been identified. Further research may reveal comparisons between cross-border tourist destinations with reference to their role in supporting Ukraine refugees, for a more in-depth view on the matter, as well as for theoretical advancements in this field of research.

Conclusions | Managing the refugee crisis induced by the war in Ukraine was definitely a joint effort, and the tourism sector had undeniably an important role, as it was presented unanimously by the interviewees. The current study shed light on the potential that tourism stakeholders have in supporting the refugees following the outbreak of a war, and the insights provided through this analysis bring to attention a matter of utmost importance, that needs to be further approached: there is an evident necessity for developing solidarity tourism action procedures for potential future war-induced crises in order to ensure an optimal involvement of tourism stakeholders during such crises.

References

Dolnicar, S., & McCabe, S. (2022). Solidarity tourism how can tourism help the Ukraine and other war-torn countries? Annals of Tourism Research, 94, 103386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2022.103386

Fyall, A., Prideaux, B., & Timothy, D. J. (2006). War and tourism: An introduction. International Journal of Tourism Research, 8(3), 153–155. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.564

Higgins-Desbiolles, F. (2022). The question of solidarity in tourism. Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/19407963.2022.2107657

Kumar Pandey, D., & Kumar, R. (2022). Russian-Ukraine war and the global tourism sector: A 13-day tale. Current Issues in Tourism, 26(5), 692–700.

Tomej, K., Bilynets, I., & Koval, O. (2023). Tourism business resilience in the time of war. Annals of Tourism Research, 99, 103547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2023.103547

The Nexus between Environmental Concern, Self Image, and Eco-Friendly Tourism Products Purchase Intention: Extended in Theory of Planned Behavior

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Purpose – This study aims to evaluate the effect of determinants in the Theory of Planned Behavior followed by Eco-friendly attitude (ATT), Subjective norms (SN), Perceived behavioral control (PBC), and also extended by Environmental concern (EC), and Self-image (SI) to Eco-friendly tourism product purchase intention (ETPI) for discovering the insightful perspective.

Design/methodology/approach - To obtain the required data, the authors conducted a survey of 400 Generation Y people who are living in urban areas that are accessible to purchase eco-friendly tourism products. Exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and structural equation model are implemented to test research hypotheses.

Findings – Surprisingly, according to the results, the eco-friendly attitude (ATT) and perceived behavioral control (PBC) had no significant effect on tourism eco-friendly product purchase intention (EPI). Meanwhile, environmental concern (EN) had the most significant effect on eco-friendly tourism product purchase intention (ETPI). In addition, subjective norm (SN) also had a considerable effect on eco-friendly tourism product purchase intention (ETPI).

Practical implications – The result of the study guides green marketing practitioners and policymakers to attract the intention to purchase eco-friendly tourism products by presenting external factors such as social and environmental factors rather than internal individual factors. The results of the study can be applied to design marketing strategies and campaigns for convincing people to purchase eco-friendly tourism products in Thailand.

Originality/value – The paper discovers the contradictory result about the effect between attitude and behavioral intention. From previous literature reviews, the effect between attitude and behavioral intention on eco-friendly products normally is significant which is dissimilar to this paper. With insightful individual investigation, people are personally struggling and skeptical about purchasing eco-friendly tourism products.

Discourses of the Past, Discourses of the Present

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Objectives Heritage tourism—engaging with sites, material culture, or intangible culture deemed repositories of the history of societies—is one of the fastest-growing segments of the worldwide tourism industry. But “heritage” is not an unproblematic term or a social construction situated exclusively in the past. It is often based on discourses of the present, constructed with categories that serve interests rooted in today’s unequal power dynamics.

This paper explores heritage tourism embedded in past and present discourses using the example of the South American country of Ecuador. I study former Ecuadorian President Rafael Correa Delgado’s (2007-2017) heritage tourism policies during his self-proclaimed Citizen’s Revolution (Revolución Ciudadana). I focus on one of Correa’s emblematic tourism projects: the reconstruction and restoration of the Ecuadorian railway system between 2008 and 2013. I study how this regime used the railway system reconstruction project to build a unified national identity around their Citizen’s Revolution and the concept of Buen Vivir, an approach to socialism that embraces the ancestral and communitarian knowledge of the Quichua indigenous peoples. I propose that, just as the original railroad system had been built to unify the country in the early 20^th century, its reconstruction 100 years later as a tourism attraction had similar political and cultural objectives under the banner of “21st-century socialism.”

Methodology This paper is based on ethnographic research between 2014 and 2023. I conducted participant observation on board the Tren Crucero between September 30 and October 4, 2014, and on four of the five main thematic routes available between 2014 and 2018. In 2023, I visited some of the unused stations once the project had been closed for tourism. I also conducted open-ended, semi-structured interviews with key officials of the railway system, tour guides, and domestic and international tourists between 2014 and 2023.

Main Results and Contributions The Ecuadorian railway is unlike any other railroad system in Latin America because of Ecuador’s rugged topography and the degree of national integration that it generated in a previously fragmented nation. Four of the five largest cities in the country were connected for the first time by the railroad. Congressional authorization for building the railway system was obtained by conservative president Gabriel García Moreno in 1861. However, by the time of Moreno’s assassination in 1875, only 45km of track had been laid. There was little additional progress until the late 1890s when José Eloy Alfaro Delgado, the leader of the Liberal Revolution, took up the project. The Liberal Revolution (1895 to 1925) gave rise to one of Ecuador's most important political, economic, and cultural transformations. In just fifteen years, the Revolution secularized and guaranteed public education, declared freedom of religion, promulgated civil marriage and divorce laws, established the civil registry of births, marriages, and deaths, secularized cemeteries, and nationalized the properties of religious orders. The railroad (inaugurated on Alfaro’s birthday on June 25, 1908) exemplifies the Liberal Revolution’s economic and social achievements.

In the latter part of the 20th century, Ecuador changed in ways that diminished the railroad’s value. The country’s economy up to the 1970s had been based primarily on exporting bananas, coffee, and cacao. But when oil production and exportation became Ecuador’s central economic engine, the state turned its attention to constructing roads—particularly to and from the Amazonian region—to facilitate oil transportation, enhance commerce, and accommodate population growth. This transformation resulted in neglecting the railway system, which was left to deteriorate under challenging climate conditions.

By the 1990s, the railway system served the transportation and commerce needs of just a few rural areas. Although it had once been an essential component of Ecuador’s commercial infrastructure, the railroad was sinking into irrelevance, and its roadbeds and equipment were succumbing to decay. President Correa gave it a new lease on life through his vision of marketing it as a heritage tourism attraction. This massive undertaking required the reconstruction of 507 km of railway. The project was carried out using a three-pronged approach: rehabilitation of ways and stations, restructuring of the public corporation, and development of community-based tourism products, requiring an investment of USD 340 million between 2008 and 2013 when the vast enterprise was concluded.

The system’s schedule included five one-day thematic routes of 4 to 6 hours each through the Andean and coastal provinces and one multi-day excursion. At its peak in 2015, the railway system had more than 30 stations, 23 cafés, 14 handicraft markets, and 13 local museums, providing more than 5,000 direct and 15,000 indirect jobs and involving 180 micro-enterprises. Though the revenue from the railway system was small, it is estimated that 200,000 domestic and international tourists traversed the Andes aboard the renovated trains.

Conclusions Even if it is heritage-, community- or conservation-based, tourism growth risks being co-opted by the state when it becomes its major champion. President Correa’s railroad restoration project was used to boost a particular political ideology and contribute to the construction of the nation-state.

The reconstruction of the railway system for tourism and heritage purposes was an iconic component of Ecuador’s Buen Vivir nation branding. Tourism policies aimed to link this branding with the more extensive public policies being put in place. One of President Correa’s most visible actions was to grant rights to nature under its constitution while fostering an extractivist economic approach. Paradoxically, the revenues of the oil production boom of the early 2000s allowed the railway system to be reconstructed and subsidized. However, as important as the economics of tourism were to the government, social and political considerations provided a more significant incentive for promoting its growth. Tourism became a means to cement the government’s political platform, thus establishing a memorable branding for the nation.

The Ecuadorian railway became a highly contentious political project; it remained so under successive administrations (Lenin Moreno, 2017-2021, and Guillermo Lasso, 2021-present), which let the project slowly die. While economic reasons, such as the fall of oil prices between 2014 and 2021 and the global COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021, played a role in the demise of the railway system, the intentional neglect to which it was subjected after Correa left power in 2017 speaks to how this project was seen as representative of his administration. The system’s vulnerability was profoundly tied to its emblematic nature for this regime.

Decisões de escolha de Spas Termais em Portugal: Um estudo sobre determinantes sociodemográficos, motivações pull-push e sustentabilidade

2024-12-31T11:26:33+00:00

Goals | Health and wellness tourism has gained popularity due to changing attitudes and behaviours towards health. In this context, thermal spaces are positioned as attractive to a market eager not only for therapeutic solutions but also for leisure/leisure proposals with the added value provided by the properties of natural mineral waters. Both needs shape tourist demand, the first being more focused on Health Tourism and the second more on Wellbeing Tourism. The latter, Thermal Spa Tourism or Wellness Thermalism, is proving to be a promising market. However, there is still little investigation into the identity of tourists and how current trends, such as the sustainability attribute, may influence the selection of these spaces. This attribute becomes crucial in light of consumers' growing concern with socio-environmental issues (Euromonitor Internacional, 2022). Therefore, it is essential to consider whether visitors to thermal spas are influenced by this concern when making decisions. Given the increasing importance of sustainability in the tourism industry and the lack of knowledge about the unique qualities of the thermal market (Vaz, Alves, Ferreira, Costa, Rodrigues, Fernandes & Nunes, 2022), this investigation seeks: i. identify the specific tourists' motivations (push factors) for practising thermal spa tourism; ii. The primary services and treatments used; iii. The dimensions and attributes considered most relevant for the selection of thermal spas (pull factors), including iv. Factors related to sustainability given the importance of this topic for tourism and society in general. Finally, the aim is to understand the relationship between sociodemographic characteristics – gender, age and income – and push factors.

Methodology |An initial survey was conducted on tourists aged 18 to 65 who visited spas for well-being. After the pretest, the questionnaire was revised into six parts: screening questions, push motivation, pull and sustainability attributes, services/treatments used in the thermal space spa, travel characteristics, and sociodemographic characteristics. Data was collected through an online survey distributed via Google and shared on social media by Termas de Portugal and the Escola de Turismo de Portugal in Porto. To date, a total of 67 valid surveys have been collected. The data were processed using descriptive statistics with the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) program (version 20.0).

Main results and contributions | Based on this preliminary study, regarding push motivation, the data shows that relaxation is the most important motivator for this group, followed by the pursuit of holistic well-being. The most sought-after treatments/services are mainly associated with natural mineral waters, namely Sauna and Turkish bath (65.7%), Dynamic thermal pool (64.2%), Vichy shower (52.2%) and Hydrotherapy services (49.3%). Regarding the pull attributes, the study results indicate that therapists are the most influential factor in decision-making. Factors such as hygiene, courtesy, and knowledge of products and services are crucial. Additionally, the environment plays a significant role in decision-making, including temperature, ventilation, privacy, and tranquillity. Finally, pricing also plays a vital role in decision-making. Sustainability is often not a top priority, but it should be considered. This is especially true for younger people and those between the ages of 46 and 55, as well as women and those with higher incomes.

Regarding theoretical contributions, we aim to bridge the gap in understanding what motivates tourists to seek spas specifically for well-being. This theoretical body also aims to deepen understanding of how emerging consumer trends, such as sustainability, may influence the preferences and decision-making of tourism actors. This data is crucial to understanding people's decision-making when choosing this spa type (Kucukusta, Pang, & Chui, 2013). Since offering tourism products that provide valuable experiences is crucial (Singh, Manhas, Mir, & Quintela, 2022), this information is vital for optimizing the effectiveness and efficiency of marketing activities (Brandão, Liberato, Teixeira, & Liberato, 2021). Doing so will better satisfy the target markets (Kucukusta et al., 2013). Therefore, this data plays a crucial role in enabling spa managers to redefine their priorities, segment their services more effectively, and redirect their offers to meet the needs and expectations of their clients.

Limitations | Caution should be exercised when interpreting the data presented in the empirical study due to the small sample size. This fact made it impossible to study specific inferential analysis tests, making it impossible to extrapolate to the target population. As such, the conclusions of this analysis only apply to the specific population being studied.

Conclusion |The study is a significant step towards comprehending the characteristics of wellness tourists who opt for thermal spa. The aim is to begin an investigation that details the pull-push motivations, the most appreciated services and treatments, and the relationship between sustainability and decision-making when choosing a thermal spa. Despite having to be read carefully, the data highlights the significant impact of sociodemographic factors on decision-making in this particular population. For example, women, young people and those with a higher income level are more likely to give greater importance to sustainability. The most desired services and treatments are typically related to natural mineral waters. According to preliminary data, the primary reason for utilizing these services is relaxation (push motivations), as noted in other studies. The relevance of the excellent characteristics of human resources in thermal spas is considered at the level of pull attributes. This fact may reveal the spa industry's potential to benefit from investment in training to improve the quality of human resources. However, all this data will be explored further by analysing a more relevant sample to understand better the market for one of the increasingly popular tourist products - Thermal Spa Tourism.

Referências bibliográficas

Brandão, F., Liberato, D., Teixeira, A.S. & Liberato, P., (2021). Motivations to the Practice of Thermal Tourism: The case of north and centre of Portugal. Sustainability, 3, No. 12688. Doi: 10.20944/preprints202107.0001.v1.

Euromonitor Internacional (2022). 10 Principais tendências globais de consumo 2022. Acedido em 22 de maio de 2022 em https://go.euromonitor.com/white-paper-EC-2022-Top-10-Global-Consumer-Trends-PG.html

Kucukusta, D., Pang, L. & Chui, S. (2013). Inbound travelers’ selection criteria for hotel spas in Hong Kong. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 30 (6), 557-576.

Singh, R., Manhas, P. S., Mir, M. A., & Quintela, J. A. (2022). Investigating the relationship between experience, well-being, and loyalty: A study of wellness tourists. Administrative Sciences, 12(3), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.3390/ admsci12030098

Vaz, M., Alves, M. J., Ferreira, F., Costa, V., Rodrigues, C., Fernandes, P. O., & Nunes, A. (2022, May). User's Profile of a Portuguese Thermal Establishment: Empirical Study. In International Conference on Tourism Research 15 (1), 449-458.

Experienciar a encenação e Interpretação Cultural - Museu da Guarda

2024-12-31T11:26:34+00:00

Reavivar e alimentar a memória de quem visita um Museu é uma forma de cativar o público. As recriações cronológicas, tipológicas e as ferramentas interpretativas permitem ao participante desenvolver o seu imaginário. O estudo analisa o projeto desenvolvido pelo Instituto Politécnico da Guarda, UC´s animação turística e organização eventos, em parceria com o Museu da Guarda e a Associação Hereditas da Guarda.

Paisagens dos Cafés do Brasil

2024-12-31T11:26:34+00:00

O Brasil apresenta fortalecida cultura cafeeira em todo seu território. As paisagens são resultantes da complexidade e diversidade de manifestações históricas, sociais, culturais, econômicas, ambientais e simbólicas. Essas características tornam o café e suas paisagens aptos ao reconhecimento como patrimônio material e imaterial do país. Como problema de pesquisa busca-se a compreensão estrutural das paisagens do café no Brasil. Assim, o objetivo é analisar as diferenças nas paisagens brasileiras do café promovidas pela diversidade de sistemas produtivos ao longo dos processos históricos de inserção da cafeicultura. A pesquisa tem concepção teórico-metodológica com suporte na fenomenologia, apresenta abordagem qualitativa e se caracteriza como uma pesquisa exploratória e descritiva. Recorte de uma investigação de doutoramento, utiliza-se nesse momento a pesquisa bibliográfica, com coleta de dados por meio de revisão narrativa de literatura sobre produção cafeeira no Brasil. Os principais resultados apontam para a diversidade das paisagens do café em sua constituição, fabricação e experiência associadas aos diferentes sistemas produtivos existentes no Brasil: monocultura, agricultura familiar, agroecológico e agrofloresta.

Como os destinos comunicam em tempos imprevistos

2024-12-31T11:26:34+00:00

Objetivos | O foco central deste estudo é investigar como é que as Autoridades Nacionais de Turismo podem utilizar eficazmente as suas redes sociais para preservar a imagem e reputação dos seus destinos durante crises de baixa responsabilidade, através do caso do Turismo de Portugal durante a pandemia de COVID-19. Com o intuito de alcançar esse objetivo, foram definidos três objetivos principais: compreender o processo de criação do conteúdo digital durante uma crise de baixa responsabilidade, analisar as estratégias de resposta de crise utilizadas e identificar aquelas que se mostraram mais eficazes.

Metodologia | Como enquadramento teórico, este estudo incorpora tanto a image repair theory quanto a situational crisis communications theory, através de uma abordagem de pesquisa mista de dados qualitativos, seguida de uma estratégia exploratória sequencial. Numa primeira fase, os dados qualitativos foram recolhidos através da realização de uma entrevista à diretora de Digital Marketing e Communications Manager do Turismo de Portugal. Já numa segunda fase, foi aplicado um método de netnografia com base na análise de conteúdo da rede social Facebook do Turismo de Portugal. Todos os posts publicados em português e inglês entre Março de 2020 e Dezembro de 2022 foram manualmente recolhidos e posteriormente codificados em termos de: (a) conteúdo do post; (b) conteúdo relacionado com o COVID-19; (C) tipologia da estratégia de comunicação utilizada; (d) engagement do público. Por último, foi realizada uma análise de conteúdo.

Principais resultados e contributos | O estudo permitiu perceber o processo como o Turismo de Portugal redefiniu as suas estratégias de comunicação digital durante a pandemia, através de uma abordagem de cinco etapas centradas na image repair theory. Este processo não só restaurou a imagem positiva de Portugal, mas também facilitou a evolução da marca Visit Portugal para uma identidade mais sustentável e resiliente. Paralelamente, os resultados da investigação revelam que as estratégias secundárias de crise foram as estratégias mais utilizadas pelo Turismo de Portugal durante a crise prolongada de baixa responsabilidade do COVID-19.

Limitações | Tendo em conta que todos os dados netnográficos foram recolhidos via Facebook, estudos complementares poderão procurar recolher dados de outras plataformas sociais, como o Instagram ou o Youtube. Paralelamente, futuros estudos poderão tentar incorporar a perspetiva das empresas e influenciadores de turismo na abordagem de comunicação de crise e na recuperação da imagem de destinos turísticos.

Conclusões | Esta investigação fornece insights valiosos sobre formas eficazes de as autoridades nacionais de turismo usarem as redes sociais para comunicar, preservar a identificada da sua marca e reforçar o marketing dos seus destinos durante crises prolongadas de baixa responsabilidade.

Measuring the Impact of Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions on Tourist Behaviour

2024-12-31T11:26:35+00:00

Este artigo consiste numa revisão sistemática da literatura sobre o impacto das dimensões culturais de Hofstede no comportamento dos turistas. O processo de revisão resultou numa amostra final de 19 artigos (de 2000 a 2023), incluídos em 16 revistas diferentes, que foram utilizados na análise. O estudo identificou 19 comportamentos dos turistas que são influenciados pelas dimensões culturais de Hofstede, nomeadamente: atividades turísticas dinâmicas, atividades turísticas passivas, alojamento centralizado, transporte via automóvel, viagens de grupo, elevada distância de deslocação, elevado planeamento da deslocação, preferir deslocar-se no sentido dos ponteiros do relógio, aquisição de pacotes de férias, aquisição de visitas guiadas, disponibilidade para pagar férias de luxo, disponibilidade visitar destinos de férias famosos, visitar destinos culturalmente semelhantes, constrangimentos das turistas do Bangladesh, comportamentos éticos, satisfação do visitante, intenção de revisitar um destino, reclamação através de ações públicas e reclamação através de ações privadas. O estudo destaca ainda as diferenças entre as dimensões culturais nacionais e as dimensões culturais individuais.

Bolo de Rolo: From Luso-Brazilian Table to Pernambuco's Cultural and Gastronomic Identity

2024-12-31T11:26:35+00:00

Objectives: This expanded abstract is premised on the idea that dining practices reveal significant elements of a people's culture. In this regard, elements of Portuguese confectionery influenced the dietary customs of colonial Brazil, giving rise to the Bolo de Rolo, one of the key elements that symbolised Pernambuco's regional identity (Brazil). The central objective of this study is to examine the relationship between "Bolo de Rolo" and Pernambuco's gastronomic culture as an icon of regional identity and its role in promoting local identity and culinary tourism.

Methodology: This study emerges from an interdisciplinary approach that intertwines historical, cultural, and gastronomic research. The first phase involved a literature and documentary review, exploring historical records, academic articles, and folklore sources, along with interviews with individuals deeply rooted in local traditions, including a frevo dancer, a maracatu performer, and a giant puppeteer from Olinda. These interviews aimed to answer four subjective guiding questions. Subsequently, informal interviews were conducted with ten participants, including master confectioners and representatives from five main confectioneries in Pernambuco, a maître, and an independent confectioner. These interviews were guided by four subjective questions to gather contemporary perspectives on the importance of "Bolo de Rolo." Data analysis involved the transcription of the discourse. The analysis of this information provided a deeper understanding of this dessert's cultural and culinary role.

Main Findings and Contributions: Bolo de Rolo, an icon of Pernambuco's cuisine, has significantly shaped the regional gastronomic identity. Its origins can be traced back to the 19th century when Pernambuco was immersed in the cultural influences of the colonial period and local traditions. This dessert, characterised by its thin rolled layers, gained notoriety for its intricate preparation technique and its intrinsic connection to local celebrations such as Carnival and religious festivities. The link between "Bolo de Rolo" and these festive events became pivotal in understanding how it established itself as a Pernambuco's cultural heritage.

From a historical perspective, "Bolo de Rolo" served as a vessel of cultural memory, preserving ancestral confectionery traditions and techniques passed down through generations. The ability to produce this cake and its presence on special occasions is a living connection to the region's past, underscoring the importance of gastronomy as an intangible heritage. The analysis of "Bolo de Rolo's" journey in Pernambuco's culinary history reveals the evolution of flavours and the construction of collective identity and cultural resilience in the face of socio-cultural changes.

In the contemporary context, promoting "Bolo de Rolo" as a cultural symbol has contributed to gastronomic tourism in the region. Events such as food fairs and culinary festivals showcase this dessert, attracting visitors interested in savouring the delicacy and learning about its history and surrounding traditions. The preservation and promotion of "Bolo de Rolo" not only boost the local economy but also help create a unique tourist identity for Pernambuco.

In summary, "Bolo de Rolo" is an essential component of Pernambuco's gastronomic identity, embodying historical, cultural, and culinary traditions. Its continued presence at celebrations and on the tables of Pernambuco's residents illustrates the deep connection between food and local identity, reinforcing its importance as an intangible heritage of the region. Understanding the complex interaction between "Bolo de Rolo" and Pernambuco's culture provides valuable insights into how gastronomy can be a powerful vehicle in building and preserving regional identities.

Limitations: It is important to note that this study faced some limitations, including the availability of detailed historical sources and the need to consider potential biases when interviewing contemporary sources. Additionally, the scope of the study was limited to Pernambuco, despite the potential influence of "Bolo de Rolo" in other regions, such as the states of Alagoas and Paraíba.

Conclusions: In conclusion, "Bolo de Rolo" is an identity heritage of Pernambuco's gastronomic culture, vital in preserving memory and transmitting local traditions. Its association with deeply rooted regional celebrations and festivities reinforces its symbolic value and promotes its construction as a tourist souvenir. Through the continuous promotion of this dessert and the recognition of its cultural significance, it is possible to strengthen Pernambuco's identity and stimulate culinary tourism, benefiting both the local community and visitors interested in experiencing the historical and culinary dimensions of the region.

Beyond current boundaries in tourism governance

2024-12-31T11:26:36+00:00

Objectives | This work aims to confront current boundaries in tourism governance, exploring alternatives to dominant anthropocentric governance practices and frameworks. The term governance, “long used as a synonym for ‘government’” (Walters, 2004, p. 27), alludes to forms of governing in which public and private boundaries ‘have become blurred’ (Jessop, 1997; Rhodes, 1996; Stoker, 1998; Walters, 2004). For Walters (2004), as societies complexify “political authority has become polycentric and multileveled” (p. 27), hence problems “are more intractable and less amenable to ‘top-down’ or ‘linear’ solutions” (p. 40). Acknowledging broader critics of the concept (e.g. Walters, 2004; Rhodes, 1996), governance can represent a political response towards a more “relational and associational understanding of power” (p. 33). Even though “numerous problems associated with conventional tourism development have been documented over the years” (Fletcher et al., 2021, p. 707), policy and governance failures in addressing them persist (Guia, 2021; Matteucci et al., 2021). This urges us to find solutions. Thus, this research inquires how posthumanism can inform governance frameworks by exploring its transformative potential in co-creating non-anthropocentric solutions for tourism governance.

Methodology | To ensure tourism accounts for socio-ecological limits altogether require us to go beyond conventional governance archetypes, embracing more-than-human ethics and praxis. Thus, the research employs a multi-method qualitative methodology to understand, practically and in-depth, the implications of posthumanist co-design within governance. In their systematic literature review of collaborative governance in tourism, Sentanu et al. (2023) do not mention any collaborative project with a non-anthropocentric or posthuman perspective, which confirms the necessity of advancing it, as this inquiry aspires to. By drawing on collaboration, tourism co-design entails “re-imagining and challenging current tourism assumptions” (Duedhal, 2021, p. 452) and “working towards shared goals” (p. 444). In this, a posthuman stance facilitates collaborative knowledge generation and the development of governance models recognising the interdependence of human and non-human entities in tourism.

Main Results and Contributions | Addressing both theoretical and empirical gaps in the literature, this research critically questions current tourism governance. There is a growing interest in (i) the implementation of more collaborative and participative practices in tourism as in social research more broadly, and in (ii) the integration of perspectives which embrace more-than-human ethics, such as posthumanism. By fostering collaborative governance mechanisms embedded in posthuman principles, more equitable and sustainable decision-making processes can emerge. The research also contributes to growing trends and bodies of literature on critical tourism studies, by advancing pioneering investigations which transcend traditional anthropocentrism and confront the ethical and practical implications of posthumanism within tourism.

Limitations | This study's limitations include potential obstacles in implementing posthumanist co-design in diverse cultural and geographical contexts. Balancing the varying interests of stakeholders, including non-human entities, presents practical challenges such as the difficulty of “including non-human voices” and of “flattening difference” (Ferrando, 2012, p. 13; citing Luft 2009), while achieving consensus within the co-design process may be complex. Focusing on low-density territories and regions, the work does not assess this approach’s relevance in contexts other-than-rural, namely urban areas. Similarly, the review is not exhaustive, and there may be important works omitted.

Conclusions | Seeking to reframe tourism governance through a posthumanist lens, this research investigate co-design potential, as a tool for activate alternative futures and facilitate the encountering of more holistic proposals. Although, preparatory work is necessary to understand the focus area and guarantee collaboration at all stages and levels, without disregarding important instances at stake. If the existence of a common vision and coordination among all actors is deemed essential, the lack of engagement/participation, the lack of trust or the lack of capacity and political power among others are all considered important limitations in the implementation of collaborative projects (Sentanu et al., 2023). Recognising issues and limitations, the potential of posthumanist co-design in contributing to the transformation of tourism governance must be explored, in the face of contemporary challenges.

References

Duedahl, E. (2021). Co-designing emergent opportunities for sustainable development on the verges of inertia, sustaining tourism and re-imagining tourism. Tourism Recreation Research, 46(4), 441–456. DOI: 10.1080/02508281.2020.1814520

Ferrando, F. (2012) "Towards a Posthumanist Methodology. A Statement." Frame. Journal For Literary Studies, 25/1, Utrecht University, 9-18.

Fletcher, R., Blanco-Romero, A., Blázquez-Salom, M., Cañada, E., Murray Mas, I., & Sekulova, F. (2021). Pathways to post-capitalist tourism. Tourism Geographies, 25(2–3), 707–728. DOI: 10.1080/14616688.2021.1965202

Guia, J. (2021). Conceptualizing justice tourism and the promise of posthumanism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 29(2–3), 503–520. DOI: 10.1080/09669582.2020.1771347

Matteucci, X., Nawijn, J., & von Zumbusch, J. (2022). A new materialist governance paradigm for tourism destinations. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 30(1), 169–184. DOI: 10.1080/09669582.2021.1924180

Jessop, B. (1997). Capitalism and its future: remarks on regulation, government and governance. Review of International Political Economy, 4(3), 561–581. DOI: 10.1080/096922997347751

Rhodes, R. A. W. (1996). The New Governance: Governing without Government. Political Studies, 44(4), 652–667. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9248.1996.tb01747.x

Sentanu, I.G.E.P.S., Haryono, B.S., Zamrudi, Z. and Praharjo, A. (2023). Challenges and successes in collaborative tourism governance: A systematic literature review. European Journal of Tourism Research, 33, 3302. DOI: 10.54055/ejtr.v33i.2669

Stoker, G. (1998). Governance as theory: five propositions. International Social Science Journal, 50(155), 17–28. DOI: 10.1111/1468-2451.00106

Walters, W. (2004). Some Critical Notes on “Governance”. Studies in Political Economy, 73(1), 27–46. DOI: 10.1080/19187033.2004.11675150

Os custos da sustentabilidade no investimento em hotelaria através da fórmula de Hubbart

2024-12-31T11:26:37+00:00

Objetivos: As questões à volta da sustentabilidade estão em crescendo na consciência ambiental dos clientes da hotelaria, havendo estudos como o da Acierto.com (2021) segundo o qual, 6 em cada 10 clientes tendem a optar por fornecedores comprometidos com a sustentabilidade, sendo que 30% dos mesmos se predispõem a pagar mais por um hotel que tenha estas características. Acresce que o setor dos hotéis e alojamentos é também identificado como sendo responsável por 10% das emissões anuais de CO2 na oferta turística (O’Flynn, 2021).

No seguimento, surge o objetivo deste artigo. Apresentar uma contextualização do investimento em hotelaria, neste caso num hotel de mid-market, e verificar se o posicionamento ambiental de raiz torna a unidade competitiva face a um investimento tradicional, que não observe estes requisitos. Em síntese, é competitivo apostar na criação de um hotel sustentável face a um que não tem esta orientação de forma clara?

Storytelling and its psychological influence on tourism experiences: A scoping review

2024-12-31T11:26:37+00:00

Objectives

Sustainability has become one of the biggest goals for “policy-makers, developers and place-makers” (Tan, 2023, p.3673). At the same time, tourists today seek more than a simple product when visiting a destination (Garcês, et al, 2108). They are becoming consumers of experiences, but also of stories within the destinations, and stories can become drivers for sustainable development (Tan, 2023). Storytelling is, a powerful tool that can lead to the development of memorable experiences bringing value to the destination (Pereira, et al., 2020). It is also a creative “escape” that can be seen in creative tourism, by bringing imagination and creativity to the forefront of the tourism experiences (Pereira, et al., 2020). Storytelling with its different elements can be a differentiator element of tourism products (Gonçalves, et al, 2018) and can bring positive psychological outcomes for the tourism experience as a whole. The aim of this research is to look into the published literature on what has been done regarding storytelling and its impact on tourism experiences, with a particular focus on psychological variables and thus discover advances and/or gaps to further advance this field.

Methodology

As a methodology, a scoping review was performed, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews PRISMA-ScR (Tricco, et al., 2018). This methodology allows to analyze outcomes from a body of knowledge and identifies gaps that may allow for future in-depth research (Tricco, et al., 2018). As the search database, the Online Knowledge Library (b-on) was used. This Portuguese library comprises a wide range of publishers and scientific publications, including major ones such as SCOPUS. Due to the aim of this research “storytelling” and “tourism experiences” were the two search keywords used. Boolean operator AND was used to ensure the presence of both search keywords, and truncation symbol * was used to address words within the same family. These terms were searched on the paper's keywords, being one of the inclusion criteria. Other inclusion criteria included: a) papers in English; b) peer-review papers; c) journal articles; and d) integral texts available. Beyond these, the scope of the papers must have had the search variables as a focus of the research or part of it. The first search found 77 results. After the application of inclusion criteria, only 20 papers remained.

Main Results and Contributions

In a preliminary analysis, it is possible to see that the relationship between storytelling and tourism experience in scientific publications is recent (2008 onwards). This shows that the interest in applying storytelling to tourism experiences is current. This is aligned with the development of an experiential economy that is translated to the new tourists' needs for more personal and in-depth experiences (Garcês, et al., 2018). Simultaneously, stories can be important products to show authenticity to tourists and the essence of the destination, which is also a growing interest by tourists when seeking new destinations/experiences. The results also show that the majority of the studies are of a qualitative nature. Thus allowing a better understanding of the experience, but lacking robust data to allow generalizations. While different destinations have their unique stories and experiences, research may be a key element to understand which common (and different) elements exist and its impact on sustainable and creative practices. Overall, storytelling in the tourism experience looks intrinsically linked with the tourists': emotions, engagement, positive responses towards the destinations, and memorability and it also seems interconnected by co-creation processes between tourist and place. A small portion of the sample focuses on the study of the impact of storytelling on the tourism workers who take on these tasks. The results acknowledged that workers' emotions, personal interests, and involvement play a key role in their performance. The idea of authenticity also indicates that storytelling can be important in promoting a perception of the genuineness of the experience to the tourists.

Limitations

As limitations for this study, while b-on is a widespread resource for scientific studies additional research on specific databases such as Scopus or Web of Science could have allowed for more findings. Also, it would have been important to advance this topic by developing empirical research. In fact, this comes as a suggestion for a future study to understand the actual psychological factors that are linked and can influence the tourism experience through storytelling. By doing this, destinations could identify and develop new strategies that consider storytelling as a product, and at the same time as a technique to promote emotions, engagement and authenticity to their experiences.

Conclusions

This study allows a better understanding of storytelling in tourism experiences but from a psychological perspective. Emotions and engagement/involvement are recurring positive psychological factors that have emerged as a link between storytelling and tourism experiences. This focus on a psychology forefront allows us to better understand the influence of storytelling in tourism from a not-so-common perspective and may open doors for new sustainable and creative practices that can have a positive psychological impact on the tourism stakeholders, and the experience as a whole.

References

Garcês, S., Pocinho, M., & Jesus, S. (2018). Review of optimism, creativity and spirituality in tourism research. Tourism and Hospitality Management, 24 (1), 107-117.

Gonçalves, J. C., Seabra, C., & Silva, c. (2018). Histórias de cultura. o poder do storytelling em destinos de turismo cultural. Cadernos de Geografia, 37, 1113-120. https://doi.org/10.14195/087-1623_37_9

Pereira, A., Silva, C., & Seabra, C. (). Creative tourism and storytelling withing heritage destinations. In S. Cabeça, A., Gonçalves, J. Marques, & M. Tavares (Eds), Creative tourism dynamics: Connecting travellers, communities, cultures and places (pp.105-117). Grácio Editor.

Sion-Kian, T, & Siow-Hooi, T. (2023). A creative place-making framework for a sustainable development. Sustainable development, 31, 3673-3691. DOI: 10.1002/sd.2619

Tricco, A. C., Lillie, E., Zarin, W., O'Brien, K.K., Colquhoun, H., Levac, D., Moher, D., Peters, M.D., Horsley, T., Weeks, L., Hempel, S., Akl, E., Chang, C., McGowan, J., Stewart, L., Hartling, L., Aldcroft, A., Wilson, M., Garritty, C., Lewin, S., Godfrey, C., Macdonald, M., …, Straus, S. (2018). PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and explanation. Ann Intern Med, 69 (7), 467-473. doi:10.7326/M18-0850.

O Turismo Responsável e as suas relações com a experiência turística da Pessoa com Deficiência Intelectual

2024-12-31T11:26:38+00:00

O presente resumo possui o propósito de analisar a abordagem Turismo Responsável de forma reflexiva, promovendo o estímulo a novas percepções a respeito das tendências comportamentais e das relações sociais que ampliam à temática da inclusão das pessoas com deficiência intelectual, não só pelo mercado produtor de bens e consumos turísticos, como também por todas as pessoas que compartilham a ética e as trocas sociais que os ambientes turísticos e culturais produzem, promovem e proporcionam.

Turismo e Inclusão: O Hotel Sesc Nogueira enquanto Espaço de Lazer para Pessoas com Deficiência Intelectual

2024-12-31T11:26:38+00:00

O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a experiência no lazer de Pessoas com Deficiência Intelectual (PcDI) durante um passeio ao Hotel Sesc Nogueira, tendo como foco de pesquisa aspectos relacionados à socialização e integração, aquisição de conhecimentos, fuga da rotina, contato com a natureza, imagem pessoal e autoestima do público entendido. O estudo buscou fornecer uma visão aprofundada sobre a maneira como a oportunidade de lazer em questão trouxe contribuições para o bem-estar do público contemplado para a atividade. Ademais, buscamos destacar as implicações para o desenvolvimento de programas e atividades inclusivas em ambientes de lazer e turismo.

Turismo, Lazer e Bem-estar: A Experiência de Pessoas com Deficiência Intelectual no Forte de Copacabana - Rio de Janeiro

2024-12-31T11:26:40+00:00

O presente artigo possui como propósito analisar os resultados do lazer no bem-estar de pessoas com deficiência intelectual, estimulado pelo passeio, realizado pelo grupo de Pesquisa e Extensão Turismo, Hospitalidade e Inclusão (UFF) ao Forte de Copacabana, no dia 12 de agosto de 2023. Durante o passeio, pesquisadores da UFF, pais e alunos da CAEP Favo de Mel, partindo do bairro de Quintino, tiveram como destino, primeiramente o Sesc de Copacabana, onde tomaram café, e seguiram para uma atividade na areia da praia que dá nome ao atrativo turístico visitado. Após o ocorrido, seguiram para o destino principal, o Forte de Copacabana, a poucos metros do local de chegada.

Exploring the Potential of Online Traveller Reviews from People with Disabilities to Assess the Perceived Accessibility of Tourist Destinations

2024-12-31T11:26:40+00:00

Objetivos | Esta investigação analisa as avaliações online de viajantes (OTR) de turistas com deficiências para examinar a perceção da acessibilidade dos destinos turísticos. Especificamente, visa: 1) identificar e categorizar as principais barreiras e facilitadores da acessibilidade a partir de feedback digital; 2) investigar a correlação entre as perceções de acessibilidade e fatores como o ano da avaliação, tipo de recurso turístico, género do avaliador e tipo de deficiência; 3) realizar uma análise de sentimento para determinar o sentimento predominante sobre a acessibilidade do destino.

Metodologia | Este estudo adotou uma abordagem de análise de métodos mistos, integrando técnicas quantitativas e qualitativas. Centra-se em 252 OTR publicadas entre 2013 e 2023 extraídas do Google Maps e TripAdvisor. Reconhecidas como plataformas que contêm o maior número de OTR, ambas servem como ricos reservatórios de opiniões espontâneas e não dirigidas, em contraste com o feedback estruturado obtido a partir de questionários (Lozano-Monterrubio & Huertas, 2020; Marine-Roig & Ferrer, 2018). Estas avaliações foram recolhidas de recursos turísticos geridos pelos municípios de Aveiro (Portugal) e A Coruña (Espanha). Com os seus atributos geográficos únicos, ambas as cidades apresentaram-se como candidatas ideais para esta exploração (Domínguez et al., 2015; Leiras & Eusébio, 2023). O processo de extração foi realizado em junho de 2023 usando a aplicação gratuita Data Miner 5.7 para Google Chrome. Para aprofundar as nuances da perceção da acessibilidade, o estudo examinou várias variáveis, incluindo o ano da avaliação, o tipo de recurso turístico (por exemplo, museus, património histórico), o género do avaliador e o tipo de deficiência. Esta abordagem multivariável teve como objetivo fornecer uma compreensão holística dos fatores que influenciam as perceções de acessibilidade (Sun et al., 2021). Além disso, foi realizada uma análise de sentimento para capturar os tons emocionais do OTR —positivo ou negativo—. Os dados também foram analisados usando duas ferramentas gratuitamente disponíveis. Os dados quantitativos foram analisados estatisticamente usando o PSPP, enquanto os dados qualitativos foram submetidos a análise temática usando o QDA Miner Lite. Esta abordagem dupla garantiu uma compreensão abrangente tanto das tendências numéricas quanto dos sentimentos expressos pelos avaliadores (Creswell, 2003).

Principais resultados e contribuições | A análise revelou tanto pontos fortes quanto áreas críticas nas condições de acessibilidade de ambos os destinos. Notavelmente, os museus surgem como os recursos turísticos melhor adaptados (Cerdan-Chiscano & Darcy, 2023; Reyes-García et al., 2021), enquanto o património histórico apresenta deficiências de acessibilidade (Rucci & Porto, 2022; Wan et al., 2022), que poderiam ser mitigadas através de soluções de baixo custo, integração de tecnologia e formação de pessoal (Doan & Nguyen, 2023; Eusébio et al., 2022; Tilili et al., 2021). Como observado em estudos anteriores (Gillovic et al., 2021; Reyes-García et al., 2021), há uma predominância de comentários focados em desafios relacionados à mobilidade reduzida em relação a outras deficiências. Do ponto de vista teórico, esta pesquisa marca uma progressão no campo do turismo acessível (AT) ao introduzir e validar metodologias baseadas em análise de dados digitais. Na prática, fornece insights essenciais para as Organizações de Gestão de Destinos (DMOs) otimizarem suas ofertas. Socialmente, sublinha a necessidade premente de incorporar as vozes e perspectivas das pessoas com deficiência na estratégia e planeamento turístico.

Limitações | Esta investigação reconhece certas limitações que podem moldar a interpretação e extrapolação dos resultados. Embora o Google Maps e o TripAdvisor sejam considerados como plataformas preeminentes para insights de viajantes, alargar o escopo para incluir plataformas como o Twitter ou Instagram poderia ter infundido o estudo com perspectivas mais ricas e multifacetadas. Além disso, o Google Maps limita a extração de dados a 1.140 avaliações por recurso turístico e não divulga o país de origem dos viajantes. Além disso, os OTRs não oferecem um panorama sociodemográfico completo dos avaliadores, como idade ou nível de educação, que poderiam ter aumentado a profundidade da compreensão. A espontaneidade inerente das avaliações online, desprovida da cadência estruturada das respostas de inquéritos, pode introduzir variabilidade na granularidade e calibre dos insights compartilhados. Embora a lente de pesquisa tenha sido meticulosamente focada nos recursos turísticos públicos de duas cidades distintas, Aveiro e A Coruña, os resultados, embora robustos, podem ser interpretados com cautela quando generalizados para paisagens turísticas mais amplas, e incluindo a oferta turística privada. Também é concebível que nem todos os turistas, especialmente aqueles com deficiências, se sintam à vontade para compartilhar suas experiências online, introduzindo potencialmente um elemento de viés no panorama de insights. Por último, é essencial sublinhar que, embora 252 avaliações possam fornecer insights qualitativos valiosos, uma amostra tão pequena pode limitar a validade da abordagem quantitativa.

Conclusões | A presente investigação sublinhou a crescente importância das plataformas online onde os viajantes registam as suas viagens. Estas plataformas digitais, ricas em narrativas espontâneas, servem como fontes valiosas de insights, especialmente no campo do AT (Leiras & Eusébio, 2023; Lozano-Monterrubio & Huertas, 2020; Marine-Roig & Ferrer, 2018). Notavelmente, embora o volume de avaliações de turistas com deficiências ainda seja incipiente, é imperativo monitorar a sua trajetória. Estas avaliações não só oferecem um retrato do presente, mas podem potencialmente iluminar tendências, sinalizando a participação evolutiva de indivíduos com deficiências em atividades turísticas. À medida que esses indivíduos abraçam cada vez mais as alegrias das viagens, suas experiências compartilhadas aumentarão, oferecendo insights mais ricos e diversos.

Expandir o escopo de tais estudos a nível nacional poderia revelar padrões intrigantes, destacando destinos que são ímanes para viajantes com deficiências. Tais destinos poderiam servir como referências, oferecendo um modelo de melhores práticas que outros podem emular. Em essência, à medida que o mundo se torna mais interconectado e as viagens se tornam mais democratizadas, garantir a acessibilidade será um imperativo moral e estratégico. Destinos que atendem às vozes de todos os viajantes, especialmente aqueles com deficiências, enriquecerão o seu panorama turístico e posicionar-se-ão como líderes no paradigma do turismo inclusivo.

A systematic review of consumers’ pro-circularity behaviours under the lens of tourism research

2024-12-31T11:26:42+00:00

Objectives | As the concepts of circular economy and its applications in tourism gain momentum, there is a growing interest among consumers in embracing practices that align with these trends. Nonetheless, most research in these domains tends to adopt an industry-centric point of view. Furthermore, few studies approach the topic of pro-circular consumer behaviours in a holistic way. In the context of tourism, visitors' daily habits often mirror their conduct at their chosen destinations. This study embarks on a systematic review of existing literature to explore consumers' adoption of circular economy behaviours in their everyday lives. The main goal is to develop a comprehensive framework for examining demand-driven pro-circular actions, which can be applied to services, including those within the realm of tourism.

Methodology | A search for articles in English regarding pro-circularity consumer behaviours was made in the Scopus database, using the keywords referring to circular economy and consumer behaviour. This platform was chosen based on its multidisciplinary and scientifically trustworthy content. This query on Scopus 368 records. The selection criteria followed the PRISMA approach (Page et al., 2020), including only the indexed articles in English that study consumers’ behaviours in the circular economy. This refined approach led to the inclusion of 138 papers, which were subjected to thorough content analysis.

Main Results and Contributions | Several studies have explored specific pro-circularity behaviours. However, the content analysis has unveiled a lack of literature that summarizes the most relevant behaviours in a circular economy, particularly those that apply to services and the tourism industry. While there already exists a framework of consumer pro-circularity behaviours (Shevchenko et al., 2023), most studies refer to the Potting’s 10R work (2017), therefore existing a lack of a holistic framework that can be adapted to the tourism reality. The findings from this systematic review have facilitated the development of such framework. In literature, several authors highlight the relevance of engaging consumers as agents that can help “close the loop” (Sørensen & Bærenholdt, 2020), yet most studies have a sub-sector approach to consumer behaviours (i.e. willingness to pay for second-hand fashion products). This study not only contributes to the field by shedding light on the evolving landscape of consumer pro-circularity behaviours, pinpointing key trends, and highlighting the need for further investigation into this expanding area, but also allowed for the identification of the main research groups and provided geographical and temporal context into the behavioural studies within circular economy.

From a practical standpoint, our research can inform businesses and policymakers aiming to promote pro-circular behaviours among consumers. Understanding the motivations and actions that drive circular economy engagement can assist in developing targeted strategies and policies that encourage sustainable practices in both product consumption and tourism activities.

On a theoretical level, our study enriches the academic discourse by providing a comprehensive overview of the state of research in consumer pro-circularity behaviours. It highlights the importance of recognizing the interconnectedness of consumer behaviours and the circular economy, offering a framework for future investigations. Additionally, our identification of environmentally conscious purchasing, strategies to extend product lifecycles, and effective waste and food surplus management as central themes contributes to the theoretical foundation of the pro-circular economy field, providing a basis for further exploration and theory development.

Limitations | Considering the relatively recent emergence of the field within the realm of social sciences and particularly tourism research, the limited number of studies dedicated to consumers' circular economy behaviours poses a limitation for this study. This constraint may have implications for the scope and depth of our research findings.

Conclusions | In conclusion, this study does a comprehensive examination of consumer pro-circularity behaviours, particularly within the context of the emerging circular economy and circular tourism movements. While numerous studies have explored various components of these behaviours, our analysis has revealed a significant gap in the literature — specifically, the need for a deeper understanding of the most prevalent actions and motivations driving demand-driven pro-circular behaviours. This gap becomes more apparent when considering the relative scarcity of research within the scope of tourism. Our review not only addresses this crucial gap but also contributes substantially to the field. By synthesizing existing literature and developing a conceptual framework, our research provides valuable insights for businesses, policymakers, and researchers alike.

References

Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., Brennan, S. E., Chou, R., Glanville, J., Grimshaw, J. M., Hróbjartsson, A., Lalu, M. M., Li, T., Loder, E. W., Mayo-Wilson, E., McDonald, S., … Moher, D. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. Systematic Reviews, 10(1), 89. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-021-01626-4

Potting, J., Hekkert, M., Worrell, E., & Hanemaaijer, A. (2017). Findings. In PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (Ed.), Circular economy: Measuring innovation in the product chain (1st ed., Vol. 1, pp. 4–8). PBL Publishers.

Shevchenko, T., Saidani, M., Ranjbari, M., Kronenberg, J., Danko, Y., & Laitala, K. (2023). Consumer behavior in the circular economy: Developing a product-centric framework. Journal of Cleaner Production, 384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.135568

Sørensen, F., & Bærenholdt, J. O. (2020). Tourist practices in the circular economy. Annals of Tourism Research, 85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2020.103027

Circular economy and sustainability: best practices in the restaurant sector

2024-12-31T11:26:43+00:00

Objectives | Sustainability practices are a global challenge to which the restaurant sector is no exception. This study aims to characterize good practices in the field of the Circular Economy (CE) and sustainability; to comprehend their adoption by companies in the restaurant sector, and to identify barriers and opportunities for implementing the principles proposed by the CE in this sector.

Methodology | This study adopted a quantitative methodology. Initially, a literature review was carried out to clarify and identify the main trends, concepts, and challenges in these areas. This collection was broadly based, with a particular focus on the Guide to Good Practices for Circular and Sustainable Catering from Turismo de Portugal and AHRESP (TP & AHRESP, 2021).

The development of a green industry is imperative in the search for a balance between the three basic dimensions of sustainable development - economic, social, and environmental. From this perspective, the World Economic Fund (2023) defines CE as a restorative or regenerative industrial system, which replaces the end-of-life concept of a linear economy with renewal. CE stands out as a new paradigm for sustainability, by unveiling new opportunities for added value for organizations and their customers, in harmony with the environment, and can be seen as a lever for the future, through competitive advantages (Leitão, 2015).

A detailed questionnaire was developed with 34 closed-answer questions, covering sociodemographic issues and the dimensions of "Food and Beverages", "Suppliers and Transportation", "Packaging and Consumables", "Waste Management", "Water and Energy", "Equipment and Infrastructure Management" and "Environmental Sensitivity" were inquired on the restaurant companies.

In geographical and territorial terms, using the convenience sampling technique, the study included restaurant businesses located in the Territorial Unit III areas of Alto Minho, Cávado and Ave, Porto Metropolitan Area, and Coimbra. A total of 4038 companies were mapped using data from the websites of the local councils, which ended up constituting the universe of the study. Subsequently, the online questionnaire was constructed using the LimeSurvey platform and disseminated to the target population for data collection, which took place between June and September 2023. Our sample has 304 answers. Data were analyzed with IBM SPSS Statistics Version 28.

Main results and e contributions | Our main results show that many restaurants already adopt CE practices, but face challenges such as a lack of government support and costs associated with the transition to more sustainable practices. Employee awareness-raising is mostly carried out twice a year (32.9%), and communication with municipalities/associations needs to be improved, with 26.6% of companies never receiving information on sustainability from these entities.

Waste management is the most practiced dimension, with an average of 2.06 and, conversely, good practices in the area of packaging and consumables are less used (1.70). It is clear that companies are progressively making use of their leftovers, both at the time of production and when adjusting portions during plating, as well as investing in their efficient conservation. However, we still do not see this surplus production being sent to social support institutions and/or to combat food waste (53.3%), nor do we see an increase in the value of more vegetable-based dishes, to the detriment of animal protein (20.4%). There is not a great concern with the production and distribution methods of suppliers, but many companies are already seeking out local producers in whole or in part and selecting products according to their seasonality (96.1%). The results also show that 26.6% of companies already offer reusable and/or biodegradable packaging and 25% have already opted to distribute filtered and biodegradable water. Regarding waste management, several companies (37.2%) fully separate waste by category and 25.7% of companies partially quantify and recover waste. Approximately a quarter of restaurants (23%) already partially produce energy from renewable sources, almost all of them monitor their water and energy meters and bills in order to act on potential savings (90.1%) and there is already a growing demand for more energy-efficient equipment (67.5%).

Limitations | One of the limitations arises from the absence of a platform that aggregates the registration, licensing and territorial organization of all the restaurant businesses in operation. As a result, difficulties were encountered in creating a representative and reliable database of all the companies included in the geographical area of the study. Another limitation was the size of the sample, which made it impossible to carry out more specific statistical analyses. Future studies should analyze practices by region and type of restaurant.

Conclusions | Based on this study, we can conclude that many restaurant companies adopt sustainable practices, with a greater focus on waste management. These sustainability practices are seen as a guideline for the development of the future of CE and aim to safeguard sustainable service measures in restaurants. It is therefore essential to raise awareness among players in the sector of the advantages of integrating circularity into their practices in order to increase the competitiveness and sustainability of their operations and value chains, to the detriment of the overuse of resources and food waste.

Sentiments on the Map: A Comparative Analysis of Online Tourist Reviews in Bragança's Attractions

2024-12-31T11:26:43+00:00

Objective | A comparative sentiment analysis based on reviews of tourist attractions on platforms such as TripAdvisor and Google Maps can provide valuable insights into tourist satisfaction and the quality of attractions in a specific destination (Viñán-Ludeña & Campos, 2022; Pineda-Jaramillo et al., 2023). This research aims to undertake a comparative sentiment analysis through reviews on the online platforms TripAdvisor and Google Maps regarding the tourist attractions in Bragança, located in the northern region of Portugal.

Methodology | The TripAdvisor is a popular platform for travel reviews (Nowacki & Niezgoda, 2020; Scalabrini et al., 2023). Google Maps, also allows for such evaluations, equally ranking attractions and other points of interest (Alharbi et al., 2022; Alzboun et al., 2023; Khairina Mohd Haris et al., 2023). Apify is a web automation and scraping platform that enables users to extract data from websites, automate various web-related tasks, and access structured data (Nallakaruppan et al., 2023). Using Apify, it was possible to compile two review databases, extracting all comments from 16 attractions in the Bragança destination between 2020-23. This database comprises 250 TripAdvisor reviews and 242 Google Maps reviews, encompassing rating assessments and text-based comments in Portuguese. Reviews were categorised according to the rating systems of both platforms (ranging from 1 to 5 points) and compared with algorithmic sentiment analysis. In line with similar studies (e.g. Scalabrini et al., 2023), the ratings were further categorised as negative (1-2 points), neutral (=3 points), or positive (4-5 points). Despite initially using the Multinomial Naïve Bayes classifier, it was employed to re-evaluate the model for text classification.

Principal's results and contribution | The results show that some attractions received consistently positive evaluations, such as Castelo de Bragança; Parque Natural de Montesinho; Centro Ciência Viva; Galeria George Dussaud; Museu Militar de Bragança. Occasionally, the TripAdvisor ratings remained neutral while the Google Maps ratings shifted to positive. For instance, Domus Municipalis; Cidadela de Bragança. Conversely, the Centro de Interpretação da Cultura Sefardita do Nordeste Transmontano received opposite assessments, with TripAdvisor showing a positive rating while Google Maps indicated a neutral rating.

A confusion matrix was employed to classify tourist reviews (e.g. Kulkarni et al., 2020), calculating the accuracy, F1-Score, and recall, to gauge the model's performance. Specific features, such as bigrams, were used to enhance model evaluation. For TripAdvisor, classified 46 reviews as negative, while only 8 were genuinely negative, suggesting a tendency to overestimate negative reviews. The model categorised 14 reviews as neutral, of which 4 were genuinely neutral, indicating reasonable performance. Regarding positive reviews, the model classified 34 reviews as positive, while 68 were positive, indicating an overestimation of positive reviews.

The model classified 18 reviews as negative for Google Maps, with only 2 being negative. This also indicated a tendency to overestimate negative reviews. Categorised 5 reviews as neutral, with none being truly neutral, suggesting good model performance in this category. As for positive reviews, the model labelled 34 reviews as positive when 123 were positive, indicating an overestimation of positive reviews.

Limitations | Specifically, the low accuracy value in both datasets, suggests that the quantity of data collected from the web needs to be increased. Furthermore, not all multi-label classifiers and algorithms were tested using the study's model.

Conclusions | The sentiment distribution varied significantly among different attractions in both datasets, with Castelo de Bragança consistently receiving positive reviews. Conversely, Domus Municipalis, Cidadela de Bragança and Igreja de Santa Maria, exhibited a disproportionately high frequency of negative comments on TripAdvisor, despite having relatively high average ratings. On the other hand, the Centro de Interpretação da Cultura Sefardita do Nordeste Transmontano had a disproportionately high frequency of negative comments on Google Maps. The confusion matrix analysis provided additional insights, revealing the model's tendency to overestimate specific sentiments, particularly negative and positive ratings. This highlights the need to fine-tune the model's parameters or better evaluate the quality of the training data.

Consumidor turístico no pós-Covid-19

2024-12-31T11:26:44+00:00

O aparecimento do coronavírus de 2019 e as políticas tomadas para o combater
originaram uma transformação no comportamento dos indivíduos. Assim, tornou-se
essencial, por parte dos negócios, esta adaptação ao novo consumidor e às suas
preferências. Este trabalho foca-se na análise do impacto da Covid-19 no consumidor
turístico, pois o turismo foi uma das áreas mais afetadas com a pandemia. Foram
utilizados dados secundários para investigar esta influência.
Os dados demonstram concordância com o enquadramento teórico da temática.
Verificou-se um aumento de frequência de viagem para viagens de caravana/ viagem de
estrada e GAP year, que permitem o distanciamento social. Os fatores principais ao
realizar uma viagem demonstram ser visitar família e/ou amigos, natureza, cultura e
sol/praia. Fatores como características naturais e o nível de segurança possuem relevância
na lealdade e fidelidade ao destino. A segurança revelou-se, como esperado, um fator de
grande importância na sua escolha. Quanto às fontes de informação, destaca-se as
recomendações de amigos e família e os meios online. É interessante, também, afirmar
que, segundo a amostra em análise, a implementação de menus digitais ou QR Code nos
restaurantes é mais importante que a utilização de robôs de segurança para hotéis e
aeroportos.

The effects of Host-Guest interactions on destination image and loyalty

2024-12-31T11:26:44+00:00

Over the years, destination image has been recognized as one of the most crucial elements of destination marketing, found to impact visitor loyalty and recommendation (Zang et al, 2014). Accordingly, both researchers and destination marketing organizations recognize the importance of understanding which factors can improve a tourist's perception of a destination. The behavior of residents in response to tourist activity and their attitude towards tourism has received considerable attention within the academic community, due to its significance in enhancing destination appeal and distinctiveness. Nevertheless, when it comes to their interactions with tourists, the existing knowledge remains limited, with some exceptions rather analyzing such interaction from a qualitative perspective (Carvalho, et al, 2021; Kastenholz et al, 2013) or not analyzing the phenomenon from a comprehensive view. Specifically, the influence of residents’ positive and amicable relationships with tourists on fostering a positive destination image is not yet comprehensively understood and needs further elucidation. The same argument holds when additionally considering the possible moderating effect of repeat visitation versus first visitation context. To address this gap, this paper analyses the impact of host-guest interactions, through social environment (residents’ friendliness toward tourists) and emotional solidarity in the construction of the tourist destination’s affective image and, in turn, on word-of-mouth about the destination. Emotional solidarity is exposed over ‘sense of being welcome’ (emotions tourists feel when welcomed by residents), ‘emotional closeness’ (affective bonds experienced by tourists and residents) and ‘sympathetic understanding’ (empathy between tourists and residents). This study also explores the potential differences between first-time visitors and repeat visitors, as both should engage differently with the destination and its residents, given previous experience of repeat visitors.

An online survey was conducted among Portuguese tourists and a non-probabilistic convenience and snowball sampling procedure was used to disseminate the questionnaire. Considering their last tourist destination, respondents were asked to answer questions related to the previously mentioned variables under study. All constructs were operationalized with multi-item scales derived from the literature and five-point Likert scales anchored from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). A total of 380 responses were validated. Data was analysed using partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) in SmartPLS 4. First, the measurement model was assessed in terms of internal consistency/ reliability, convergent validity, and discriminant. Through a structural model, it was analysed the veracity of the positive relations between ‘social environment’ and ‘emotional solidarity’ on the ‘affective destination image’ and the effects of the tourist destination’s affective image on word-of-mouth. Next, a multigroup analysis was conducted to evaluate potential significative differences between first-time visitors and repeated visitors.

The PLS algorithm showed an R² value of 0.420 for the endogenous variable affective destination image and 0.556 for positive word of mouth about the destination. The findings indicate that ‘social environment’, ‘sense of being welcome’ and ‘sympathetic understanding’ have a positive effect on ‘affective destination image’. However, ‘emotional closeness’ did not show a significant impact on ‘affective destination image’. In turn, tourists’ affective destination image positively affects word-of-mouth about the destination. Moreover, the multigroup analyses show statistically significant differences between first-time visitors and repeat visitors as far as the relationship between social environment and destination affective image is concerned. Interestingly, for new visitors, social environment has a higher positive effect on the affective destination image.

Literature review showed few prior studies that used multiple group analysis in PLS to examine the impacts of interactions between residents and tourism on destination image, in different segments. In fact, this may be one of the first studies to focus on affective destination image differentiation between new and repeated visitors. Given that tourism is an industry with increasing competitiveness, having prior knowledge on how to attract and retain tourists boosts the destination’s loyalty.

This study is cross-sectional, based on a convenience sample of Portuguese tourists and uses self-reported data. Future studies could test the proposed model with other nationalities, as well as with other types of data.

This study provides important strategic implications for destination managers. Our findings highlighted that residents warm and welcoming demeanor, characterized by their friendliness and empathy towards tourists hold great importance in shaping the affective image of a destination and can be a powerful tool to enhance loyalty among tourists, therefore, it is recommended to include residents as an essential element of destination management and branding. Additionally, the development of a marketing strategy focused on residents’ friendliness towards tourists can be of great value for new visitors.

Comportamento em viagem de mulheres de meia-idade e seniores: Motivações, necessidades e obstáculos

2024-12-31T11:26:45+00:00

O objetivo geral dessa investigação é identificar o comportamento e caracterizar as necessidades, motivações e riscos de mulheres de meia-idade e seniores quando viajam sozinhas (women solo travel). Pretende, também, dar resposta a questões e temas específicos, que passam pela análise às questões de género no turismo, a caracterização do segmento de mercado de meia-idade e sénior, como identificar as dinâmicas das viagens individuais e perceber qual o papel que as TIC podem desempenhar nesta relação. A relação entre estes três conceitos permitiu desenvolver o quadro conceptual da investigação.

Exploring the Intersection Between Perceptions of Imperialism, Empowerment, and Support for Sustainable Tourism on the Island of Sal, Cape Verde

2024-12-31T11:26:45+00:00

Objectives | This study aims to investigate the effects of residents’ perception of political, economic, and cultural imperialism on residents’ perceptions of economic, environmental, psychological, social, and political empowerment and to what extent these perceptions influence their support for sustainable tourism development.

Methodology | Data was collected July through October, 2022 on the island of Sal, Cape Verde. Using a door-to-door questionnaire, 341 samples were validated and tested. Extended empowerment scale (Boley & McGehee, 2014), imperialism scale, (Sinclair-Maragh & Gursoy, 2015) and support for sustainable tourism development scale (Man Cheng et al., 2021), were measured through a 5-point Likert scale. The study tested a conceptual model using the IBM Amos v28 Software and applying the maximum likelihood estimation (ML) method (Hair et al., 2010). Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were performed.

Main Results and Contributions | Firstly, the set of hypotheses measuring perceptions of political imperialism and empowerment demonstrate that under the conditions where foreign investors dominate tourism policies, benefit from imported tax, and pressure local governments to implement policies to facilitate tourism operations, residents illustrated that such conditions do not empower them economically, environmentally, psychologically, socially or politically. Secondly, findings show that when developments are precariously deficient and investment incentives are put in place by regulatory institutions, which in turn contributes to repatriation of profits, economic leakage, and wage disparity, local population sentiments of economic, psychological, social, and political empowerment are overshadowed by the effects of economic imperialism. Thirdly, finding revealed that the imposition of foreign customs and traditions and the commodification of local culture implemented through cultural imperialism, tourism did not contribute to equal economic distribution, conservation of natural resources, community pride, and collective efforts, depriving resident to become economically, environmentally, psychologically, socially and politically empowered through tourism. Fourthly, findings show that residents’ perceptions of economic, environmental, and psychological empowerment established a significant relationship with support for sustainable tourism development. However, effects of perceptions of social and political empowerment on support for tourism were insignificant.

Limitations | First, data was collected before the return of high season since the COVID-19 pandemic. This is mentioned because, during the pandemic, many residents suffered unjustified layoffs from multinational brands, and had no means of income. As livelihoods were threatened, respondents’ perceptions (imperialism and empowerment) might have been influenced by the importance of tourism activity on the island of Sal. Such perceptions might have been viewed cautiously during questionnaire fill-out influencing variables in the model. Data collection during high season, when employment rates are normalized and residents have economic means, could yield different results.

Another limitation present in this study is that data collection was limited to one island. Insight from a diverse geographical perspective, national and international, could further confirm local population perceptions and attitudes within this domain. In addition, bearing in mind that tourism is developed through multinational corporations in most small island destinations, studies that investigate residents' perception of imperialism and its effect on residents' perception of all-inclusive resort and trust in local government would also further contribute to the tourism attitude literature.

Conclusions | This study aimed to address concerns pertaining to the balance of power, the ongoingness of imperialism, and core and peripheral nation relations within a vulnerable tourism destination (Higgins-Desbiolles, 2022; Nash, 1989; Sinclair-Maragh & Gursoy, 2015). In an attempt to advance our knowledge surrounding such concerns, the study intended to better understand how actions that are often justified by economic and political agenda and policies that are fueled by the urgency to actuate national consumption and congregate standard of living ambitious in the Global North, continue to hamper growth in the Global South.

Health and wellness tourism: systematic review of the literature

2024-12-31T11:26:46+00:00

Cultivating Change: Exploring the Positive Impacts of Regenerative Tourism on Local Food Systems

2024-12-31T11:26:46+00:00

Recent studies demonstrate that there is no universal definition of regenerative tourism (Bellato et al., 2023). Notwithstanding, some approaches argue that regenerative tourism goes beyond sustainability, as it focuses on tourists leaving the places better than they found them (Duxbury et al., 2020). Related activities have the potential to revitalise and regenerate destinations by creating a cycle of positive impacts on local people and their economies, regenerating local culture and biodiversity, through authentic, unique, and memorable travel experiences (CBI, 2022). It is a holistic view and understanding that the future of tourism development includes local communities, the environment, and the commitment of visitors to the preservation and protection of natural, social, and cultural dimensions of the place (Fusté-Forné, & Hussain, 2022) and supporting the long-term renewal of social and natural environments (Dredge, 2022). Despite the absence of an academic definition for the term “regenerative tourism”, there are innovative tourism experiences that can be addressed as transformational as they create net positive effects by regenerating cultural, natural, social or economic ecosystems. Food, and food tourism play a crucial role, as every destination has unique gastronomic traditions that offer meaningful experiences with local culture. In this context, regenerative gastronomic tourism practices can create the opportunity to bring small local food producers into the tourism ecosystem, by creating new, more sustainable business models. The objectives of this study are: i) to develop a conceptual framework for the study of Regenerative Tourism practices, providing a solid methodological approach; ii) to conduct an exploratory analysis of the concept of Regenerative Tourism and emerging practices, particularly within food producers and the tourism ecosystem through relevant case studies illustrating regenerative initiatives, providing valuable guidance for destinations seeking to adopt Regenerative Food Tourism principles and practices; iii) to empower local food producers and to bring them into the tourism ecosystem through regenerative food-based tourism experiences contributing to a more resilient and regenerative global tourism industry.

The ageing effect on European tourism demand: a short/medium term impacts scenarios

2024-12-31T11:26:46+00:00

This paper reflects about the impacts on short/medium term of aging effect on European tourism demand and provides a contribution to a recent McKercher (2023) call for adopting a more critical lens when examining differences among generations. Population aging challenges and constraints have been discussed mainly due to their impacts at the political, social, cultural and economic level. As reported by European Commission [EC] (2023), “ageing of the population is a long-term trend, which began several decades ago in Europe” (p.10). As underlined by EC on 1 January 2021, those aged 65+ represented 20.8% of the EU population but expected to attain 30,6% in 2050. Countries as Portugal, Spain and Italy are expected to present higher values than the European average. Nevertheless, the aging impact is not only registered in South Europe, and most relevant international tourism markets to Portugal, such as France will face this effect (European Commission, 2023). Considering recent research gaps on these aging effects on tourism, it is important to:

relate the population structure of the most important European tourism markets in Portugal;
suggest tourism demand scenarios supported by demographic projections;
explore the attitudes of European tourists to go on holidays based on the Age-period-cohort theory.

Innovative Approaches to Tourism Education: A Case Study of Collaborative Design Thinking for Sustainable Solutions

2024-12-31T11:26:46+00:00

Objectives | This workshop aimed to extend the experiential learning gained from the ProGlobe virtual exchange projects to a week-long, in-person Summer School focused on applying design thinking principles to address global sustainability challenges. The objective was to foster cross-cultural, cross-disciplinary collaboration among students from H-BRS in Germany, IPV in Portugal, Fanshawe College in Canada, and Middle Tennessee State University in the USA.

Methodology | The workshop spanned five phases over three days, incorporating a range of activities to facilitate learning and collaboration. These phases include Orientation, Cultural Awareness, Sustainability & Environmental Issues, Design Thinking Charrette, and Charrette Presentation. Each phase was designed to progressively guide students through the process of understanding, ideating, and presenting solutions to sustainable global issues.

Main Results and Contributions | The workshop's multi-phase structure empowered students to deepen their understanding of sustainability, cultural awareness, and interdisciplinary collaboration. During the Design Thinking Charrette, students conceived innovative ideas, including a sustainable culturally themed restaurant. This concept integrated eco-conscious materials, energy-efficient technologies, and locally-sourced organic ingredients. While these were conceptual ideas, they demonstrated the students' capacity to think creatively and consider sustainability in practical contexts. The workshop's emphasis on design thinking and sustainability provided a platform for students to explore innovative solutions for global challenges. This experience not only equipped students with valuable skills but also empowered them to be proactive contributors to a more sustainable future.

Limitations | Even though the workshop provides a robust platform for collaborative learning, it is essential to acknowledge the time-constrained nature of the event. The condensed schedule may limit the depth of exploration in some phases, requiring students to engage with complex topics in a focused manner.

Conclusions | The workshop's emphasis on design thinking and sustainability provided a platform for students to explore innovative solutions for global challenges. This experience not only equipped students with valuable skills but also empowered them to be proactive contributors to a more sustainable future. The conceptualization of a sustainable culturally themed restaurant served as a tangible demonstration of their creative potential and their ability to consider sustainability in practical contexts. This workshop has showcased the students' capacity to think innovatively and collaboratively in addressing complex global issues. It has not only equipped them with the tools to navigate such challenges but also fostered cross-cultural, cross-disciplinary collaboration, preparing them to excel in an increasingly interconnected world.

References

Fonseca, P., Julian, K., Hulme, W., Martins, M. D. L., & Brautlacht, R. (2021). Themulti-disciplinary approach to an interdisciplinary virtual exchange. In M. Satar(Ed.), Virtual exchange: towards digital equity in internationalisation (pp. 41-49).Research-publishing.net. https://doi.org/10.14705/rpnet.2021.53.1288

Reengenharia do Turismo nas Zonas Costeiras

2024-12-31T11:26:47+00:00

A intensão deste resumo é dar a conhecer a cultura arquitetónica vernacular da região e, como esta pode ser uma importante mais-valia, na reengenharia do turismo do território costeiro e as implicações sociais e culturais do Turismo, em prol da sustentabilidade no ordenamento do território e na experiência do turista no misto do destino cultura e costeiro

Towards the future of tourism: A bibliometric analysis of the fourth industrial revolution in the tourism industry

2024-12-31T11:26:47+00:00

Following the previous industrial revolutions, a new digital revolution broke out, providing the basis for the emergence of a new paradigm that undermines both economic and social structures. Tied up with advanced technologies such as AI, AR, big data, blockchain, cybersecurity, cloud computing, and the IoT, the fourth industrial revolution arose (Rüssmann et al., 2015; Smit et al., 2016). This new technology trend has its roots in the I4.0 concept (Lasi et al., 2014; Lu, 2017; Osei et al., 2020). The term, which was first introduced at the Hannover Fair 2011 as a national political strategy by the German government (Drath & Horch, 2014), represents the next wave of the industrial revolution, focusing on the potential of high-tech (Drath & Horch, 2014; Lasi et al., 2014; Lu, 2017). This phenomenon is considered the fourth time disruptive innovations are introduced in industrial processes, representing a paradigm shift guided by digital transformation (Ghobakhloo et al., 2021; Lasi et al., 2014).

Accessing metaverse in tourism research: a preliminary bibliometric insights

2024-12-31T11:26:48+00:00

Scholarly interest in the concept of the metaverse is growing, especially within the fields of technology and digital innovation, with potential applications in tourism research. This preliminary bibliometric study aims to provide an accurate representation of the evolving landscape of metaverse-related research in the context of tourism. We analyze key bibliometric characteristics, including authorship networks, thematic clusters, and publication trends, utilizing a substantial corpus of scholarly publications from 2017 to 2023, extracted from the Scopus database and analyzed using R programming software. Our findings reveal a notable increase in publications over recent years, indicating a growing interest in the interplay between the metaverse and tourism. We identify influential authors and affiliations, offering insights into the global distribution of research endeavors in this emerging field. Furthermore, through thematic clustering analysis, we highlight the predominant themes and areas of investigation within this research domain. This paper contributes valuable insights into the swiftly developing field of metaverse applications in tourism research and establishes a foundation for future research and collaboration in this dynamic, multidisciplinary domain.

Wayfinding as a Universal Language for Inclusivity in Hospitality and Tourism

2024-12-31T11:26:48+00:00

Title: Wayfinding as a Universal Language for Inclusivity in Hospitality and Tourism

Wendi Hulme, Fanshawe College, Canada.

Kristi Julian, Ph.D., Middle Tennessee State University, USA.

Key Words | Virtual Exchange, Intercultural and Global Competence, Experiential Learning, Wayfinding, Inclusivity, Universal Language

Abstract |

The requirement for multi-lingual skills in all realms of public domain is more than just an asset, but a necessary component to ensure inclusive and equitable experiences for all. This is especially true in international experiences, such as hospitality and tourism settings. In this presentation, visual language will be presented as the universal language that removes typical language barriers that may occur due to a lack or minimal fluency in multiple languages. For example, a tour guide fluent in German, Portuguese, and English, guiding a group of tourists who only speak Arabic.

Visual language is presented as a method for intercultural and global communication within the context of tourism and hospitality via Wayfinding. Wayfinding is a comprehensive approach of orienting people in and through a space, providing a frame of reference to identify immediate location and intended destinations. Avoiding disorientation is critical to prevent associated stress and anxiety (Zimring, in press). This method facilitates the ability of people to competently, confidently and comfortably move between locations in and around objects, people, and spaces. Whether the wayfinding cue is literal, contextual, graphic or textural, the visual construct of Wayfinding is what makes it a universal language.

As an extension of the ProGlobe Interdisciplinary and International Virtual Exchange project between institutions from USA, Canada, Portugal and Germany, Interior Design students and Tourism and Hospitality students from USA and Canada collaborated through an experiential learning activity to develop wayfinding solutions for hospitality and tourism spaces. Expanding upon the student learning and experiences from the ProGlobe project focused on Promoting the Global Exchange of Ideas on Sustainable Goals, Cultural Diversity and Inclusivity, four student teams reviewed and evaluated the communication and navigation challenges presented to a diverse set of patrons in a hypothetical hospitality scenario. Each group addressed the scenario through the lens of a different wayfinding cue to develop their solution using visual language.

Students who participated in both the virtual exchange project and experiential activity learned that the integration of visual language for intercultural communication can be transferred to scenarios universally, beyond tourism, and demonstrated their ability to transfer this learned knowledge and skills to subsequent projects. Representative students will join the authors of this presentation to share their perspectives and discuss how they developed universal language and communication skills and gained cultural competence for diverse tourists in local and global communities.

O papel das TIC na sustentabilidade sociocultural percecionado por artesãos de turismo criativo

2024-12-31T11:26:48+00:00

Objetivo | Analisar o papel das TIC percecionado pelos artesãos para a promoção da sustentabilidade sociocultural de destinos turísticos criativos.

Metodologia | Realização de 30 entrevistas a artesãos de Barcelos e de Óbidos efetuadas durante os meses de abril e de maio de 2023. A análise das entrevistas foi realizada a partir da técnica de análise de conteúdo com suporte do software webQDA. Também é feito um estudo comparativo entre as localidades de Barcelos e de Óbidos em termos de perceções dos artesãos relativamente ao papel das TIC nos construtos da sustentabilidade sociocultural – aprendizagem, divulgação do património, envolvimento da comunidade local, igualdade e inclusão, inovação, preservação do património, resiliência, satisfação, segurança no destino e vitalidade.

Principais resultados e contributos | Como principais resultados destaca-se a existência de diferenças significativas entre as localidades da investigação, tanto no número de artesãos como nas suas perceções e comportamentos quanto às TIC. A análise de conteúdo efetuada totalizou 26 subcategorias configuradas nas seguintes categorias: Categoria 1 - Atividade dos artesãos; Categoria 2 - Caraterização dos clientes; Categoria 3 - Papel da comunidade local na atividade dos artesãos; Categoria 4 - Redes de colaboração formal e informal; Categoria 5 - TIC promotoras de preservação do património local; Categoria 6 - TIC promotoras de segurança do destino e Categoria 7 - Utilização das TIC.

Como principais contributos sobressai a análise integrada realizada ao nível das perceções dos artesãos entrevistados relativamente aos construtos da sustentabilidade sociocultural percecionados nas respetivas localidades (aprendizagem, divulgação do património, envolvimento da comunidade local, igualdade e inclusão, inovação, preservação do património, resiliência, satisfação, segurança no destino e vitalidade), sendo que da revisão da literatura efetuada resultaram 11 pressupostos, dos quais empiricamente foram confirmados oito e rejeitados os pressupostos que definiam três dos construtos da sustentabilidade sociocultural – envolvimento da comunidade local, inovação e satisfação.

Limitações | As limitações existentes deste estudo são assentes na realização das entrevistas por telefone porque esta opção condicionou o diálogo existente entre os artesãos e os investigadores. Além disso, vários contactos telefónicos encontrados nos websites das câmaras municipais de Barcelos e de Óbidos estavam desativados ou fora de serviço, assim como, nem todos os telefonemas não atendidos foram retornados. O número de entrevistados poderia ter sido superior caso alguns dos artesãos contactados tivessem aceitado realizar a entrevista.

Conclusões | Como principais conclusões, este estudo confirma as potencialidades das TIC na promoção da sustentabilidade sociocultural de destinos turísticos criativos sendo que é recomendado aos artesãos e aos criativos detentores ou não de empresas criativas a tirarem melhor proveito das potencialidades das TIC particularmente ao nível dos construtos não confirmados com o estudo empírico, portanto, ao nível do envolvimento da comunidade local, da inovação e da satisfação de visitantes.

Ritmo de recuperação no pós COVID: uma análise por mercado

2024-12-31T11:26:49+00:00

O COVID-19 impôs perdas pesadas em termos de hóspedes, receitas e perceção de segurança. Contudo, a exemplo do sucedido noutros episódios de redução da procura turística após a ocorrência de desastres naturais, o setor do turismo demonstra uma elevada resiliência perante choques, como o historial de desenvolvimento turístico da Madeira demonstra. Contudo alguns mercados demonstram uma maior capacidade de resistência e de recuperação do que outros, do que podem resultar transformações estruturais e radicais da procura. Neste artigo analisa-se o ritmo de recuperação dos principais mercados, comparando dois macro-eventos, o desastre natural de 2010 e o pós-COVID procurando identificar os fatores subjacentes ao ritmo de recuperação, a nível regional e municipal, tendo em conta aspetos como o segmento de mercado predominante, o grau de dispersão da procura a nível municipal, e outras variáveis de controlo.

Dada o risco crescente enfrentado pelas regiões insulares ao nível das catástrofes naturais importa conhecer a sensibilidade ao risco dos diferentes mercados, assim como o ritmo de recuperação, para efeitos de priorização dos investimentos em promoção e relações públicas.

Bibliometric analysis of the relation between Creative Tourism and Creative Cities publications between 2002 and 2022 in the SCOPUS database

2024-12-31T11:26:49+00:00

O Turismo Criativo é um segmento turístico recente, tendo a sua definição surgido pela primeira vez em 2000. Esta foi a premissa que deu origem ao primeiro objetivo: compreender e analisar a evolução das publicações de Turismo Criativo nos últimos 22 anos. Percebeu-se que o termo nem sempre foi utilizado corretamente. Portanto, decidimos avaliar quais estavam relacionadas ao Turismo Criativo e quais não se enquadravam no tema. Além disso, com a evolução do termo e a evolução das Cidades Criativas da UNESCO, procurámos também perceber se existe uma ligação entre as publicações de Turismo Criativo e as da Cidade Criativa, ou seja, se o Turismo Criativo também se desenvolve nas Cidades Criativas da UNESCO.

Unveiling the Nexus: Peace Education, Tourism, and UNESCO Site Management Policies

2024-12-31T11:26:49+00:00

The potential of UNESCO sites to serve as platforms for education and dialogue makes them ideal settings for promoting peace education through tourism. Research on peace education within the context of UNESCO sites is gradually expanding, but a systematic analysis of how peace education is integrated into tourism experiences at these sites remains underexplored. This prompts a deeper investigation into the effectiveness of specific initiatives and the nuances of visitor experiences. Limited research delves into the effectiveness of specific peace education initiatives at UNESCO sites or examines the nuances of visitor experiences in these contexts. Additionally, there is a dearth of studies focusing on UNESCO sites in specific regions, further underscoring the need for a comprehensive review to inform future research endeavors. This literature review aims to bridge these gaps by providing a foundation for a more nuanced and transversal understanding of the relationship between UNESCO sites and peace education. Ultimately, understanding the interconnectedness of UNESCO sites and peace education contributes to the broader discourse on how cultural heritage can be harnessed for peacebuilding and global understanding. The research adopts the traditional triangulation of qualitative methods such as archival analysis, semi-structured interviews, and fieldwork to explore the perception of managers towards their responsibilities to promote peace education through tourism at world heritage sites.

Exploring creative tourism on quality of life of older artisans

2024-12-31T11:26:50+00:00

O turismo criativo (TC), uma extensão do turismo cultural, facilita o envolvimento ativo em actividades culturais e criativas no destino, distinguindo-o do turismo cultural de massas. Este estudo examina o impacto do TC na qualidade de vida (QdV) dos artesãos mais velhos, um grupo demográfico frequentemente ignorado. Centra-se no Loulé Criativo, uma iniciativa que promove a cultura e a identidade locais através de workshops de TC. A investigação recorre a uma abordagem qualitativa exploratória de estudo de caso. Os resultados revelam efeitos significativamente positivos do TC na QdV dos artesãos mais velhos, com melhorias em dimensões como a perceção da saúde, papel e atividade, relações, atitude e adaptação, e segurança financeira. Mecanismos como o envolvimento ativo, a auto-expressão criativa, a ligação ao património cultural e o envolvimento da comunidade nas experiências de TC são os principais impulsionadores destes resultados positivos. Este estudo contribui com evidências empíricas sobre o impacto do TC na QdV e sublinha a importância de iniciativas inclusivas de TC para melhorar o bem-estar dos artesãos mais velhos, fornecendo informações valiosas para futuros desenvolvimentos no turismo cultural e no envolvimento da comunidade.

Senior travelers’ experience and usage in adopting ICTs

2024-12-31T11:26:50+00:00

This study contributes to understanding the experience and usage of ICTs by senior travelers within or to the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA), China. Applying the Stimulus–Organism–Response (S–O–R) model, this study examined what sorts of stimuli had triggered senior travelers’ ICT adoption before, during, and after the trip; and how the stimuli evoked their experiences and emotions, and led to their utilization of ICTs in their future GBA trips. Twenty-one qualitative face-to-face interviews with senior travelers who had experiences in using ICTs in their GBA trips were conducted. The findings indicated that perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use were the primary extrinsic stimuli that evoked positive experiences and emotions and led to the high adoption of ICTs in the seniors’ future GBA trips. However, ease of use perceptions associated with negative experiences and emotions had little impact on the matter. Managerial implications were given to policymakers and industry practitioners to be aware of senior travelers’ specific perceptions of usage and to design policies and ICTs products that better suit their needs. This study also contributes to the limited studies on senior travelers’ usage and experience of ICTs and provides a basis for similar research in other contexts.

Tapping Tourism Potentials in Modern-Day Nigeria

2024-12-31T11:26:51+00:00

Enabling Tourism 5.0

2024-12-31T11:26:51+00:00

Objectives | Given the rise of Industry 5.0, the concept of Tourism 4.0 is currently evolving into Tourism 5.0, starting to reveal unseen possibilities and perspectives in the field of tourism management and services (Gomes, Lopes, & Ferreira, 2023). The scope of Tourism 5.0 is connected to technological impacts with social sustainability (Gretzel, Sigala, Xiang, & Koo, 2015; Neuhofer, Buhalis, & Ladkin, 2012). Essentially, technological drivers are redefining the travel industry's boundaries by improving consumer experiences, and service quality and transforming current technologies, such as tourism information systems (Bulchand-Gidumal, 2022). Studying how technology in tourism interacts with society to promote social sustainability is the main purpose of the 5.0 tourism paradigm. Concerning social aspects, technology may be used to improve accessibility conditions, therefore accessible tourism and Tourism 5.0 go hand in hand (Teixeira, Teixeira, Eusébio, Silva, & Teixeira, 2021). However, studies on the Tourism 5.0 paradigm are still few in the literature, despite the trend of innovation across tourism (Madsen & Slåtten, 2023; Mukherjee et al., 2023). Moreover, the literature about the relationship between Tourism 5.0 and accessible tourism is very scarce. Therefore, this paper intends to increase knowledge in this field examining how Tourism 5.0 may contribute to the development of a more accessible and sustainable tourism industry. In particular, this study’s objective is to analyze the transformation of tourism information systems, and understand how technological drivers can improve existing solutions, thus enabling Tourism 5.0.

Methodology | To achieve this goal, a case study analysis is performed. This case study involves understanding how an innovative accessible tourism information system (access@tour by action) can benefit from incorporating technological advancements related to Industry 5.0 in terms of accessibility and sustainability. The access@tour by action is a mobile app developed for the accessible tourism market, supporting information management in the context of accessibility (Teixeira, Teixeira, & Eusébio, 2022). The relationship between technological drivers and their integration into the access@tour by action app offers a comprehensive view of how technological advancements can bolster accessible tourism. Essentially a literature research was used to identify the technological drivers of Industry 5.0 with the potential to improve the accessibility of information systems. Then, it is presented a proposal for integrating these drivers with the access@tour by action, taking into account the potential of each driver and the needs of accessible tourism.

Main results and contributions | The in-depth exploration of integrating technological drivers with accessible tourism, specifically with a case study on access@tour by action, revealed the significant potential of technology in establishing more accessibility. The technological drivers, such as 3D Printing, Cyber-physical systems, Cloud technologies, the Internet of Things, Big Data Analysis Tools, Cognitive Computing, Virtual reality, Radiofrequency identifiers, Augmented reality, and Artificial intelligence, provide unique improvements that can revamp the app's usability, adaptability, and information/communication spread. These connections have the power to improve and tailor user experiences, guaranteeing high levels of customization and real-time adaptation to meet the diverse demands of people with special needs, and also having the capability to allow for more sustainable tourism.

Limitations | There are some limitations to the study that need to be addressed. This study provided only a particular view of how a specific platform can evolve to promote more accessibility and sustainability. To better estimate the technological impacts of Tourism 5.0 on tourism platforms, it may be necessary to analyze platforms with other types of functionalities (e.g. wayfinding).

Conclusions | The incorporation of emerging technologies in accessible tourism apps like access@tour by action has the potential to transform the experience for travelers in terms of accessibility and sustainability. However, the journey does not end with integration; it demands continuous refinement and research to overcome limitations and evolve with the dynamic technological landscape. By embracing technological advancements and integrating them thoughtfully, we can make strides toward more inclusive, accessible, and sustainable tourism.

Integration of artificial intelligence in hospitality management: A comprehensive literature review

2024-12-31T11:26:51+00:00

Objectives | The rise of digital technologies has greatly impacted the global hospitality industry. Factors like a shortage of workers in the sector and the COVID-19 pandemic have made digitalization even more crucial: helping in managing staff efficiently and meeting customer needs like online orders and contactless payments. Despite the growing use of restaurant management systems (RMS), they are often not fully utilized. They miss out on important aspects of management like planning and organizing tasks. Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to address these gaps by controlling costs, boosting productivity, and enhancing customer satisfaction at an organizational level. While integrating digital solutions, can offer many benefits, it's essential to recognize and address any resistance that might arise during implementation. This resistance may be rooted in diverse factors, yet understanding them and taking appropriate steps can help businesses overcome it and successfully adopt digital technologies. Thus, our study seeks to contribute to the body of knowledge on artificial intelligence’s utilization in restaurant management by synthesizing the most recent literature.

Methodology | In the initial stage of our ongoing research series, a systematic literature review (SLR) has been undertaken to explore questions previously examined within the subject matter while simultaneously identifying gaps in literature. This comprehensive literature review followed a four-step methodology: conceptualization, screening for relevance, screening for eligibility, and ultimately, full-text data analysis. Commencing with systematic inquiries across academic search engines and databases (Web of Science, Scopus), we employed a set of keywords to procure appropriate scholarly papers.

Main Results and Contributions | AI technology presents a multitude of advantages for restaurants, encompassing heightened operational efficiency, diminished labor costs, elevated customer service standards, and augmented revenue streams. Kumar et al. (2021) have discerned numerous opportunities for AI and machine learning applications within the food industry, spanning from the optimization of supply chain logistics and enhanced food safety measures to the refinement of product development processes. Furthermore, Lee et al. (2021) have developed a predictive model, fortified by AI-powered big data analytics, to assist in managing restaurant reviews, thereby empowering customers to make more informed dining decisions. AI-driven chatbots and voice assistants hold the potential to automate routine operational tasks such as order processing, payment handling, and reservation management, culminating in substantial cost savings for restaurants and accelerated service delivery. Additionally, AI technology can harness customer data for the purpose of crafting personalized marketing initiatives and menu offerings, thereby bolstering customer loyalty and augmenting revenue streams.

Despite its promising benefits, AI deployment within the restaurant industry confronts a spectrum of challenges that necessitate careful scrutiny. Nozawa et al. (2021) have observed that consumer responses to AI utilization exhibit variations when comparing luxury and non-luxury dining establishments, with concerns centered on issues of data privacy and the potential erosion of human interaction. Moreover, issues concerning data security and privacy emerge, as AI mandates substantial user data for optimal functioning. Naumov (2019) has underscored the complex nature of utilization of robots and AI on service quality and hospitality experience, demanding careful consideration. Blöcher and Alt (2020) highlighted the need for specialized technical expertise to develop and maintain AI systems, which encompasses the financial considerations associated with its implementation.

Limitations | Literature reviews serve as a valuable method for synthesizing existing literature within a specific domain, however, they have certain limitations. A foremost constraint lies in the potential for publication bias, where studies with statistically significant results tend to dominate the literature, while those with null or negative findings are often left out. Moreover, despite extensive search efforts, the potential exists for the omission of some relevant studies. It can be attributed to several factors, including limitations in the chosen search terms, access constraints, or the existence of studies published in languages not covered within the review's scope.

Conclusions | The integration of AI within the restaurant industry presents a multifaceted tapestry of advantages and challenges, exerting a transformative influence on hospitality management. However, with consideration and continuous developmental initiatives, digital technology stands ready to revolutionize the sector, ushering in benefits such as amplified productivity, heightened customer satisfaction, and augmented revenue streams. The research underscores a diverse array of opportunities for further AI development and application, thereby emphasizing the substantial future potential of AI within the restaurant industry. Notwithstanding the obstacles that necessitate surmounting, including the costs associated with implementation, technical expertise deficits, and concerns related to data security, AI holds a promising future within the restaurant sector.

References

Blöcher, K. & Alt, R. (2020). AI and robotics in the European restaurant sector: Assessing potentials for process innovation in a high-contact service industry. Electronic Markets, 31, 529–551. DOI: 10.1007/s12525-020-00443-2

Kumar, I., Rawat, J., Mohd, N. & Husain, S. (2021). Opportunities of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in the Food Industry. Journal of Food Quality, 2021, 1–10. DOI: 10.1155/2021/4535567

Nozawa, C., Togawa, T., Velasco, C. & Motoki, K. (2021). Consumer responses to the use of artificial intelligence in luxury and non-luxury restaurants. Food Quality and Preference, 96, 104436. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2021.104436

Naumov, N. (2019). The impact of robots, artificial intelligence, and service automation on service quality and service experience in hospitality. Robots, Artificial Intelligence, and Service Automation in Travel, Tourism and Hospitality, DOI:10.1108/978-1-78756-687-320191007

Lee, M., Kwon, W., & Back, K. (2021). Artificial intelligence for hospitality big data analytics: developing a prediction model of restaurant review helpfulness for customer decision-making. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 33(6), 2117-2136. DOI:10.1108/IJCHM-06-2020-0587

A paradiplomacia presente na reestruturação territorial

2024-12-31T11:26:52+00:00

O presente trabalho faz parte das ações já desenvolvidas por meio da Agenda Binacional de Integração Fronteiriça, coordenada pela Associação Civil Uruguaia Clube Fronteira, que desenvolve atividades no viés da educação, cultura, meio ambiente, esporte e turismo. O projeto de criação do Calendário Binacional Esportivo proporcionará conhecer a realidade de vinte e seis municípios, uruguaios e brasileiros, que hoje fazem parte das ações da Agenda Binacional de Integração Fronteiriça. Entretanto, surge a necessidade de criar um Calendário Binacional Esportivo, assim propondo uma regionalização do turismo entre as cidades uruguaias e brasileiras por meio dos eventos esportivos. Para isso, foi necessário desenvolver uma pesquisa qualitativa de modo exploratório a fim de conhecer a realidade da gestão pública municipal, a capacidade de carga dos municípios, quais atores praticam esportes e que modalidades existem. De posse dessas informações, procura-se sair da informalidade do projeto, ultrapassando as ações subnacionais em busca de uma diplomacia entre as regiões, fomentando a criação do Calendário Binacional Esportivo, sua divulgação e uma possível instância de governança turística.

Social Networks, tourism, and experiences

2024-12-31T11:26:52+00:00

Objectives | The use of social media by tourists in the context of experiences is a topic that has gained recent importance. There are different motivations or factors that lead individuals to share this content on Social Networks (Arica et al., 2022). Some of the motivations that drive tourists to share these experiences have been classified under different principles. A first criterion distinguishes between self-centered motivations and those related to belonging and interaction with the community (Liu, Moyle, & Kralj, 2022). Another uses the distinction between intrinsic and extrinsic motivations (Wang, Qiu, & Ren, 2022). (Zhang, Yang, & Bai, 2022) combine the two mentioned criteria to obtain four types of motivations. Among these, we can highlight those related to self-development (self-centered and extrinsic). The aim of this work is, on one hand, to analyze the evolution of research regarding tourists' use of social networks in their experiences. On the other hand, it aims to determine which of these motivations are the most studied, focusing particularly on those related to self-development.

Methodology | To carry out this analysis, a set of 60 articles indexed in the Web of Science (WoS) was extracted. No filters were applied to limit the publication date or the type of scientific document. Texts explaining tourists' behavior on social networks and the aspects and motivations most involved in analyzing tourism experiences were selected. After obtaining the articles, the VOSViewer program was used to analyze the contents.

Main results and contributions | As a result, a conceptual map showing the relationships among the most relevant content in these studies has been obtained. Specifically, considering the content analysis conducted, three significant aspects are differentiated in the study of social media usage, motivations, and experiences. Firstly, concerning factors and motivations, self-congruence stands out as the main intrinsic factor studied in the field of experiences. This aspect is the most utilized and is part of the self-development motivations mentioned earlier. Self-concept and self-image are also related to congruence. Other important intrinsic variables include self-esteem or narcissism. To a lesser extent, self-presentation stands out as an extrinsic factor. Secondly, regarding the experience, satisfaction is the variable that stands out among others. Recent studies emphasize its relationship with memorable tourist experiences. Thirdly, concerning social networks, the analyzed texts focus on tourists' behavior regarding these platforms, eWOM (electronic Word of Mouth), and intentions to share content. Connections between these aspects and extrinsic and intrinsic motivations are also highlighted. The most studied social media platforms are Instagram and Facebook. Among these, the three main concepts that capture the authors' interest are self-congruence, satisfaction, and social media behavior, being the most frequently used terms in the documents. Specifically, the most repeated words, in this order, are: Social Media, WOM, satisfaction, behavior, self-congruence, tourism, and destination image. These words are repeated at least 10 times. Although the number of word clusters is higher, the analyzed terms can be grouped into three semantic groups: congruence, satisfaction, and social media. It can be observed that the connection between self-congruence and social media behavior occurs through satisfaction.

The analyzed texts span a period of publications between 2007 and 2023. However, 65% of the analyzed texts have been published since 2019. Specifically, 16 studies on tourism and social media were published in 2022, accounting for 27% of the total. According to the temporal overlap map, one of the topics that has gained more relevance in recent years is the study of the relationship between satisfaction and social media behavior concerning experiences and the intention to travel or visit. Recent documents also highlight the connection between memorable tourist experiences, satisfaction, and self-congruence.

Limitations| The main limitation of this study lies in the use of a single document database for content analysis. Although the Web of Science database has international prestige, the study could be enhanced by analyzing other relevant scientific databases. It is also suggested as an improvement to expand the research with a quantitative study supporting the proposed conceptual relationships and delving deeper into the connection between congruence, satisfaction, and experience. Lastly, since the realm of memorable experiences has been highlighted as one of the areas of interest in recent years, it is proposed to study the relationship model proposed in this context.

Conclusions | This study presents a content analysis of motivations and personal factors that are influenced in the context of tourist experiences, along with the use of social networks in these experiences. A total of 60 studies conducted between 2007 and 2023 were examined. The main findings indicate that the most analyzed content revolves around three major conceptual groups: social media behavior, satisfaction, and tourist self-congruence. Specifically, congruence is linked to social media usage through satisfaction. The majority of studies related to this topic have been published in the last year.

References

Arica, R., Cobanoglu, C., Cakir, O., Corbaci, A., Hsu, M. J., & Della Corte, V. (2022). Travel experience sharing on social media: effects of the importance attached to content sharing and what factors inhibit and facilitate it. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 34(4), 1566-1586. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-01-2021-0046

Liu, B., Moyle, B., & Kralj, A. (2022). When and how sharing tourism experiences on social media backfires: TMSP model of sharing driven outcomes. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 53, 155-159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2022.10.006

Wang, G., Qiu, H., & Ren, L. (2022). Determinants of tourists’ intention to share travel experience on social media: an fsQCA application. Current Issues in Tourism, 26(16), 2595-2612. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2022.2091428

Zhang, H., Yang, Y., & Bai, B. (2022). The effects of photo-sharing motivation on tourist well-being: The moderating role of online social support. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 51, 471–480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2022.05.004

Turistificação dos espaços e o overtourism

2024-12-31T11:26:53+00:00

Com a retomada do turismo pós-pandemia Covid 19, novamente ocorre a ocupação de espaços públicos e privados das cidades, gerando um excedente de convidados nos espaços. Assim, os movimentos anti-turísticos retomam suas discussões, como resposta social ao overtourism e às inconveniências criadas pelos visitantes. Objetiva-se relatar a Turistificação dos espaços e o overtourism, na retomada do turismo pós-pandemia Covid 19. Pretende-se destacar as principais ações adotadas pelas cidades para diminuir ou controlar os comportamentos dos turistas, em uma tentativa de amenizar os conflitos.

Empirical research on tourism businesses operated by women entrepreneurs in Portugal and Turkey

2024-12-31T11:26:53+00:00

Aims | | Rural areas are generally characterised by the presence of traditional agricultural and forestry activities, or even extractive activities, where there is usually no place for the processing of natural resources. This situation excludes the emergence of new activities in rural areas of a post-industrial nature, such as tourism. With regard to traditional social structures and values, there is a widespread perception among urban dwellers that rural areas are likely to retain those peculiarities that are absent in contemporary urban societies. These traditional social structures and values are based on a sense of community, the prevalence of local rather than cosmopolitan cultures, and a slower, more 'natural' way of living in communion with nature, less materialistic and more holistic (Lane, 1994 apud Roberts & Hall, 2001).This study aims to identify the social and economic contributions of women-owned tourism enterprises to the rural areas in which they are located, within the framework of sustainable entrepreneurship, and the nature of their innovative practices.

Methodology | To this end, a purposive sampling method was used to collect data from tourism enterprises established and run by women's initiatives. Using the interview technique, one of the qualitative research methods, answers are sought to the following research questions: I) What kind of social and economic efforts are women making in the rural areas of Amasya in Turkey and Minho in Portugal through sustainable entrepreneurship? II) What are the innovative practices of women in their enterprises? III) How do women manage to reconcile their family life with being hosts in accommodation units?

Main results and contributions | This study will highlight the essential role of women in the dynamisation of tourist accommodation in both Turkey and Portugal. The rural world is typically characterised by the predominance of part-time farming. In this context, agriculture acts as a support for other sources of income, such as wages earned from part-time work outside the farm (Hespanha, 1994). Small-scale farming is therefore prevalent as a supplement to the farmer's income. Women who host in country houses see tourism as a source of multiple income.

Limitations | The sample collected in this study, although small, provides an insight into the role of women in two culturally different societies. Moreover, the regions studied are not homogeneous in terms of their geography and the cultural references of the people they serve. Nevertheless, this study will highlight the challenges faced by women in a context of globalisation that favours the expansion of tourism in both regions.

Conclusions | Women have played an important role in all societies since the dawn of time. Today, women are very successful in business and hold important positions. Particularly in developing destinations and rural areas, women entrepreneurs set an example and contribute to society in social and economic terms. In addition, given the developments and changes in technology and information technology, it is predicted that businesses that do not keep pace with innovation and are only profit-oriented will not be successful in the long term. In this context, companies that provide social, environmental and economic benefits to society and follow innovation may be more successful.

Community-based info-communication for rural territories:

2024-12-31T11:26:54+00:00

Objectives | Concepts such as sustainability, inclusion, media convergence, collective and integrated participation, collective intelligence, sharing, flexibility, and transparency have gradually become more important than ever for government bodies in the tourism sector (Cunha, 2017; Almeida, 2017). This paper presents an ongoing project that is researching strategies suitable for enabling the promotion of rural areas through collaborative and communal info-communication activities. One of the project’s overall goals is to understand how digital connectivity and digitally supported good practices in rural destinations (República Portuguesa, 2016; UNESCO, 2019; Martela, Greve, Rothstein & Saari, 2020; European Network for Rural Development, 2020; McNaughton, Rao, Verma, 2020; Bethune et al., 2021; Borges-Tiago et al., 2022) may become an asset for low-density territories in terms of community empowerment and self-sufficiency. The study includes Aldeias de Portugal and Red Nacional de Pueblos Acogedores as its case studies.

Methodology | Through a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods, including a systematic literature review, questionnaires and interviews, tourists, visitors, and pilgrims on the Camino de Santiago and Fontoura residents were engaged and provided valuable insights for the ongoing research. Information gathered provided the respondents’ perception regarding the relevance of open web platforms in their tourist experience, what tourism points of interest and resources were they aware of, and how these resources could be used for promoting the rural community and its resources (Santos et al., 2021). Information gathered also helped to design an active strategy, focused on outlining issues such as uniqueness and authenticity, and how these issues may contribute to the development of the territory at economic, social, environmental, and cultural levels.

Main Results and Contributions | The results attained show that by allowing community members to engage in the content and resource design process stronger sense of community, togetherness, and belonging is naturally established. These emotions motivate community members to contribute with content for Fontoura's cultural mapping and other project outcomes, such as the proposal of a framework for promoting collaborative design with a focus on InfoVis (Lima, 2011) approaches when dealing with georeferenced tangible and intangible heritage (Duxbury, 2019). The findings show that the suggested framework can assist rural areas in realizing and leveraging their tourism potential. This study also acts as a pilot for community engagement in regions with low Internet coverage and speed. The main result of the project is to design a framework flexible enough to be replicated in similar territories, both in Portugal and Spain, where community participation and collaboration in the production of content to be shared on digital platforms may contribute to the empowerment of territories and the image and identity they want to project online.

Limitations | Tourism-related research involving elderly citizens and visitors, such as the one presented in the paper, is challenging at various levels. Older individuals in rural areas might be resistant to change and reluctant to engage in studies, especially concerning new technologies or any sign of change in their lifestyle. The project dealt with this limitation first-hand and developed empathy and confidence-building activities to gradually promote and maintain participant engagement. The framework proposed is still in the beta stage and needs to be further tested both locally and with another case in a different region to fine-tune some of the framework’s guidelines and steps.

Conclusions | Rural communities, their territories and heritage are often portrayed through the perspective of people and organizations that are not members of these communities. If we add a digital variable to this equation there is a risk of creating an image of how the community is seen and not as it sees itself. This paper provides a detailed overview of a project that bridges the current academic debate regarding guidelines and good practices suitable for the cultural mapping of rural communities. The framework proposed and designed by using the parish of Fontoura as a pilot case provides a participative approach to the challenge of mapping out the community’s true cultural essence. Practical Implications: Applying the proposed framework should help the community and region to preserve and promote their cultural heritage and be empowered as a destination worth visiting.

Caraterização do enoturismo em Portugal em 2022

2024-12-31T11:26:54+00:00

Com os dados recolhidos através de um questionário respondido por 105 gerentes de unidaded de enoturismo, o setor enoturístico em Portugal continental em 2022 foi caraterizado. O enfoque foi na oferta, mas também foi possível desenhar o perfil dos enoturistas.

Transformando a experiência online do turismo ambiental:

2025-01-02T19:49:11+00:00

Na era digital, a presença online é fundamental para promover o turismo ambiental e fornecer informações atualizadas sobre Unidades de Conservação (UC). O Instituto Estadual do Ambiente (INEA) do Rio de Janeiro reconheceu essa necessidade ao criar o site de visitação dos "Parques Estaduais RJ". Que oferece aos visitantes informações essenciais sobre eles, incentiva o turismo sustentável e a conscientização ambiental.

No entanto, gerenciar o site e os dados associados a ele se tornou um desafio. Sua 1ª versão surgiu em 2017, pelo Instituto Terra de Preservação Ambiental, com recursos do Fundo Mata Atlântica. Para a atualização, foi utilizado o ArcGIS Enterprise[1] que é uma plataforma de desenvolvimento de aplicativos da Esri[2], utilizando a ferramanta do Experience Builder, que permite aos usuários criar aplicativos web interativos. Este projeto descreve como a migração do site para o Enterprise revolucionou a maneira com que o INEA gerencia suas informações, seus dados espaciais e a provisão do turismo ecológico.

[1] Sobre o ArcGis Enterprise e Experience Builder, acesse: < https://www.esri.com/content/dam/esrisites/en-us/events/conferences/2020/developer-summit/arcgis-enterprise-architecting-your-deployment.pdf>

[2] Environmental Systems Research Institute - empresa líder em sistemas de informações geográficas (SIG) e mapeamento

Visual sensory experience secret behind the museum’s visitor photos: The Portuguese cod fishing museums

2024-12-31T11:26:55+00:00

Esta investigação apresenta as fotografias publicados, no Flickr, pelos visitantes, de modo a analisar as dimensões visuais da experiência sensorial do visitante. A importância da análise das fotos online publicadas pelos visitantes, num contexto pós-visita, é uma excelente forma de compreender o perfil dos visitantes e a experiência visual-sensorial do visitante. O objetivo do estudo é identificar os museus do bacalhau no mundo e analisar as dimensões visuais da experiência dos visitantes dos museus do bacalhau, por tipologias. Os resultados do estudo de caso são particularmente interessantes para a gestão do museu, através do conhecimento do perfil do visitante e da experiência visual do mesmo, de modo a conseguir oferecer uma melhor experiência ao perfil do visitante em questão.

Pairing Experience in Olive Oil Tourism

2024-12-31T11:26:56+00:00

Objectives | Olive groves and olive oil, as olive oil heritage, play an essential role in the

economic, social and cultural structure of the Mediterranean civilization. When integrated with

the tourism sector, is acts as a driving force for the development of rural regions.

Whereas Olive Oil Tourism is a sector that links olive groves, olive oil, gastronomy, heritage and

regional cultures and is present throughout the country, has the ability to show the identity marks

of these destinations through the offer of unique experiences.

The territory under study is the Northern of Portugal: Tr.s-os-Montes and Douro regions. Tr.sos-

Montes is the second largest productive area of olive oil in Portugal, known for its native olive

groves and terroir, allows the production of excellent Extra Virgin Olive Oils (EVOO) of Protected

Designation of Origin (PDO) "Tr.s-os-Montes". The Douro region, that is recognized mainly for

its wine, in the last decades has been recovering ancient olive grove in the same spaces where

the wine-tourism has the main income and relevance, and, for that seems possible the

opportunity of creating new experiences involving the olive oil in that contexts.

As a response to the demand for authentic and cocreative experiences through the immersion of

local cultures (Cayeman, 2014; Richards, 2010) and memorable, creative (Bezerra & Correia,

2019) and sustainable tourism experiences related to gastronomy, the aim of this study was to

create a pairing menu for EVOO from the northern region of Portugal, boosting innovation in the

olive oil and service and simultaneously promoting a unique and unusual gastronomic experience,

focused on consumers looking to follow trends and experiences exclusive in Olive Oil Tourism.

Methodology | The study applies qualitative methodology based on the guidelines of the

International Olive Council (IOC) (2020, 2005).

Three objectives were defined: (1) boosting innovation in the pairing of EVVO; (2) practical

application of an Olive Oil Digital Menu (Monteiro et. al., no prelo); (3) creation of dessert trends

(finger food and low salt contents, PDOÅLs products, lactose free, gluten free, low carb and reusing

wasted products).

Chocolate Truffles 99% Imperial, Red Peper Ice Cream, Serra da Lous. Honey PDO Ice Cream

and Azores Pineapple PDO Carpaccio were the four desserts developed for the pairing menu, and

presented to the trained panel in portions of 20 grams/person (finger-food), with nutritional levels

perfectly controlled.

The nutritional declaration of the desserts that make up the pairing menu was made based on

the PortFIR methodology of the Table of Food Composition (TCA) of the National Institute of

Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, following the quantities defined by the technical sheets of the

desserts and the service guidelines.

The trained panel were asked to rate the liking of the individual desserts and the parings with

EVOO related to harmony. A 5-point Likert scale was used to allow the panelists measure the

liking desserts (“dislike extremely” and “like extremely”) and the level of match of each EVOO

and desserts combination (“donÅLt go together at all” to “perfect pairing”).

Main Results and Contributions | The use of olive oil in gastronomy, being it an oil extracted

from the olive tree (Olea Europea L. ) only by exclusively physical processes, may add value to

the final product, because in addition to its unique sensory properties, it contributes to confer

new nutritional qualities, due to its profile lipid rich in essential fatty acids and bioactive

compounds (Beraldo et al., 2020).

One of the emerging concepts in this type of tourism is the creation of gastronomic experiences

that can be combined with the current gastronomic trends launched by New Nutrition Business

(2020), namely the themes of finger food or snackification , as well as the promotion of low salt

content.

The 7 EVOO from an Olive Oil Digital Menu were used to pairing 4 desserts. The EVVO from

Douro region are less bitter and pungent (more sweet ) and related with ripely fruity. In the other

hand, the EVOO from Tr.s-os-Montes suggest grass and greenly fruits, intense notes of bitter

and pungent with great persistence, similar attributes described by Sousa (2015). The relationship

with the attributes pungent and bitter and persistence are similar to studies Jim.nez (1995) and

Lopez et al (2008).

Figure 1 - Characterization of the sensory profile of seven EVOO by the median of the intensities of the

attributes (Monteiro et el., no prelo)

Four desserts recipes were development based in trends and with nutritional levels perfectly

controlled, codified and plating:

● Dessert AAZ corresponds to the dessert in “finger food” format of the “Chocolate

Truffles 99% Imperial”, in the amount of 20 grams, with the addition of 5 grams of EVOO

that is finished during the performance of the indirect English service.

● Dessert BAZ corresponds to the dessert in “finger food” format of “Red Pepper Ice

Cream”, in the quantity of 20 grams, with the addition of 5 grams of EVOO that is finished

during the performance of the indirect English service.

● Dessert CAZ corresponds to the “finger food” dessert of the “Serra da Lous. Honey PDO

Ice Cream”, in the amount of 20 grams, with the addition of 5 grams of EVOO that is

finished during the performance of the indirect English service.

● Dessert DAZ corresponds to the “finger food” dessert of the “Azores Pineapple PDO

Carpaccio”, in the amount of 20 grams, with the addition of 5 grams of EVOO that is

finished during the service to the indirect English.

Through the TCA, the nutritional declaration per 100 grams was developed, where we can verify

that none respects the claim of low energy value, however the closest would be the DAZ dessert

with the value of 48 kcal and 201 kJ. Regarding the claim of low fat content, the dessert that

respects that claim is DAZ, however, it should be noted that this analysis was carried out without

the addition of olive oil performed during the table service. On the other hand, despite being the

dessert with the highest energy value, AAZ dessert respects the nutritional claim of low sugar

content. Regarding the low salt content, the desserts that fall under the respective nutrition

declaration are AAZ (0,09g / 100g), BAZ (0,05 / 100g), CAZ (0,06 / 100g) and DAZ (0,00g /

100g).

In terms of pairing, in general, the preference is fixed on the desserts when finished with olive

oil (indirect English service), thus valuing this method.

Figure 3 - EVOO pairing menu

The results suggest that AAZ dessert pairing with EVOO BD01 and BTM01 with nuts flavor in

common, while BAZ dessert pairing with BTM02 and BTM04 with similar attributes (greenly fruity,

grass, bitter, pungent and persistence ). The perfect pairing to CAZ dessert is BD02 and BD04,

both from Douro region and characterized by tomato plant aroma and herbs flavor .

BTM02 and BTM04 are a perfect pairing with DAZ desserts and BTM03 is a good pairing

distinguished by BTM02 and BTM04 from cabbage and tomato plant aroma.

Although no studies were found on pairing AVE with desserts, some of the results obtained are

similar with the study by Cichelli et al., (2020): intense notes of green fruit, grass and herbaceous

flavor combine with more bitter products, such as “Chocolate Truffles 99% Imperial”.

Limitations | The limitation of this study, which may suggest future investigations, is the small

sample size, which limits the generalization of the results; few studies in this area for a better

discussion of results and dependence on panel availability. It is recommended to expand the

range of references of EVVO brands and to other national and international POD regions; and

develop pairings with endogenous products from each POD region.

The outcome of this study could be applied not only by olive oil producers, but also in Hotels &

Restaurants, Specialty Stores and Olive Oil Museums and Interpretive Centers innovation,

promoting the endogenous products, the olive oil service (olive oil sommelier) and a unique and

unusual gastronomic experience, focused on consumers looking to follow trends and exclusive

experiences in olive oil tourism.

Conclusions |Despite the growing interest in the sensorial and healthy properties of olive oils,

there are few studies that have been developed with the aim of characterizing the sensorial profile

for the purpose of harmonization and connection to Olive Oil Tourism.

The Tr.s-os-Montes region has been one of the most important Portuguese producing regions of

Extra Virgin Olive Oil, of internationally recognized quality, and particularly important in economic,

social and cultural terms, and the Douro region is starting to promote de olive oil tourism, a crossselling

with wine. The olive farming heritage of this region encourages the development of new

tourist experiences, with an effect on enhancing the value of the product, the landscape and a

sustainable territory.

The selected desserts are easy to make, with reduced preparation time, with ingredients that

allow you to follow current food trends and can be prepared in Olive Oil Tourism units, enhancing

the offer of memorable and co-creation experiences: culinary workshops with a focus on

application unconventional use of olive oil, picnics in the olive grove with the finishing of desserts

with different olive oil profiles, better communication of the sensorial profile of olive oils and their

applications.

From the seven EVOO brands studied, three are very similar in terms of attributes and are also

very distinct from each other, two other brands (BD02 and BD03) are characterized by tomato

plant aroma and herbs flavor, while the other two have different organoleptic characteristics,

except the descriptor nuts flavor that characterizes both brands, and are also very distinct from

each other.

On the other hand, in terms of the nutritional goals of the nutritional claims, we conclude that

the strongest point is the low salt content, but in our menu we can offer other positive points,

such as one dessert with low sugar content, and another with low fat content. Although, we are

able to conclude that the “finger food” option with the smallest amounts of desserts, provides

one experience with less energy value and the client can enjoy different food pairings.

In terms of EVOO service, the addition of 5 grams of EVOO finished during the performance of

the indirect English service, allows to have a different contact with the EVOO, the staff can use

the flavor lexicon to explain the perfect pairing. It is also concluded that the preference of the

panel of tasters is fixed on the desserts when finished with olive oil, thus valuing this method.

Good pairing recommendations may be crucial for the success of healthy desserts and EVOO,

both in the olive oil tourism and hospitality sector.

Social media as a digital brand tool to promote a tourism destination

2024-12-31T11:26:57+00:00

In the current tourist scene, places and especially destinations compete against each other in an increasingly globalised market. In order to successfully compete, destinations work on developing a strong brand identity through effective positioning and the digitalisation has caused the business ecosystem to change the way businesses compete in the marketplace as well as the way that tourism services are perceived, consumed and accessed.

There are different approaches in the literature of destination branding as is highlighted among others, in the work of Saraniemi (2011), who states that we can think about the concept of destination brand in several ways. Furthermore, it should be noted that the identity of a destination is determined by the interactions between stakeholders and consumers which also allows this author to add that “destinations should be viewed as an evolving brand process and not a fixed and completed identity” (Saraniemi, 2011, p. 253).

The growing possession of indispensable technological devices among tourists has increased their access to e-marketing channels. The way tourists search and purchase tourism products and services are changing. Therefore, for destinations compete in today's marketplace, they need to have the most effective digital marketing tools to provides them a significant advantage. Based on this, the following section will discuss digital marketing tools that are affecting the tourism destinations.

This study aimed to understand how social media is used to develop a digital brand and promote a tourism destination. More specifically, we aimed to characterize how digital marketing is used by municipalities as a strategy to promote a tourism destination; and how communication digital tools such Facebook and Instagram are used in the promotion of a tourism destination.

Política de turismo em contexto de mudanças climáticas: A ótica dos stakeholders para a Amazônia Brasileira

2024-12-31T11:26:57+00:00

Objetivos O presente artigo visa averiguar qual a ótica dos stakeholders do turismo da Amazónia Brasileira relativamente aos valores e ações que devem estar associados à politica de turismo neste território, no âmbito de um processo transformador em prol de um desenvolvimento sustentável, em contexto futuro de alterações climáticas.

Metodologia | Após uma reflexão teórica sobre as interconexões entre planeamento turístico e desenvolvimento sustentável em contexto de alterações climáticas assente numa revisão bibliográfica de artigos em plataformas como Scopus e Web of Science, segue-se uma análise de um conjunto de documentos de política internacional de entidades como a UNWTO e WTTC, destacando-se o Baseline Report on Climate Action in Tourism (UNWTO, 2022), entre outros. Adicionalmente, também se reflete sobre a importância do Acordo de Paris e da Declaração de Glasgow (2021) lançada na Conferência das Nações Unidas sobre Mudanças Climáticas (COP26) e o Painel Intergovernamental em Mudanças Climáticas (IPPC, 2023).

Após a problematização teórica, avança-se para o estudo de caso associado à Amazónia brasileira e nomeadamente contemplando o Complexo de Conservação da Amazônia Central (CCAC), no Amazonas, classificado como Patrimônio Natural da Humanidade (UNESCO, 2019).

Num primeiro momento, a abordagem é de natureza qualitativa assente na análise de conteúdo categorial (Bardin, 2015) dos documentos de política de turismo associados à Amazónia brasileira. Num segundo momento, avança-se para uma aplicação de um questionário a um conjunto de stakeholders do turismo da amazónia, nomeadamente associados ao CCAC.

O questionário é aplicado on line através do google forms recorrendo à técnica Delphi, a qual visa alcançar o consenso entre os especialistas selecionados (Moreira e Santos, 2020). O questionário, após ter inquirido sobre o perfil sócio-demografico dos respondentes, assenta em dois grandes grupos de questões, nomeadamente:

(i) Principais ações/medidas/estratégias no domínio de turismo que contribuam para a adaptação do CCAC e o setor do turismo amazonense às mudanças climáticas na Amazónia

(ii) Principais condicionalismos para integrar novas ações a favor da defesa climática (devido a incompatibilidade entre o uso turístico e outros usos). Contemplaram-se algumas condições incentivadoras de ações individuais e coletivas (governança inclusiva, diversidade de conhecimento e valores, integração entre setores e escalas temporais, …) e condições que condicionam a ação (pobreza; falta de financiamento e barreiras tecnológicas; …) (IPPC, 2023). Adicionalmente, considerou-se as ações por tipologia de empresas do setor do turismo segundo a WTTC (2021).

Principais resultados e contributos | “A mudança climática e a perda da biodiversidade são as preocupações mais cruciais desta década para as sociedades pacíficas”, tal como assinala o estudo o “Mundo em 2030” (UNESCO, 2020). Sob o reconhecimento que o Brasil enfrenta riscos ambientais excecionais (Grimm, Alcantara & Sampaio, 2018) e de que é fundamental integrar mudanças climáticas nas reformas e planos para estimular o crescimento brasileiro (BIRD/BM, 2023), as políticas de turismo sustentável assumem-se como determinantes. A nível da Amazónia, muitos desafios são identificados, tais como monitoramento das florestas por satélite, medidas penalizadoras e fiscalizadoras de atividades ilegais que coloquem em causa os ecossistemas naturais, incentivos a praticas de manejo eficiente e inteligente de ativos naturais, entre outros. Uma boa inter-relação entre o turismo e outros setores de atividade económica que são destaque no PPDCAm (2023) ao prever estímulos aos segmentos do turismo associados à natureza, como o ecoturismo, o turismo de base comunitária e o etnoturismo. Desta forma, incentivam-se estratégias de valorização da cultura tradicional e local, e o turismo regenerativo, que atua de forma sistémica na paisagem, incluindo ações de prevenção, mitigação aos danos ambientais.

Limitações | A Amazónia ocupa um território com muitos desafios conduzindo a ter em conta uma multiplicidade de linhas de investigação e distintas tipologias de turismo. O estudo assume-se como exploratório visando abarcar um número mais elevado de especialistas no futuro.

Conclusões | Amazónia Legal corresponde a cerca de 60% do território brasileiro e acolhe diversas etnias de populações originárias que possuem amplo conhecimento sobre formas de manejo equilibrado e sustentável do bioma. Além disso, este território constitui-se um patrimônio ambiental com potencial econômico e com vínculos para o turismo, ainda pouco conhecido e explorado. No entanto, a Amazónia está identificada como um dos destinos turísticos com um nível de impactos mais significativos em termos de mudanças climáticas. Embora muitos dos problemas estejam identificados e algumas das medidas tenham vindo a ser avançadas, a dificuldade na sua implementação é uma realidade incontornável que os stakeholders reconhecem. No futuro próximo o turismo sustentável é identificado como a prioridade, embora as medidas de mitigação face às mudanças climáticas tendam a ser vistas como avançando a um ritmo lento que poderá comprometer a forma de experienciar alguns dos principais produtos turísticos amazonences. Simultaneamente, o grau de dependência de determinadas localidades face ao turismo pode deixá-las mais vulneráveis à mudança climática devido à dificuldade de obtenção de consensos para avançar na implementação das medidas necessárias.

Referências bibliográficas

BIRD/BM (2023). Brasil: Relatório sobre Clima e Desenvolvimento para o pais. World Bank Publications.

Moreira, C. O. & Santos, N. (2020). Tourism qualitative forecasting scenario building though the Delphi Technique. Cuad. Tur. 433-457.

Grimm, I., Alcantara, L. Sampaio, C. (2018). O turismo no cenário das mudanças climáticas: impactos, possibilidades e desafios. Revista Brasileira de pesquisa em Turismo, 12(3), pp. 1-22 set/dez. 2018.

IPPC [The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] (2023). IPPC Sections. In: Climate Change 2023: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Core Writing Team, H. Lee and J. Romero (eds.)]. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, pp. 35-115, doi: 10.59327/IPCC/AR6-9789291691647.

PPDCAm (2023) Plano de Ação para Prevenção e Controle do Desmatamento da Amazônia legal

5ª Fase (2023 a 2027). In https://www.fundoamazonia.gov.br/export/sites/default

/lledocumentos/politicas-publicas-orieano de Ação para Prevenção e Controle do Desmatamento Amazônia legal

UNESCO (2019). Complexo de Conservação da Amazônia Central (CCAC) – AM. http://unesco.org

UNESCO (2020). Pesquisa pública "O mundo em 2030": mudança climática e perda da biodiversidade são, de longe, as maiores preocupações; o multilateralismo e a educação são as soluções mais importantes. In https://www.unesco.org/pt/articles/pesquisa-publica-o-mundo-em-2030-mudanca-climatica-e-perda-da-biodiversidade-sao-de-longe-maiores

UNWTO (2019). Position Paper on Tourism Policy and Strategic Planning. UNWTO.

UNWTO (2022). Baseline Report on Climate Action in Tourism. Doi: https://doi.org/10.18111/9789284423965

WTTC/UN (2021). A NET ZERO ROADMAP FOR TRAVEL & TOURISM. Proposing a new Target Framework for the Travel & Tourism Sector. In https://wttc.org/Portals/0/Documents/Reports/2021/WTTC_Net_Zero_Roadmap.pdf

Territorialização turística no município de Ouro Preto/MG

2024-12-31T11:26:58+00:00

Objetivos:
Ouro Preto, município mineiro situado na região sudeste do Brasil, distante cerca de 90km da capital do estado, Belo Horizonte, foi a primeira cidade brasileira a receber da Organização das Nações Unidas para a Educação, a Ciência e a Cultura (UNESCO), em 1980, a consagração como Patrimônio Mundial da Humanidade. O perímetro de proteção incluiu exclusivamente o distrito-sede, evidenciando especial e espacialmente o centro-histórico. Dessa maneira, acredita-se que seja salutar interpretar o território ouro-pretano através de uma perspectiva mais abrangente, pois a localidade é margeada por outros doze distritos, grande parte deles com potencial turístico aliado à herança histórica e cultural.

Assim, o objetivo geral do trabalho consiste em analisar a relação que se constitui entre o turismo, patrimônio cultural e território, destacando os exemplos dos distritos de Lavras Novas (LN) e São Bartolomeu (SB). Busca-se, especificamente, debater sobre os processos de turistificação, patrimonialização e territorialização suscitados nessas localidades.

Metodologia:
No presente artigo, de estudo empírico, apresentam-se os resultados preliminares da pesquisa de doutoramento em Geografia vinculada à Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro – UERJ e com período sanduíche na Universidade de Coimbra – UC. A pesquisa possui financiamento da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES).

Expõem-se os resultados do trabalho de campo realizado no ano de 2023, em três ocasiões distintas. Além da técnica de observação não-participante recorreu-se a aplicação de questionário semiaberto online com os visitantes que estiveram em pelo menos um dos dois distritos investigados. Justifica-se a escolha dos visitantes como grupo de agentes sociais, pois consistem fundamentais na turistificação dos lugares, bem como no desdobramento de processos de territorialização e desterritorialização.

Principais resultados e contribuições:
Nas duas localidades o fluxo de visitação ocorre de maneira mais acentuada e expressiva em períodos específicos, como, por exemplo, fim de semana, feriados prolongados e férias. Mesmo que seja em diferentes intensidades, durante as épocas mencionada acima, observou-se manifesta uma territorialização de agentes exógenos, ocasionando, de maneira intencional ou não, a desterritorialização dos moradores locais de suas práticas cotidianas.

Em LN ocorreu frequente o descontentamento de visitantes sobre a recorrente queda de energia, congestionamento, superlotação, poluição sonora e visual etc. Além de suscitar processos de desterritorialização da população local, que tem a sua rotina de sossego e quietude alterada, o visitante que busca tranquilidade, paradoxalmente, acaba se deparando com os mesmos problemas encontrados nas cidades, especialmente nos núcleos urbanos mais adensados.

Mesmo sem a intenção de comparar os impactos da atividade turística nos distritos de LN e SB, isso acabou ocorrendo espontaneamente. Em SB verificou-se uma tendência à uma valorização do distrito como lugar de descanso e de patrimônios preservados, algo que, na ótica do visitante, distingue a experiência turística no local em relação a outros destinos, incluindo LN.

Em LN há uma demanda potencial para o turismo cultural, porém muitos visitantes acabam encontrando barreiras nesse sentido, como, por exemplo, os próprios moradores que não reconhecem as tradições locais como potencialmente turísticas. Tornar-se notório haver a conformação de microterritorialidade separando a população local dos agentes exógenos temporários (ROSVADOSKI; GAVA; DEBOÇÃ, 2014).

Em SB percebe-se que os patrimônios culturais, associados à perpetuação das tradições rurais, constituem elementos mais valorativos do lugar. Nesse distrito o turismo vem se desenvolvendo face ao processo de patrimonialização de suas manifestações culturais (DELABRIDA; CARVALHO, 2018). Destaca-se o registro do saber-fazer do doce de goiabada como patrimônio imaterial do município, bem como as ações entorno disso que fomentam o turismo na localidade.

Portanto, é capaz de distinguir modelos de turismo distintos em desenvolvimento nas duas localidades investigadas. Em SB é mais comum identificar práticas mais fidedignas ao turismo rural, que necessariamente vincula-se às características do meio rural incluindo arquitetura, contato direto com o modo de vida dos habitantes e a culinária da local, dentre outras (CANDIOTTO, 2010). Em LN visualiza-se diversos tipos de turismo no espaço rural sobrepondo as experiências mais intimistas com o lugar, como, por exemplo, turismo gastronômico, turismo de aventura, turismo na natureza e, até
mesmo, turismo de experiência etc.

Limitações:
O estudo ainda se encontra em desenvolvimento, sendo assim os resultados apresentados são parciais e deixa de contemplar a totalidade dos agentes sociais responsáveis pelo processo de turistificação dos distritos de LN e SB. A inclusão dos diferentes grupos de agentes sociais possibilita a pesquisa avançar em relação às abordagens descritivas e exploratórias, tornando-se exequível abarcar, através de uma perspectiva crítica, a abordagem explicativa.

Conclusões:
Foi possível identificar diferenças em relação ao modelo de turismo predominante nas duas localidades investigas. Em SB prevalece um tipo de turismo que prioriza o contato mais íntimo entre o visitante e as práticas cotidianas e tradicionais da população local. No caso de LN, o patrimônio cultural, apesar de se constituir a essência da identidade territorial do lugar, ainda não desempenha grande importância para a experiência turística, pois é pouco valorizado, seja pelo visitante ou pelo próprio morador, como potencialidade capaz de promover o desenvolvimento turístico de base endógena.

Portanto, o que se espera, como possíveis estratégias de reterritorialização da comunidade autóctone, é a elaboração de um turismo cultural voltado para a criação de um ciclo virtuoso de valorização do patrimônio e do cotidiano. Ademais, deve-se fomentar a busca por conhecimentos que efetivem uma participação cidadã ativa nos processos de tomada de decisão, na aquisição de competências e capacidades para auxiliar no planejamento público e privado do turismo.

Referências:
Candiotto, L. Z. P (2010). Elementos para o debate acerca do conceito de Turismo Rural. Revista Turismo em Análise. 21, 3-24.

Delabrida, N, O., G & Carvalho, A, N (2018). Turismo e gastronomia: uma análise do potencial gastronômico de São Bartolomeu, Distrito de Ouro Preto/MG. Revista Acadêmica Observatório de Inovação do Turismo. 12(2).

Rosvadoski, S. P., Gava, R., & DEBOÇÃ, L. P. (2014). Manifestações da identidade em processos de alterações locais: o caso do distrito de Lavras Novas, Ouro Preto (MG). Caderno Virtual de Turismo. Rio de Janeiro, 14(1), 49-67.

Projetos de aprendizagem colaborativa em turismo no ensino superior

2024-12-31T11:26:59+00:00

Os processos de aprendizagem colaborativa na área do turismo funcionam como uma abordagem pedagógica dinâmica e interativa que têm vindo a ser desenvolvidos no âmbito de intercâmbios entre instituições de ensino superior. Esta metodologia de projeto fomenta a cooperação entre alunos, incentiva ao trabalho colaborativo para alcançar objetivos de aprendizagem comuns, sendo que os mesmos podem assumir diferentes tipologias como análise de casos, conceção e desenvolvimento de produtos, análise e tendências de mercados, boas práticas no setor, estudos internacionais, entre outros. Os procedimentos e técnicas a serem implementados requerem a definição de objetivos claros, papéis bem definidos, avaliação de desempenho individual, bem como do grupo, sendo de grande importância a intervenção dos professores responsáveis no sentido de prestarem orientação e darem feedback ao longo do projeto. Este artigo visa apresentar alguns projetos desenvolvidos na área da educação e formação no turismo, com base nesta metodologia, entre uma universidade portuguesa (Universidade de Aveiro) e uma universidade brasileira (FATEC de Lins).

Responsabilidade ambiental dos turistas e suas implicações nas experiências de turismo sustentável

2024-12-31T11:27:00+00:00

Objetivos | Este estudo tem como objetivo explorar a interligação entre a fidelização dos turistas, o comprometimento com práticas ambientalmente responsáveis, o nível de envolvimento com o ambiente natural e as dinâmicas das relações que estabelecem com a comunidade local. Evidencia-se, assim, o papel central dos turistas na cocriação de experiências de viagem que se pautam pela sustentabilidade e benefícios sociais abrangentes para os envolvidos.

Metodologia | O estudo adota abordagem quantitativa para analisar os dados obtidos em estudo previamente conduzido por Serra (2019), com uma amostra de 227 turistas que visitaram Santo Amaro no Maranhão, Brasil. O questionário abrangeu questões relacionadas a construtos validados anteriormente: consciência ambiental (Bertolini e Possamai, 2006); comportamento ambientalmente responsável (Lee, Jan e Yang, 2013); e, comportamento durante o passeio (Oliveira, Silva e Romero, 2021). As respostas foram registradas em escala Likert de 1 a 7 pontos, refletindo diferentes níveis de concordância ou discordância em relação aos itens. Para analisar os dados, calculamos a média de cada uma das variáveis, onde um valor mais elevado indicava maior concordância. Realizamos análises descritivas para resumir as características das experiências turísticas. Dividimos os dados em dois grupos distintos, para investigar as relações entre as variáveis de interesse. A integração dos resultados quantitativos e qualitativos possibilitou discussão abrangente e aprofundada sobre as viagens examinadas.

Principais resultados e contributos | Os dados foram estratificados em dois conjuntos para assegurar sua comparabilidade. No primeiro conjunto, denominado ‘turistas novos’, agruparam-se os visitantes que estavam realizando sua primeira visita ao município de Santo Amaro, enquanto o segundo, intitulado ‘turistas leais’, consistiu os que já haviam desenvolvido um vínculo anterior, não se tratando de primeira visita. A distinção entre esses grupos foi efetuada por meio da aplicação de técnicas de segmentação e diferenciação disponíveis no software R Studio. Uma variável dummy foi criada para atribuir de forma inequívoca a pertinência de cada indivíduo a um desses grupos distintos. O propósito dessa estratificação foi fornecer uma compreensão mais aprofundada das disposições e atitudes dos ‘turistas leais’, com o intuito de averiguar se este grupo demonstrava uma representatividade mais expressiva em relação a cada variável analisada, revelando, assim, sua contribuição para o contexto da responsabilidade ambiental na experiência turística em Santo Amaro. A análise preliminar sugere que os ‘turistas leais’ podem constituir um público-alvo mais promissor para iniciativas relacionadas à responsabilidade ambiental no Maranhão. No entanto, não foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os grupos, o que indica que estratégias diferenciadas podem ser necessárias para sensibilizar e envolver os ‘turistas novos’ em questões ambientais na região. Embora os ‘turistas leais’ analisados não tenham demonstrado inclinações distintas em relação à responsabilidade ambiental, os objetivos de investigar a relação entre os turistas e o ambiente natural, identificando correlações pertinentes, foram atingidos.

Limitações | As limitações devem ser cuidadosamente consideradas. O teste U de Mann-Whitney foi escolhido devido à falta de atendimento à suposição de normalidade na amostra, uma condição necessária para a aplicação do teste-t (Baggio & Klobas, 2011; Ivanov, Gavrilina, Webster & Ralko, 2017). No entanto, apesar de ser uma escolha adequada para amostras menores, uma amostra mais ampla e captada em diversos destinos poderia potencialmente resultar em conclusões diferentes das obtidas. Portanto, antes de concluir definitivamente que não há diferença significativa na responsabilidade ambiental entre ‘turistas leais’ e ‘turistas novos’, é aconselhável conduzir estudos subsequentes sobre o tema.

Conclusões | Este estudo proporcionou uma análise das atitudes e comportamentos dos turistas envolvidos no turismo de base comunitária em Santo Amaro do Maranhão. Por meio de uma abordagem quantitativa, acompanhada da estratificação entre os grupos de ‘turistas novos’ e ‘turistas leais’, compreendeu-se de forma mais detalhada as complexidades das viagens, com ênfase nos comportamentos ambientais. Os resultados obtidos indicam que os ‘turistas leais’ exibem uma maior propensão para apoiar causas ambientais na região e estão mais inclinados a participar de atividades de limpeza na comunidade, sugerindo um potencial para a conscientização e o engajamento específico em relação aos ‘turistas novos’ nesse aspecto. No entanto, embora tenham sido observadas diferenças nas médias de diversas variáveis, o teste U de Mann-Whitney não encontrou diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os grupos analisados. Esses resultados têm implicações significativas para a gestão do turismo em Santo Amaro do Maranhão, recomendando-se que estratégias de sensibilização ambiental e engajamento sejam adaptadas para atender às necessidades e perspectivas distintas dos ‘turistas leais’ e dos ‘turistas novos’.

“Ryanair celebrates 20 Years of operations in Faro”: o que mudou nos modelos de negócio em aviação comercial?

2024-12-31T11:27:00+00:00

Num comunicado de imprensa em finais de maio de 2023, a companhia aérea de baixo custo irlandesa Ryanair informava o mercado que “Ryanair celebrates 20 years of operations in Faro” (Ryanair, 2023). Esse foi o mote para a presente investigação, ao tentar-se avaliar o que mudou nos modelos de negócio em aviação comercial e, igualmente, nos destinos e mercados turísticos, nestes 20 anos. Efetivamente, tem-se assistido a uma alteração profunda no mercado da aviação comercial, passando-se dos típicos voos charters para destinos turísticos, para uma proliferação e domínio dos modelos de aviação de baixo custo. Deste modo, o principal objetivo desta investigação será verificar quais as companhias aéreas e seus modelos de negócio que operavam em 2003 e aquelas que operam atualmente e, igualmente, se também existem grandes diferenças nas principais origens de tráfego turístico para o aeroporto de Faro. Os resultados obtidos evidenciam profundas alterações no mercado com a maioria dos voos operados atualmente por companhias aéreas de baixo custo (CABC) em detrimento doutros modelos de negócio, assim como, num crescimento e diversificação dos principais mercados e destinos emissores para o Algarve.

A Implementação das Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável nas Unidades de Turismo no Espaço Rural do Alentejo (TER) e a sua comunicação:

2024-12-31T11:27:01+00:00

Em 2015 foi criada a Agenda 2030, uma agenda para a sustentabilidade, herdeira dos Objetivos do Desenvolvimento do Milénio. Esta conta com 17 Objetivos para o Desenvolvimento Sustentável (ODS), os quais se subdividem em metas e indicadores, visando o desenvolvimento sustentável do planeta como um todo. Os objetivos traçados de forma generalista, pressupõe a adaptação e integração na realidade política de cada país, assim como a adaptação a cada sector de atividade (Cabaço et al, 2017).

Em Portugal, no que concerne ao Turismo no Espaço Rural (TER), são várias as empresas que adquiriram a certificação Biosphere, uma certificação que adapta os 17 ODS ao turismo. Contudo, a que se coloca é, se um potencial cliente, antes de adquirir o serviço oferecido por um TER, consegue, através da informação que lhe é dada pela empresa através da comunicação digital (através do site, redes sociais, etc), perceber que aquela empresa é sustentável, e trabalha para contribuir para a sustentabilidade do planeta?

O presente trabalho teve dois grandes objetivos. Por um lado, verificar, através dos dados disponibilizados pela Biosphere, no seu Website, sobre os diversos empreendimentos turísticos certificados, em que ponto se encontra o contributo dos TER do Alentejo, para alcançarmos a agenda 2030. Ao mesmo tempo, tendo em conta as metas adotadas para os empreendimentos turísticos pela Biosphere com vista a alcançar e medir o progresso dos 17 ODS neste tipo de sector e empresa, tentamos perceber como é que os diversos TER, através dos seus sites, coração da comunicação digital, fazem chegar aos potenciais clientes, aqueles que não conhecem o TER e nunca experienciaram in loco o seu produto, as ações que estão a tomar para se tornarem mais sustentáveis.

Paradoxos no uso da Inteligência Artificial nas experiências turísticas em Portugal: A perspetiva de turistas nacionais

2024-12-31T11:27:01+00:00

Objetivos | Face à crescente transição digital e à progressiva disponibilização e aquisição de informação, deparamo-nos com um cenário que proporciona, de modo exponencial, o desenvolvimento da Inteligência Artificial (IA) no setor do turismo. Neste enquadramento, encontrámos vários estudos que reconhecem o potencial da transição digital na melhoria das experiências turísticas, no desenvolvimento de práticas mais sustentáveis, no aumento da participação dos cidadãos na tomada de decisão relativamente às práticas turísticas e, também, na capacidade de oferecer serviços de maior qualidade e experiências mais personalizadas (Seetanah & Fauzel, 2023; Zeqiri et al., 2020). No entanto, a utilização de meios tecnológicos avançados, tem apontado diversos paradoxos associados aos diversos processos de implementação e desenvolvimento da IA, em vários setores económicos (e.g., turismo). São exemplos de paradoxos: (i) os problemas relacionados com cibersegurança e privacidade da informação extraída sobre os turistas; (ii) a descontextualização da informação extraída, colocando em causa a oferta turística; (iii) a ameaça de redução do contacto humano nos locais turísticos; (v) o aumento do desemprego no setor potenciado pela automação (Du & Xie, 2021); (vi) ou ainda a incapacidade de controlar os dados obtidos, a falta de profissionais habilitados e a falta de confiança e de transparência no desenvolvimento de IA (Kirtil & Aşkun, 2021). Face a esta realidade, o presente artigo pretende analisar o uso da IA nas experiências turísticas em Portugal, tendo em conta a perceção de turistas nacionais em relação à utilização atual e futura de IA no turismo.

Metodologia | A partir de um estudo exploratório (ainda em desenvolvimento), realizado no segundo trimestre de 2023, procuramos analisar como a crescente tendência do setor para apostar na transição digital tem afetado as experiências turísticas em Portugal. Mais concretamente, foi a partir de um inquérito por questionário online e de 201 respostas válidas, que conseguimos obter perceções associadas aos turistas nacionais. O inquérito por questionário (com 22 questões fechadas e 3 questões abertas) foi organizado do seguinte modo: (i) caracterização da amostra em que foram consideradas as práticas de mobilidade turística em Portugal; (ii) perceção sobre a relação do uso de meios digitais em toda a experiência turística - desde a escolha do destino, passando pela realização da viagem, até à reação sobre a experiência num período pós-viagem (e.g., recomendações e avaliações); e (iii) perceção sobre a inovação tecnológica e respetiva aposta em IA no turismo em território português. Foi no terceiro momento do inquérito que captamos paradoxos e receios dos turistas, advindos da IA.

Principais resultados e contributos | Os resultados apontam que os turistas nacionais estão significativamente predispostos para a utilização de recursos digitais no momento da escolha, da organização da viagem e no decorrer da viagem. Contudo, detetamos que ao pormenorizar questões sobre a oferta da experiência e aumentar a complementaridade de serviços, que estavam inerentemente associados à IA, os inquiridos “raramente” ou “nunca” utilizavam este tipo de serviços, tal como indicam algumas percentagens: assistentes de voz inteligente (71%) ou chatbots destinados ao atendimento ao cliente (74%). Os resultados demonstram que uma relevante percentagem dos turistas nacionais inquiridos, tem um posicionamento bastante cauteloso, e até mesmo crítico, em relação ao potencial da IA na sua experiência turística. Por conseguinte, para 46.3% dos inquiridos, Portugal encontra-se num bom grau de inovação e digitalização do setor turístico. Porém, apesar da maioria (51.2%) considerar que a IA é capaz de melhorar a experiência turística em Portugal em geral, esta visão otimista vai diminuindo quando os inquiridos se depararam com questões mais específicas. Os resultados apontam que, a maioria (64.7%) não se sente segura sempre que autoriza a utilização dos seus dados e que 43.8% dos inquiridos não concorda com a utilização das suas informações pessoais. Consequentemente, 53.8% prefere que não sejam analisados os seus sentimentos e as suas emoções na tentativa de personalizar a oferta/experiência. Por fim, alguns inquiridos indicaram receios, já previamente explanados na literatura, tais como: o receio da ausência de contacto humano; o receio da perda de empregos no setor; ou a falta de confiança e de transparência no desenvolvimento de IA.

Limitações | As opções metodológicas adotadas para este estudo revelaram algumas limitações que devem ser atendidas em futuros estudos. Destacamos duas limitações: (i) os inquéritos por questionário foram respondidos na grande maioria por jovens (20-35 anos), um grupo etário com maior propensão para a utilização de meios digitais; e (ii) o método quantitativo não permitiu aprofundar os paradoxos e receios dos turistas nacionais. Em suma, será fundamental em futuros estudos alargar a amostra da população e priorizar métodos qualitativos para entender, de modo mais aprofundado, os paradoxos inerentes à perceção do turista nacional, em relação ao potencial da IA nas experiências turísticas em Portugal.

Conclusões | O presente estudo demonstra a necessidade de conhecer, de modo mais aprofundado, os paradoxos e receios dos turistas nacionais em relação ao uso da inteligência nas experiências turísticas. Apesar de considerarem que a IA pode beneficiar a oferta e a experiência turística, em território nacional, os turistas manifestam-se cautelosos ao considerar algumas das suas repercussões inerentes. Os resultados vão de encontro com a literatura académica que aborda, como obstáculos ao desenvolvimento de IA, a falta de segurança e privacidade dos dados, a incapacidade de controlar os dados ou a necessidade de mais transparência e confiança no desenvolvimento em IA. Além do mais, com a análise empírica, conseguimos identificar que há um significante desconhecimento sobre o que acontecerá com os seus dados, os profissionais do turismo e com o contacto humano. Estes paradoxos poderão ser colmatados com reforço de literacia digital, mas também com a revisão de práticas (éticas) dos vários grupos de interesse associados ao turismo e, assim, aumentarem a confiança e transparência no desenvolvimento em IA perante os turistas. Deixamos, assim, o repto para futuras investigações sobre a indispensabilidade de compreender os motivos destes paradoxos e, deste modo, proporcionar uma atividade mais sustentável do setor.

Para além do check-in: Como as estratégias de conteúdo e storytelling transformam a identidade digital de um hotel

2024-12-31T11:27:02+00:00

Objetivos | Considerando o habitual modus operandis da indústria hoteleira, um hotel de cinco estrelas apresenta a obrigatoriedade de oferecer uma elevada qualidade em todos os seus serviços, principalmente nas operações que envolvem interações diretas com os seus hóspedes (Dimitrios et al., 2023). De acordo com os resultados de Juliana et al. (2022), para conseguir prosperar perante a sua concorrência, qualquer empresa deve ser capaz de criar estratégias de marketing eficazes de curto e longo prazo. No setor hoteleiro, torna-se ainda mais fundamental que deixe de existir um foco extremo na promoção direta de serviços online, e que a sua presença digital não seja apenas customer-centric, para que seja possível beneficiar de todas as vantagens proporcionadas pelo marketing digital (Bhandari & Viktor A. Sin, 2023).

Apesar dos meios digitais contribuírem positivamente para uma melhoria do desempenho hoteleiro, um hotel continua vulnerável a variadas ameaças e riscos que podem surgir online. Desta forma, é fulcral que os gestores hoteleiros apresentem um conhecimento aprofundado de marketing digital e sejam orientados para rápidas soluções, de forma a beneficiarem das melhores e mais atuais ferramentas e implementarem as estratégias digitais mais eficazes, principalmente no caso dos hotéis de luxo, que dependem significativamente das vantagens competitivas de que gozam.

Este estudo foca-se na análise do impacto das estratégias de conteúdo e storytelling na construção da identidade digital de um hotel. Num mundo cada vez mais tecnologicamente avançado, e com novidades a surgirem online a um ritmo frenético, espera-se que a presença digital de uma marca hoteleira envolva uma panóplia de procedimentos, métodos e objetivos bem definidos que reflitam a sua imagem e personalidade. Em simultâneo, espera-se que os conteúdos desenvolvidos criem uma relação próxima com todos os clientes, qualquer que seja a plataforma digital, e em todas as fases da jornada do consumidor (Banyeva et al., 2023).

Daí que se pretenda avaliar a importância das estratégias de conteúdo e storytelling no plano estratégico digital de um estabelecimento hoteleiro de cinco estrelas ao longo deste estudo. É importante realçar que, atualmente, um hotel tem que estar presente no mundo digital, e destacar-se nas diferentes plataformas digitais para assegurar o brand awareness e reforçar a identidade da marca. Atualmente existe uma maior facilidade em gerir a sua reputação online, em comunicar diretamente com cada cliente, e em analisar os comportamentos, preferências e tendências do mercado altamente competitivo.

Metodologia | A metodologia adotada é essencialmente de natureza qualitativa, suportada pelo conhecimento aprofundado dos objetivos de marketing digital e pelas estratégias a serem implementadas, através da condução de entrevistas semiestruturadas a um administrador e à diretora de marketing e comunicação, de um hotel de cinco estrelas. Esta abordagem permitiu a obtenção de informações aprofundadas diretamente dos profissionais com o conhecimento especializado e atualizado, enquanto participantes ativos na criação e implementação das estratégias digitais. Realça-se que os entrevistados foram informados dos objetivos da pesquisa e assinaram um consentimento informado a permitirem a utilização dos dados obtidos nesta investigação.

Este estudo qualitativo permitiu compreender todo o processo criativo que origina os conteúdos digitais alinhados com a identidade e com os valores da marca hoteleira, a narrativa de comunicação adotada (em igual sintonia com as próprias instalações e história do hotel), bem como, com o plano estratégico de marketing digital delineado antecipadamente, e desenvolvido para cada fase do desenvolvimento do negócio, com o objetivo de garantir o sucesso do lançamento digital do estabelecimento hoteleiro de luxo.

Principais resultados e contributos | No final do estudo verificou-se que as plataformas digitais do hotel de cinco estrelas em estudo, bem como todos os conteúdos publicados pelo mesmo, refletiam a sua missão e visão através de um estilo de comunicação próprio e identidade visual coesa. Constatou-se que as estratégias de conteúdo e storytelling, desempenharam um papel crítico na diferenciação da marca, estando de acordo com a segmentação, o posicionamento e o público-alvo da unidade hoteleira. Acredita-se que, no longo prazo, esta abordagem permita que a unidade hoteleira se destaque da concorrência direta ao relacionar-se positiva e emocionalmente com cada utilizador online graças a narrativas envolventes e conteúdos personalizados. Não obstante, todas as estratégias digitais estão sujeitas a modificações perante crises, imprevistos de mercado e tendências tecnológicas emergentes.

Limitações | Uma vez que o estudo produzido se foca maioritariamente no impacto das estratégias de marketing digital em hotéis de cinco estrelas, os resultados obtidos poderão não ser diretamente aplicáveis a outras tipologias, que diferem na dimensão, na localização geográfica, no seu mercado alvo, entre outros fatores. Também é fundamental realçar que as informações apresentadas, tal como se comprova no caso das tecnologias atuais, estão sujeitas à temporalidade das estratégias digitais, às preferências do público e da própria gestão hoteleira, e à subjetividade das respostas obtidas. Desta maneira, a mutação inerente à evolução e tendências emergentes do marketing digital, transversal a qualquer área de negócio, faz com que exista uma certa limitação na compreensão do impacto real das estratégias de conteúdo e storytelling.

Conclusões | No contexto do mercado hoteleiro atual, este estudo contribui significativamente para o entendimento das dinâmicas digitais que moldam a identidade dos hotéis de luxo. A investigação desenvolvida demonstra a relevância de uma presença digital sólida diferenciadora, bem como de estratégias de conteúdo atrativas e eficazes. A investigação também sublinha a necessidade de uma adaptação constante do mercado hoteleiro para continuar a enfrentar e a ultrapassar as mudanças repentinas que ocorrem no mundo digital. Deste modo, é destacado que, num mundo cada vez mais tecnológico, o sucesso de um hotel de cinco estrelas não depende apenas da qualidade das suas instalações e serviços, mas também da excelência da sua presença online, da sua capacidade de contar histórias cativantes e envolventes que atraiam potenciais hóspedes, e os mantenham fiéis a uma marca que vai ao encontro das suas necessidades, e capta o seu interesse de forma diferenciadora e inovadora.

Creative Sketching and the Traveller’s Experience

2024-12-31T11:27:04+00:00

I do not understand what is wanted here.

The act of creative sketching can enhance a traveller's experience in many ways. Drawings are much more than snapshot recordings of a place or thing. The value of sketching lies in the meditative process rather than an aesthetic evaluation of the product. Sketching is a way of creating reverence, and dignifying the subject.

Paul Woodruff explains the idea of reverence as being contextual and situational. Reverence is like a language, he says, in that it is not an isolated activity (Woodruff, 2014). Woodruff writes about music and theatre and justice, as examples of reverence. Drawing could be included in his analysis. For example, drawing the inside of a church, or a couple resting on a bench, is perceived as respectful rather than intrusive and voyeuristic. This is a contextual activity which involves more than the isolated self of the artist.

The traveller's heightened attention on a subject is an active meditation, unlike many tourism experiences which are essentially a passive looking-at-things. The unmediated experience of drawing connects the artist to the place in ways that can strengthen one’s virtues of compassion, awe and insight. Thus, creative drawing can be described as a type of “ethical labour” (Smith & Duffy, 2004).

Frederick Franck describes drawing as a way of "retrieving the lost art of seeing" (Franck 1993). In an almost unconscious proprioception between vision, mind and hand, sketching is an activity that transcends routine perception, and results in what could be described as a religious experience.

Similarly, the 'peak experiences' described by Abraham Maslow (Maslow, 1970), and the 'flow' experiences described by Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi (Csikszentmihalyi, 1990), both involve an immersive activity that creates a feeling of oneness and connection to all of existence. This is a lot to claim on behalf of a modest tourist activity, but it is a common observation amongst religious thinkers. William James, for example, writes in his Varieties of Religious Experience, that one variety of that experience is the "grateful admiration of the gift of existence" (James, 2012, p. 83). Sketching is the very instantiation of this response to existence.

MICE Events: Challenges and Opportunities to the Tourism Sector

2024-12-31T11:27:04+00:00

Objetives | Business and professional travel is one of the oldest forms of travel. Business tourism has grown exponentially in recent years and is seen as a huge opportunity for the sector. Specifically, MICE refer to Meetings, Incentives, Conferences, and Exhibitions that can be held to perform business tourism (Smagina, 2017).

The Meetings refers to a number of events such as: daily meetings, annual meetings, or weekly meetings, which intended to add value through communication, celebrations or training activities, among others. Meetings can also vary in size. Meeting venues differ depending on participation and meeting style, ranging from formative meetings, lectures, seminars, workshops or panel discussions, presentations, or product launches (Swarbrooke & Horner, 2012). Meetings allow the ideals of organizations to be put into practice as well as communication processes between employees, customers, and other stakeholders (Davidson & Cope, 2003).

Incentive trips are considered an important tool by organizations and have served as an introduction to human resource management theories, recognizing the work of employees, not in a monetary way, but in a tangible way (Swarbrooke & Horner, 2012). These trips have been used to motivate, recognize employees for their work and/or increase commitment between the organization and the employee (Pizam, 2005). Incentive trips, or corporate hospitality, have a more direct link with leisure tourism due to the strong recreational nature associated with them, in the sense of rewarding employees (Everard, 2010).

The incentive market is made up of two sub-sectors: individual or group incentives. Group trips encourage team spirit and a sense of belonging with a large number of people, while individual trips focus essentially on the same objectives, but with a smaller number of people, usually up to 20 (Witt et al., 1992). These trips usually consist of an itinerary of accommodation, transportation, special events or other options that offer the participant a highly rewarding experience (Swarbrooke & Horner, 2012).

As far as conferences are concerned, they comprise a wide range of professional events on a particular theme and organized with a formal structure. Conferences can be academic, commercial, or business or for another purpose, and can vary in terms of size and duration. The purpose of a conference is to address themes or issues which are then discussed, solutions identified, or advice given. A conference is an assembly that may involve discussion to establish facts and/or solve problems. Conferences have no connotation in terms of their periodicity and are usually held on a smaller scale than congresses (Sylla et al., 2015).

This study aims to understand the future of MICE events in Hospitality and to comprehend what are the main challenges and opportunities to the sector with these events.

Methodology | To conduct this study a qualitative methodology was performed using a semi-structured interview to answer our research objectives. Our participants were 10 hotel directors in Portugal. The interviews were conducted online, taped, and verbatim transcript. Data were analyzed with thematic analysis procedures.

Main Results and Contributions | Our results suggested that, as expected, during the COVID-19 period, the drop in the number of events held in the MICE segment is, on average, 69%. MICE events are an extremely important segment for Portuguese hotels since, as well as mitigating seasonality, they create dynamism and promote cross-selling, contributing to their economic security. The data also highlights several strategies for adapting the operation to this kind of event, based on making event conditions more flexible, following up on customers' needs, and campaigns on digital platforms and social networks. For the future, our participants consider that there are several opportunities for the development of the segment, based on exploring potential markets such as the United States, Brazil, or Russia, and in business areas that will recover more quickly, such as health, banking, publishing and sport. Moreover, the participants consider that the pandemic has accelerated the use of technology due to the need for online and hybrid events and this will be a trend for the future of the sector. Other trends point to significant changes in how far in advance events are booked, fewer participants and shorter durations.

Limitations | Our main limitations are related to the use of a qualitative study with a few numbers of participants making difficult the results' generalization. Additionally, our participants were the hotel directors who could be more influenced by social desirability. In future studies, it would be interesting to have other participants such as intermediate leaders and the customers.

Conclusions | In conclusion, MICE events seem to be an important strategy for business tourism contributing to the decrease of seasonality. Although it is important to develop the specific skills required in this sector.

Aprendizagens in loco proposta interdisciplinar. Bacharelado em Turismo – IFSP-CBT

2025-01-02T11:44:18+00:00

Objetivos | O objetivo geral dessa proposta piloto foi a utilização das aprendizagens in loco para os discentes do curso de Bacharelado em Turismo, do Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia de São Paulo (IFSP), Campus Cubatão (CBT) na cidade de Santos (SP-Brasil), buscando validar os aspectos como a flexibilidade curricular, interdisciplinaridade, e sobretudo a integração dos conteúdos e componentes curriculares nos semestres iniciais do curso, consistindo assim, numa estratégia ligada à permanência, diminuição da evasão e aumento do êxito estudantil no curso, através de atividades do tipo aprendizagens in loco. O presente texto reflete o trabalho realizado por 2 semestre letivos de atividades (2023/1 e 2023/2), divididas em dois blocos estruturados. O destino turístico eleito para essas atividades foi a cidade de Santos, devido sua consolidação, segmentação turística, proximidade geográfica com o IFSP-CBT, campus ofertante do curso de Bacharelado em Turismo, além da parceria estabelecida com a Secretária de Turismo da cidade, que oferece isenção das taxas de visitação, aos atrativos turísticos para os discentes e docentes. O primeiro bloco contou com 3 atividades, e o segundo bloco com mais 3 atividades, todas sequenciais e relacionadas aos componentes curriculares ofertados para os discentes, inscritos respectivamente no primeiro semestre letivo, e segundo semestre letivo (turmas iniciais do ciclo formativo).

Metodologia | O presente texto buscou refletir sobre as aprendizagens in loco, utilizando-a como estratégia metodológica interdisciplinar no curso de Bacharelado em Turismo. O curso de Bacharelado em Turismo do (IFSP-CBT), teve início em 2018, entretanto passou por reformulação em 2023, e em sua última versão do Projeto Pedagógico de curso (PPC) propõem-se a integração dos conteúdos e componentes curriculares do curso. Surgindo, assim a proposta piloto de dois blocos estruturados de atividades, ao longo de 2 semestre letivos (2023/1 e 2023/2), com os discentes inscritos nos ciclos formativo iniciais.

Após sondagem inicial, identificaram-se os pilares técnicos dos ciclos iniciais, primeiro e segundo semestres iniciais, nesse sentido retrata uma pesquisa exploratória e descritivo. O primeiro bloco de atividades transpassou pelos componentes curriculares: Turismofologia 1, com 5 aulas semanais e total de 71,2 horas; Lazer e Recreação, com 3 aulas semanais e total de 42,3 horas, e Hospitalidade, com 2 aulas semanais e total de 28.5 horas. E o segundo bloco de atividades ocorreu dentro dos componentes curriculares: Turismofologia 2, com 3 aulas semanais e total de 42,3 horas e Turismo e Hospitalidade com 2 aulas semanais e total de 28.5 horas, e Arranjo do Produto Local (APL) curricularização da Extensão com 5 aulas semanais e total de 71,2 horas.

Quanto a escolha do destino turístico, partiu-se da premissa que as destinações turísticas existentes próximas à localidade ofertante do curso podem ser utilizadas como dispositivos de aprendizagem, escolheu-se a cidade de Santos devido seu rico patrimônio, facilidade de acesso dos discentes, parceria com a Secretaria de Turismo da cidade, e consolidação da atividade turística na cidade. Utilizou-se do método etnográfico, durante as atividades de campo, onde os docentes apresentaram os atrativos e os discentes interagindo com o ambiente turístico in loco, sendo possível interação inclusive com os turistas e anfitriões dos atrativos analisados.

Principais resultados e contributos | Num primeiro momento, foi identificada a possibilidade de pertinência da atividade ser realizada com os semestres iniciais formativos, com o propósito não apenas de se apresentar as localidades próximas ao campus de oferta, uma vez que o curso recebe alunos de diferentes cidades, mas também de apresentação de conceitos básicos de turismo in loco, bem como possibilidades de inserção profissional, estimulando assim estratégias de permanência, redução de evasão, e estímulo ao êxito estudantil. A atividade realizada nos semestres inicial do curso permite ainda a integração entre os alunos, recém-chegados ao curso.

Durante a preparação da atividade os docentes identificaram como pertinentes os seguintes temas que foram trabalhados nos componentes curriculares, e que seriam elucidados ao longo do roteiro: 1) Patrimônio – patrimônio cultural; 2) Atrativos turísticos; 3) Dimensão pública da hospitalidade; 4) Perfil dos turistas; 5)Roteiros turísticos. Ainda que pensados os cinco temas trabalhados nas atividades em função dos componentes curriculares, foi possível observar que, ao longo da visita, e durante a interação com os discentes, muitos utilizaram das palavras com seus conhecimentos prévios, o que contribui sobremaneira para o aprendizado em grupo, preocuparam-se também acerca de como a cidade recebe seus turistas, quais suas características, ainda que estejam em estágio inicial de aprendizagem.

Limitações | As limitações preponderantes para as atividades de aprendizagem in loco foram a ncessidade do acompanhamento de Guia de Turismo especializado, pois, mesmo com a formação dos docentes envolvidos no acompanhamento das visitas, a visão do Guia de Turismo, poderia contribuir para a fluidez do percurso. Outras questões abordadas pelos prórprio docentes, recairam pela carência de um professor historiador durantes as atividades, outro desafio foi mensurar o tempo das atividades, pois de acordo com o acolhimento no atrativo turístico, o tempo de explanação dos interventores (monitores do local) é direfente a cada visita, pois muito do que se apresenta passa pela própria subjetividade do intervento.

Conclusões | Traçando algumas considerações iniciais acerca das aprendizagens in loco, realizadas na Santos, observou-se a presença maciça dos discentes em todas as visitas, ainda que sendo realizada no sábado. A localidade não influenciou o interesse dos alunos, mesmo sendo uma cidade do seu entorno habitual, pois acredita-se que muitos desses inclusive já passaram pelo centro histórico, ou pela orla da praia de Santos, em algum momento. Quanto ao engajamento dos discentes, notou-se mais interesse dada a dimensão de incorporar três componentes curriculares, dando mais força para as intervenções docentes. Além, do compartilhamento das tarefas da condução da visita, quando temos mais do que um professor envolvido, inclusive nos cuidados com o grupo.

Exploring Accessibility Challenges in the Hospitality

2025-01-07T11:23:19+00:00

Aims | This article addresses the differentiated dimensions of accessibility in the hospitality sector, focusing specifically on the needs of guests with disabilities, special those with physical impairments.

The objectives are to: (i) identify the multiple challenges that people with physical impairments face when accessing hospitality services, focusing in the two phases of the guest cycle, before and during the stay (ii) provide rich and detailed insights into the lived experiences of participants to provide a holistic understanding of their perspectives (iii) give voice to guests with physical impairments.

Methodology | This study utilized a qualitative methodology and was conducted using a focus group. The study, carried in Portugal, focused on PwPI and their experience before and during their stay when travelling. The questions were structured based on the literature review and were ordered from the most general to the most specific topic. The focus group were recorded with the due consent and fully transcribed. The data were analysed using NVIVO 14.

Results and Contributions | The study helps to identify potential solutions and recommendations for improving accessibility and to ensure that the hospitality industry is more responsive to the needs of people with physical impairments. By eliciting the voices of those directly affected, the study contributes to a more comprehensive and empathetic approach to accessibility.

Theoretical inputs will be provided to the hospitality industry.

Limitations | The analysis undertaken was restricted to PwPI and restricted to Portugal. The study should be expanded to other groups, namely to people with sensory and cognitive impairments and extended to other geographical areas. Moreover, the study, essentially exploratory and qualitative, was conducted using a focus group including only PwPI. In addition the sample should be larger and a quantitative study can be carried out to measure the impact of some variables such age, degree of disability, education level in the challenges they experienced before and during their stay.

Conclusions | The priority is to give voice to customers with disabilities by listening to their experiences. By pursuing an essential understanding of how hospitality improved the way the sector regards these consumers. The research also intends to highlight some aspects related to the phase one and two of the guest cycle, before and during the stay. The results are expected to contribute to the governance and to reach the SDG as persons with disabilities should be considered in most Sustainable Development Goals.

Referências bibliográficas

Almeida, S; Mesquita, S. (2023), "How Risky Can a Trip Be for a Guest With Visual Impairments? Evaluation of the Organizational Risks Through a Real Story", Seabra, C. and Korstanje, M.E. (Ed.) Safety and Tourism (Tourism Security-Safety and Post Conflict Destinations), Emerald Publishing Limited, Bingley, pp. 227-243. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-80382-811-420231013

Rihova, I., Buhalis, D., Moital, M., & Gouthro, M.-B. (2015). Conceptualising customer-to-customer co-creation in socially dense tourism contexts. International Journal of Tourism Research, 17(4), 356-363. DOI: 10.1002/jtr.1993

Mei, X. Y., & Lantai, T. (2018). Understanding travel constraints: An exploratory study of Mainland Chinese International Students (MCIS) in Norway. Tourism Management Perspectives, 28, 1–9.

Ozturk, Y., Yayli, A. and Yesitas, M. (2008), “Is the Turkish tourism industry ready for a disabled customer’s market? The views of hotel and travel agency managers”, Tourism Management, Vol. 29, pp. 382-389.

Social Networks and the Engagement of the Resident Community in the Promotion of Tourism

2024-12-31T11:27:06+00:00

Objectives | The Maceira - Embaixadores d'Aldeia project, promoted by the Associação de Promoção Social, Recreativa, Desportiva e Humanitária de Maceira (APSRDHM), Fornos de Algodres-Guarda, is a project that aims to combat the exodus and depopulation of the interior, promoting active ageing, intergenerationalism and the collective participation of the village population, preserving its cultural, heritage and tourist identity, while at the same time developing solid strategies to promote tourism and repopulation. One of the project's activities is Maceira Digital, which aims to use social media to boost the project as a whole.

Social media is currently an indispensable tool in modern society, as it connects people across geographical distances. Although they are usually associated with busy urban areas and highly populated regions, their importance in low-density territories cannot be underestimated (Cunha et al., 2022). These digital platforms have proven to be especially important in these territories, offering countless opportunities for individuals and communities, bringing a range of social, economic and cultural benefits (Onitsuka, 2019).

Low-density territories, which include rural areas (such as the village of Maceira), small towns and remote regions, often face unique challenges due to their dispersed populations and limited access to various resources, particularly communication resources.

Social media platforms, which include social networks, have emerged as a tool for standardizing access to and availability of content, allowing residents of low-density areas to overcome geographical barriers and access a world of possibilities, as well as enabling the territory to be revitalized through new forms of integration, valuing material and immaterial resources and local products as components of the collective socio-cultural heritage (Marques, 2010). As part of the project, the Maceira Digital activity consisted of: (i) creating profiles of the Association on the social networks Facebook, Instagram and Youtube, (ii) creating and publishing content generated by the Association's users on the social networks created, and (iii) measuring the interaction generated by the content created and published. The aim of the study presented here is to evaluate the implementation of the Maceira Digital activity.

Methodology | Data on the presence, use and engagement of users on the project's Facebook, Instagram and Youtube social networks was collected between January 1, 2022 and May 15, 2023, June 1, 2022 and May 15, 2023, and July 1, 2022 and May 15, 2023 respectively.

The content published on the different social media platforms was assured and had the local village community as participants.

Carrying out training actions to improve the resident community's communication techniques when interacting on social networks.

Main Results and Contributions | The most important results of the Maceira Digital activity are: (i) 37 training sessions on Facebook and Instagram, which resulted in the training of 14 people from the village; (ii) the creation of a YouTube channel, which in the period under review had 29 people from the community participating in the videos published; (iii) the creation of the video "Nós Somos Aldeia", which portrays the experiences, traditions and customs of the village, transporting the video viewers to a not too distant past and summarizing what the Maceira - Embaixadores d'Aldeia project was all about.

Regarding measuring the interaction generated by the content created and published on the social networks Facebook and Instagram, the indicators page reach, visits and followers showed an increasing and positive performance over the period under analysis. In the case of Facebook, the page's organic reach on May 15, 2023 was more than 273000 users who had viewed some of the page's content by that date. The indicator for the number of followers of the page on that date was 1470 followers.

The largest number of users who have visited the Facebook page are national and local (Fornos de Algodres – 14,9%), although there are also a significant number of international users, such as France (9,7%).

As far as the Youtube social network is concerned, the interaction generated by some of the videos created by APSRDHM and subsequently published has reached very significant numbers of views, particularly the video "Sabem a diferença entre cebolo e cebola? * Embaixadores de Aldeia", which has more than 11000 views.

The video " Nós Somos a Aldeia! * Embaixadores d'Aldeia ", which was presented and uploaded to the YouTube channel on the closing day of the Maceira - Embaixadores d'Aldeia project.

Limitations | The main limitation of this study is the fact that it was carried out in a single location, which means that the results cannot be generalized. However, they are relevant to larger studies.

Conclusions | There was a great deal of community engagement in the digital initiatives, which also helped to strengthen cultural identity, as the digital promotion of the project highlighted the village's rich cultural heritage, preserving and making known its history and traditions across borders. This increased the community's pride and satisfaction;

The publication and consequent presence of the project's content on different digital communication channels gave the project greater visibility and contributed to its success;

The village participants who have been directly or indirectly involved in the project have come to value their community and its contribution to the project even more;

Implementing digital strategies to promote the project has ensured its success and that it will be sustained over time, keeping the village digitally relevant and attracting new visitors over time.

References

Cunha, M., Correia, R. F., & Carvalho, A. (2022). The Role of Digital Communication in the Tourism Promotion of Low Density Territories: The Case of Macedo de Cavaleiros and Vila Nova de Foz Côa | O Papel da Comunicação Digital na Promoção Turística de Territórios de Baixa Densidade: O Caso de Macedo de . 17th Iberian Conference on Information Systems and Technologies (CISTI).

Marques, A. P. S. (2010). Da construção do espaço à construção do território. Fluxos & Riscos, 1(1), 75–88.

Onitsuka, K. (2019). How Social Media Can Foster Social Innovation in Disadvantaged Rural Communities. In Sustainability (Vol. 11, Issue 9). https://doi.org/10.3390/su11092697

Religious pilgrimages as a mechanism for the preservation of tangible and intangible heritage: the case of KwaZulu-Natal Province

2024-12-31T11:27:07+00:00

Religious pilgrimages as a mechanism for the preservation of tangible and intangible heritage: the case of KwaZulu-Natal Province

Nompumelelo Linda¹

Department of Recreation and Tourism, Faculty of Humanities and Social Science

University of Zululand

KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8951-9639

Email: LindaNO@unizulu.ac.za

Abstract

Keywords: Religious pilgrimage, tangible and intangible, heritage, low-density areas, preservation

Objectives

To ascertain the tangible and intangible attributes of pilgrimage destinations in the low-density areas;
To identify the tangible and intangible heritages that are packaged for tourists and pilgrims in the study area;
To explore the perceptions of respondents on the preservation of pilgrimage destinations in low-density areas;
To find out if district municipalities support the enhancement of pilgrimage destinations and tourism development;
To formulate a mechanism for preserving the religious pilgrimages within the low population density areas.

Methodology

Research methodology is a set of procedures and methods that are used to carry out a search for knowledge and to achieve the research objectives (Jennings, 2018). This paper discusses the methodological procedures and techniques that were employed in the study. A mixed method research design was adopted, which suggests that both quantitative and qualitative modes of research enquiry were used during the collection, analysis and interpretation of data (Taherdoost, 2017). This mixed method research design was seen as a formal, objective and systematic process for generating information about this study. The design is appropriate to collect the necessary data on “the tangible and intangible attributes of pilgrimage destinations in the low-density areas”; the tangible and intangible heritages that are packaged for tourists and pilgrims in the study area”; “the perceptions of respondents on the preservation of pilgrimage destinations in low-density areas”; “if district municipalities support the enhancement of pilgrimage destinations and tourism development”; and “a mechanism for preserving the religious pilgrimages within the low population density areas”. A quantitative research design was employed, as the nature of this research necessitates the use of numerical data and descriptive statistics to draw conclusions. A standardised questionnaire was used to collect data from 410 respondents selected using a convenience sampling technique from different pilgrimage destinations in KZN, South Africa. Descriptive, bivariate, and multivariate analyses were conducted using IBM’s SPSS version 28 software. The purpose of this paper is to examine the preservation of tangible and intangible heritage in religious pilgrimages (such as pilgrimage destinations, demographic characteristics, and accommodations) in the KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) province in South Africa. This paper further intends to assess the pilgrimage destinations as a mechanism for religious pilgrimages that have tangible and intangible heritage for low-density populations.

Main results and contributions

The findings of this study revealed that the majority of the respondents struggle to get accommodation, and pilgrimage destinations receive a large number of pilgrims. Based on the findings as presented, it could be said that there are no visible tourism facilities available within the study area. Having said that, visitors and/or pilgrims were expected to drive approximately 100 kilometres to the lodging establishment of their choice and were forced to miss some of the pilgrimage events, which provides the facilities available within the pilgrimage destination. This finding, however, disputes what Nicolaides (2008) and Fernández (2010) assert that despite being attracted by faith-oriented activities, tourists also engage in other activities, such as exploring and/or purchasing on-site offerings, such as souvenirs, merchandise, etc. As a follow-up to the above question, it is important to establish the respondents’ in-depth views regarding the need for tourism facilities and/or products packaged for tourists and/or pilgrims within the study area. The pilgrimage destinations are visited during the high season by a large number of pilgrims. The findings further reveal that African religious pilgrimages preserve the tangible and intangible heritage of religious pilgrimages. The study recommends that stakeholders preserve religious pilgrimages such that they promote them as heritage/ religious tourism and/or socio-economic development stimuli within the study areas and elsewhere in South Africa. Also to promote tangible and intangible experiences that can be valued by everyone who visits pilgrimage destinations within the province. This paper further recommends the development of accommodation and restaurant establishments for the pilgrims who come from outside the province/ the country and elsewhere.

Research limitations

Problems of generalizability might occur if the sample is poorly chosen, resulting in the survey not correctly representing the population. Although this did not apply to this study, since the study results are particular to the study areas (Zululand district, King Cetshwayo district, iLembe district and eThekwini Metropolitan) at the time the study was conducted, the findings cannot be generalized across regions and nations. Respondents are sometimes lazy to fill in the questionnaires and scared to provide certain information because they fear that they might be misquoted or information used for certain purposes which could lead them into trouble. Lack of information and ignorance was another limitation that the researcher encountered or experienced with the respondents.

Conclusions

The purpose of this study was to collect data from the respondents employing the mixed method approach in order to achieve the objectives. The intention was to find out from the respondents/ stakeholders whether they perceive these African religious pilgrimages as a mechanism for preserving tangible and intangible heritage in low-density areas (Ferreira, Liberato, Lima, & Fernandes, 2023). The obtained data would be shared with the participated municipalities in KwaZulu-Natal so that the study area can be viewed as a tourism destination. The provincial government should play a significant role in creating tourism opportunities and there are no tourism facilities available within the study area as visitors and/or pilgrims had to drive approximately 100 kilometres in order to get the accommodation of their choice. The pilgrims from the Nazareth Baptist Church erect tents so that they can attend all the pilgrimage events and they are already familiar with that kind of accommodation. This chapter concludes by presenting the methodology that was employed, how the data was collected and how sampled and analysed.

References

Fernández Poncela, A.M. (2010). The Santo Niño de Atocha: heritage and religious tourism.

Ferreira, F.A., Liberato, D., Lima, A.S., & Fernandes, P.O. (2023). Sustainable practices in daily life and in the context of tourism. Journal of Tourism & Development, 40, 23-34. DOI:10.34624/rtd. v40i0.31414.

IBMCorp Ibm, S. P. S. S. (2022). statistics for windows, version 28.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.

Jennings, G. R. (2018). Qualitative research and tourism studies. The Sage handbook of tourism management theories: Concepts and disciplinary approaches to tourism, 5-33.

Nicolaides, B. (2008). Suburbia and Community: Untangling a Historical Conundrum.

Taherdoost, H. (2017). Determining sample size; how to calculate survey sample size. International Journal of Economics and Management Systems, 2.

Tourism trends in central region of Portugal

2024-12-31T11:27:08+00:00

Com um crescimento contínuo ao longo das últimas décadas, o turismo em Portugal tem-se consolidado como uma atividade fundamental para a geração de riqueza e emprego, tendo-se verificado uma diversificação de destinos, onde para além das regiões das cidades historicamente mais conhecidas, ganham popularidade outras menos exploradas na busca de experiências autênticas. Neste contexto, torna-se incontornável realçar a importância da Região Centro, não só rica em património histórico e cultural, mas também com uma envolvente natural propícia para atividades ao ar livre, iniciativas ecológicas e turismo responsável. A região é composta por municípios do litoral e do interior, marcados por várias diversidades, potencialidades, mas também fragilidades nas suas NUTS III.

Objetivos | Pretendeu-se identificar grupos distintos de municípios com padrões semelhantes, tanto em termos de valor como de perfil (correlação) das séries temporais, assim como correlações espaciais de municípios com valores elevados, baixos e anómalos. Além disso, pretendeu-se também avaliar a existência de diferenças entre as NUTS III da região e estudar a estrutura relacional dos indicadores em análise.

Metodologia | Foram utilizados os dados dos indicadores do turismo (capacidade de alojamento (CA), Capacidade de alojamento por 1000 habitantes (CA1000), Dormidas (D), Dormidas por 100 habitantes (D100), Estada média (EM), Hóspedes (H), Proporção de hóspedes não residentes (PHNR), Proveitos de aposento (PA), Proveitos totais (PT), Quartos (Q) e Taxa líquida de ocupação cama (TLOC)) de 2017 e 2022, disponibilizados pelo Instituto Nacional de Estatística, bem como a Carta Administrativa Oficial de Portugal, versão de 2023, da Direção Geral do Território, para delimitação das unidades territoriais da área de estudo, designadamente municípios e NUTS III. A análise estatística realizou-se com recurso ao IBM SPSS 29.0.1 e linguagem R 4.3.2, integrados com aplicação SIG ArcGIS Pro 3.2.

Na análise de Clusters e Outliers utilizou-se o índice de Moran Global (I) (Anselin, 1995) como indicador local de associação espacial dos municípios, conceptualizando como vizinho os municípios cujos limites geométricos partilhem pelo menos um vértice e usou-se o método da distância euclidiana.

Na análise de clusters de séries temporais, quando o parâmetro de estudo foi o valor do indicador, a similaridade das séries foi obtida pela raiz quadrada a soma dos quadrados das diferenças dos respetivos valores anuais. Por sua vez, no estudo do perfil das séries temporais a similaridade mediu-se com base na correlação estatística das séries ao longo dos anos. O número de clusters baseou-se no maior valor da estatística Pseudo-F.

Para avaliar a existência de diferenças dos indicadores entre NUTS III recorreu-se à correlação, à ANOVA e ao teste de Kruskal-Wallis seguidos de testes post-hoc e a estrutura relacional dos indicadores foi avaliada pela Análise Fatorial.

Principais resultados e contributos | Verificou-se grande heterogeneidade na distribuição dos indicadores nas diferentes NUTS III, 50% estabelecimentos de alojamento turístico da Região Centro nos anos em estudo teve uma CA superior ou igual a 256 e um número de dormidas superior ou igual a 20201; um número de quartos superior ou igual a 120,17; uma EM superior ou igual a 1,74 noites; um total de hóspedes superior ou igual a 11944 e uma PHNR de 19,33; PA superiores ou iguais a 662,58 milhares de €, PT superiores ou iguais a 898,67 milhares de € e uma TLOC superior ou igual 22,59 %. Destacam-se Tábua e S. Pedro do Sul com mais de 3 noites de EM, Aveiro e Nazaré com mais de 42% de TLOC e Ourém seguido por Coimbra nos outros indicadores.

Da análise de clusters e outliers, em 2022, importa referir os municípios de: Leiria por registar valores elevados nos indicadores CA, D, H, PA, PT e Q, assim como os municípios vizinhos; Lousã e Sertã por apresentarem, nos mesmos indicadores, valores baixos, tal como os seus municípios vizinhos; Batalha e Pombal por apresentarem, nesses indicadores, valores baixos enquanto os seus municípios vizinhos registam valores altos; Figueira da Foz por assinalar nos indicadores CA1000 e D100 valores elevados, enquanto que os municípios vizinhos registam valores baixos.

Pela análise de clusters de séries temporais verificou-se que para o estudo em termos de valor, os municípios foram agrupados em 2 clusters na análise dos indicadores EM e TLOC, em 9 clusters para PT e D100, 3 clusters para o indicador PHNR e 10 clusters para os restantes indicadores. Relativamente à análise do perfil das séries, os municípios foram agrupados em 2 clusters no indicador Q, em 9 clusters para EM e H, 6 clusters para o indicador TLOC e 10 clusters para os restantes indicadores.

Pela aplicação da análise fatorial, verificou-se a existência de correlações fortes e significativas entre a CA, D, H, Q, PA e PT e estão pouco correlacionadas, quase nula, entre a EM e a PHNR com os outros indicadores. A estrutura relacional dos indicadores é explicada por três fatores latentes que explicam 86 % da variância total (componente 1: CA, D, H, Q, PA e PT; componente 2: EM, PHNR e TLOC; componente 3: CA1000 e D100).

Relativamente às NUTS III da Região Centro, verificam-se diferenças significativas para PHNR entre a Beira Baixa e as outras NUTS III, exceto com Médio Tejo e Beiras e Serra da Estrela e entre Coimbra e Beiras e Serra da Estrela para os indicadores PA e PT.

Limitações | Para além dos constrangimentos de tempo, que impediram o contacto com os promotores dos respetivos alojamentos turísticos, para uma análise de séries temporais mais robusta, era desejável, em todos os indicadores, a existência de dados anuais relativos a um período maior, 10 ou mais anos. Além disso, nos 6 anos de dados analisados nem todos os municípios apresentam dados em cada ano.

Conclusões | Sendo certo que, a transformação da Região Centro num importante destino turístico, passa necessariamente pela definição de estratégias e planos adequados para desenvolver toda a região de forma integrada (Eusébio et al., 2008), torna-se essencial identificar os municípios com maior e menor visibilidade turística. Nesse sentido, verificou-se que as metodologias adotadas, para além da análise dos dados dos indicadores de turismo, constituem uma ferramenta essencial para identificação e mapeamento de pontos quentes, pontos frios e valores espaciais anómalos com aglomeração e significância, assim como permitem identificar os municípios mais similares, potenciando a análise e definição de estratégias de gestão e marketing das potencialidades turísticas da região.

Referências bibliográficas

Anselin, L. (1995). Local Indicators of Spatial Association—LISA. Geographical Analysis, 27(2), 93-115. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-4632.1995.tb00338.x

Eusébio, C. A., Castro, E. A., Costa, C. (2008). Diversidade no Mercado Turístico da Região Centro de Portugal. Revista Turismo e Desenvolvimento, 10, 10-24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.34624/rtd.v0i10.13555

Inovação e sustentabilidade em turismo rural

2024-12-31T11:27:13+00:00

Objetivos: O Turismo rural tem um elevado potencial para estimular o crescimento da economia local e a mudança social devido à sua complementaridade com outras atividades económicas, à sua contribuição para a criação de rendimento e emprego ao nível local e à sua capacidade de induzir a procura turística ao longo do ano (OMT, 2022). Daí que Pato (2015) tenha enfatizado três propósitos principais da atividade turística em Portugal: i) oferecer a quem procura a oportunidade de reviver as práticas, os valores e as tradições culturais e gastronómicas das sociedades rurais, beneficiando de um acolhimento personalizado; ii) contribuir para a diversificação do turismo nível nacional; iii) contribuir para a diversificação das atividades agrícolas e rurais, isto é o desenvolvimento rural. Mas para alcançar estes propósitos e atrair uma procura turística considerável, o produto turístico deverá por um lado ser inovador e por outro lado sustentável. Se estas premissas parecem ser cada vez mais importantes no turismo rural (Lane et al., 2022), a investigação feita a este respeito, particularmente em Portugal é ainda parca. Assim com base num inquérito por questionário dirigido a turistas, o objetivo deste trabalho é explorar as razões pelas quais os turistas vêm a sustentabilidade e a inovação nos empreendimentos de turismo rural como uma característica importante para o sucesso da atividade turística e diferenciação destes empreendimentos num mercado turístico cada vez mais competitivo.

Metodologia: Para o desenvolvimento deste trabalho foi aplicado um inquérito por questionário a turistas que já ficaram alojados ou pensam ficar alojados em empreendimentos de turismo no espaço rural (TER). O inquérito foi constituído por seis secções principais: i) O que motiva os turistas a pernoitar em empreendimentos de TER; ii) A perceção dos turistas em relação aos espaços rurais; iii) Sustentabilidade Social, Económica e Ambiental nas áreas rurais; iv) Inovação nos empreendimentos de TER; v) Preço por noite; vi) Dados demográficos. O inquérito é constituído por escalas de likert de 5 pontos (na secção I e II), sendo que as restantes secções incluem questões fechadas e com múltipla escolha. Com o objetivo de validar o inquérito realizou-se um pré-teste, com a aplicação de 12 inquéritos presenciais durante 1 semana. Depois do ajustamento do inquérito foi lançado nas redes sociais e aplicado de forma presencial durante os meses de maior fluxo turístico, final de julho, agosto e início de setembro. Foram obtidos 125 inquéritos. A análise dos dados envolveu estatísticas descritivas exploratórias com base no SPSS.

Principais resultados e contributos: Em termos de caracterização sociodemográfica a amostra neste estudo é constituída por turistas do sexo género feminino, com idades compreendidas entre os 21 a 60 anos, que viajam em geral acompanhados de família e cujo motivo principal é o lazer. A sua maioria são pessoas pertencentes à classe média e superior e funcionários comercias e/ou administrativos. Os dados recolhidos, indicam que os turistas se sentem motivados a procurar empreendimentos de TER principalmente por questões de: tranquilidade (64%), relaxar a mente (62,4%) e escapar ao stress do dia a dia (64,8%). Na sua maioria, a perceção que os inquiridos têm sobre os empreendimentos de TER, é que estes são espaços seguros, tranquilos e calmos (62,4%), são atrativos históricas e heranças culturais diversas (36%) e estão associados a uma gastronomia variada (36,8%). A maioria dos inquiridos (98%) considera importante que os empreendimentos de TER tenham um plano estratégico sustentável e 92% considera importante que os empreendimentos de TER tenham ligações com entidades e associações locais e/ou regionais. Quando se questionou sobre a importância dos certificados ambientais, 67% dos inquiridos afirmou que os certificados não são importantes, dando mais atenção ao que é executado no terreno. A maioria dos inquiridos (96%) considera importante a inovação do empreendimento turístico, sobretudo se esta estiver ligada ao produto/serviço com a introdução de produtos diversificados no mercado, à inovação organizacional, e ao marketing. A maioria dos inquiridos (95%) observa ainda a sustentabilidade como forma de inovação. No que se refere aos preços a pagar pelo serviço, verifica-se que os inquiridos estão dispostos a pagar entre os 51€ a 200€. Os contributos deste estudo permitem perceber de forma clara a motivação e perceção dos turistas associada a aspetos de inovação e sustentabilidade, permitindo assim desenvolver de uma forma mais ajustada um empreendimento de TER.

Limitações: A principal limitação do trabalho é temporal. Isto limitou o desenvolvimento de outros instrumentos de recolha de informação, com destaque para a realização de entrevistas. Daí que em termos futuros, seria importante a realização de entrevistas, onde os turistas pudessem expressar a sua motivação e perceção em relação a aspetos valorizados nos empreendimentos de TER.

Conclusões: O estudo permite concluir que num mercado cada vez mais competitivo e de incertezas, os empreendimentos de TER podem afirmar-se como unidades de alojamento com particularidades próprias, que se relacionam com a segurança e tranquilidade proporcionada como enfatizado nos estudos de Silva & Carvalho (2022), com a cultura, as tradições e história local e com a gastronomia tradicional. Mas para alcançar os objetivos preconizados, não se tem dúvidas que os aspetos relativos à inovação e à sustentabilidade se apresentam como premissas a considerar na conceção e desenvolvimento deste tipo de empreendimentos.

Referências bibliográficas

Lane, B., Kastenholz, E., & Carneiro, M. (2022). Rural Tourism and Sustainability: A Special Issue, Review and Upgrade for the Opening Years of the Twenty-First Century. Sustainability, 14, 6070. doi:https:// doi.org/10.3390/su14106070

OMT. (2022). UNWTO. Obtido de United Nations World Tourism Organization: https://www.unwto.org/

Pato, L. (2015). A Construção e Desenvolvimento do Turismo no Espaço Rural em Portugal: o papel da administração central nos seus conteúdos. Turismo em Análise, 26(4), 919-932.

Silva, S., & Carvalho, P. (2022). Turismo Rural em Portugal no contexto de incerteza decorrente da covid-19. Biblos, 8 (3), 169-194. doi:https://doi.org/10.14195/0870-4112_3-8_8

Contextos de trabalho globais, nómadas digitais e áreas naturais. Reconfigurações funcionais e novos contextos laborais e recreativos nos coworks do interior centro de Portugal.

2024-12-31T11:27:14+00:00

Resumo.

Unraveling the Moral Disengagement of Generation Z in Tourism Destination Choice

2024-12-31T11:27:14+00:00

The tourism industry promotes the movement of people, thoughts, and money across the globe. While many individuals seek relaxation and a break from their daily routines at beach resorts, they also crave a sense of novelty when exploring different destinations (Collins, 2015).

A heated debate on tourism destination involves scholars from all around the world and several studies aimed at analyzing the behavior of Generation Z regarding their touristic choices (Robinson and Schänzel, 2019).

For a better understanding of the phenomenon, it is essential to define the following conceptual categories:

A destination has been defined by several tourism researchers as a “bundle of attributes”, like any other consumer product (Hu & Ritchie, 1993; Buhalis, 2000).
Moral disengagement (MD) refers to the strategies individuals use, whether consciously or unconsciously, to engage in immoral actions while preserving their self-perception as moral individuals (Bandura et al., 2001).

Since tourist experience can be seen as an opportunity for “context switch”, intended as the rejection of moral norms that influence everyday attitudes and behaviours, the main purpose of the present work is to discover whether Gen Z members are prone to morally disengage in unethical choices when selecting the touristic destinations.

RQ: The choice of the touristic destination is driven by morally neutral and morally exposed variables: decontextualization produced by tourism can be seen by Gen Z members as a deterrent to moral and ethical norms.

Fatores que influenciam a experiência e satisfação do turista: O caso dos produtos verdes sustentáveis

2024-12-31T11:27:15+00:00

Sustainability is a factor that cannot be ignored today, neither in investment decisions nor in political decisions on the planning and management of tourism destinations. The creation of green products is therefore a fundamental requirement to attract tourists without jeopardizing the sustainability of the ecosystems in which tourism takes place. This study seeks to understand what factors influence the buyer behavior of tourists when consuming green products. A mixed research approach was used in which tourists and visitors who have visited and/or consumed products classified as natural or green were interviewed by means of a questionnaire. According to the results, consumers consider it important to protect the environment and avoid environmental damage, where Governments play an important role in drafting legislation to protect the environment. Respondents have the awareness that the environment is deteriorating where environmental awareness is a reason for satisfaction and influences consumer behavior when purchasing tourism products. This suggests the need for significant investment in a wider range of ecological/green tourism products by the various tourism providers to attract and retain satisfied customers. The aim of this study is to develop a specific exploratory combinations factor for the buyer behavior of environmentally friendly products in the tourism sector, which will help stakeholders to make decisions and evaluate environmentally friendly measures and businesses contributing to the satisfaction of users who are sensitive to the issues of sustainability and environmental preservation.

Ferramentas para uma geopolítica do turismo. Análise espacial da igualdade de recursos e atrações turísticas: o caso da província de Teerã

2024-12-31T11:27:15+00:00

Este trabalho destaca-se pela aplicação pioneira de princípios de análise geopolítica ao domínio do turismo e pela sua gestão sustentável. Esta abordagem inovadora contribui para uma compreensão mais profunda dos impactos do turismo nos destinos e proporciona novas perspetivas para otimizar as políticas de gestão turística, ao mesmo tempo que promove a sustentabilidade nos destinos turísticos. O objetivo geral deste estudo é introduzir a utilização da análise integrada das dinâmicas políticas, económicas e sociais numa área geográfica definida – elementos característicos da análise geopolítica – para a identificação de desigualdades e desequilíbrios espaciais no contexto do turismo. Para tanto, o objetivo específico desta pesquisa é o uso experimental de sistemas de informação geográfica (SIG) para compreender as diferenças e variações nos serviços turísticos na província de Teerã (Irã), escolhida como estudo de caso. Neste artigo, foram examinados os principais recursos do turismo na província de Teerã, e os naturais (cordilheiras do norte da província) e histórico-culturais (a estrada real de Khorasan no leste e a antiga região de Rey no sul do província) foram identificadas capacidades. Foram extraídas zonas iguais e integradas com províncias vizinhas. Os resultados indicam que as fronteiras políticas apresentam fragilidades e danos em termos de gestão política do sector do turismo e terão consequências geopolíticas negativas para o sector do turismo.

A atividade do turismo rural no município de Boa Esperança no Sul de Minas Gerais

2024-12-31T11:27:16+00:00

Boa Esperança é um município localizado no Sul de Minas Gerais, onde foram criadas algumas rotas turísticas, com relação ao turismo rural, o passeio conta com visitas em fazendas produtoras de cafés especiais, de produção de gin, criação de cavalo da raça Manga-larga Marchador, esportes radicais, de aventura, gastronomia, cultura e natureza. Neste sentido para Alves (2022) a paisagem rural não significa o presente e o estático, não representa uma “foto” do espaço naquele momento, a paisagem é dinâmica e é um resultado de um processo amplo e multiescalar. Neste sentido, o objetivo geral desse artigo consiste em analisar os roteiros turísticos voltados para o turismo rural de Boa Esperança e estabelecer uma relação com a cafeteria Xícara da Silva, sendo esta o ponto final dos passeios como ponto de ancoragem, na qual foi criada a partir da associação dos produtores de cafés especiais da Serra da Boa Esperança, sendo esta, definida como um novo objeto geográfico da cidade.

Nudges no Termalismo

2024-12-31T11:27:16+00:00

At the current juncture of society, it can be observed that different ways of changing behaviour have been tested, through experiments, using a system of nudges in different areas of science. Improving decisions about health, wealth and happiness was the challenge set by Thaler and Sunstein (2008) in their work. Tourism is an industry with high growth potential, and with sustainability and health in mind, wellness is the type of tourism of choice for the tourist of the future (Buxton & Michopoulou, 2021). Despite its importance in public policies and the private sector, according to Souza-Neto et al. (2022) tourism is still a little researched area and it is necessary to identify the contributions of behavioural sciences so that people move in the best direction in an easier way. People are increasingly aware of the importance of taking care of their health and are looking for solutions to improve their quality of life (Campon-Cerro et al., 2020). Integrated into wellness through its attractiveness, thermal baths could become an effective antidote to current public health challenges (Erfurt & Cooper, 2009). Many authors have confirmed this evidence (Kazakov & Oyner, 2021; Mendonca et al., 2021; Pinos Navarrete & Shaw, 2021)but few have been concerned with how to communicate this trend.

Due to the relevance of this topic and the lack of studies that synthesize the implications of nudges in thermalism, the aim of this research is to analyse and synthesise the existing literature on the application of nudges; and to provide a consolidated view on the emerging subject of nudges and apply it to thermalism. Considering the directions of this study the following research question was raised:

Q1 - What kind of nudging is suggested as communication strategy for thermalism?

To study communication in thermalism, this article deepens the knowledge about nudges and considers the main influences addressed in the literature review to stimulate the practice of thermalism. As systematic literature review is an analysis that uses systematic and explicit methods to identify, select and critically evaluate relevant research, collect and analyse data from studies included in the review, using the PRISMA Statement method, we consider it the most effective methodology for conducting this research (Higgins et al., 2011). This study seeks to contribute to the area of communication and thermalism through a strategy using nudges for people's well-being.

The article is structured in four parts: the first adopts a theoretical approach to themes related to thermalism, and nudge; the second describes the methodology applied, the third presents the results and discussion, finally, the implications, conclusions, limitations and future lines of research are presented.

A importância da certificação no turismo de saúde e bem-estar

2024-12-31T11:27:17+00:00

Objectives | The main objective of this paper is to understand the importance of certification in health and wellness tourism, especially in the Termas de São Pedro do Sul, and also to understand the perception of those responsible for local tourism accommodations, restaurants and recreational companies on the subject. The specific objectives are to: (1) reflect on the importance of the various types of certification and good practices linked to sustainability in the health and wellness tourism sector; (2) identify the requirements and impacts that the existing certifications pursued by Termas de São Pedro do Sul have on business management and on stakeholders in the destination; (3) analyze whether the rest of the destination's tourism offer values this commitment to certification, reflect on its impacts and what measures they take in relation to sustainability; (4) and define sustainable development guidelines for Termas de São Pedro do Sul.

Methodology |The chosen methodology is based on a mixed qualitative and quantitative approach, based on data collection linked to the consultation of various documents and secondary data on the subject and case study, as well as the application of surveys to (47) local business owners of tourism accommodation, restaurants and recreational tourism companies present in the Termas de São Pedro do Sul, and also an interview with the Administrator of Termalistur, E.M., S.A., the company responsible for managing the Termas de São Pedro do Sul.

Main Results and Contributions | The results of the surveys applied to the existing tourism offer at the Termas de São Pedro do Sul show that the vast majority confirmed that sustainability is one of the main trends in the evolution of tourism destinations, reinforcing the fact that customers are concerned about issues related to sustainability. With regard to certification programs, it prevailed that certification is a differentiating factor that brings improvement to companies, however, the vast majority do not have any award, quality management system or certification. They also say that one of the main advantages of certification is that it strengthens the concept of sustainability. In the interview with the Administrator of Termalistur, he said that there is a concern to pass on good sustainability practices to suppliers and partners through the dissemination of their letter of commitment to sustainability. They are increasingly careful when choosing suppliers to see if they are aligned with these commitments. He believes that the commitment to sustainability is a path that is being taken, although it is still associated with high costs, but that it will probably have greater economic gains in the short and medium term.

Limitations | The study's limitations lie in the fact that the surveys were only applied to the tourism supply side, as well as only focusing on one case study.

Conclusions | According to the data analysis, it was concluded that certification is a very important investment, as it provides greater security for visitors and clients of health and wellness tourism. Sustainability certification is important for the company and the destination, as it is a differentiating factor and a competitive edge over competitors. Certification and the adoption of sustainability practices has guided Termalistur's current management and has been one of its major bets, always bearing in mind its social commitment to the society in which it operates and to its customers, which is in line with the majority of the participants who were questioned.

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