O caso curioso de um escriba desacreditado (A.1258+): difamação e sofrimento na Mesopotâmia do séc. XVIII a.C.
Palavras-chave:
Zimrî-Lîm, Mari, Acádico, Sumério, Calúnia, Justiça
Resumo
O presente artigo pretende oferecer uma tradução e análise detalhada da carta-salmo A.1258+, exumada no palácio real de Mari e datada do séc. XVIII a.C. O texto em questão corresponde a uma súplica endereçada por um escriba ao soberano Zimrî-Lîm e apresenta paralelismos com a célebre composição babilónica lulul bēl nēmeqi (O Justo Sofredor), que, por sua vez, devido aos temas abordados, foi equiparada ao Livro de Job. Deste modo, pretendemos debater, através da interpretação do texto, questões relacionadas com o papel do soberano, o sofrimento e a justiça.
Referências
Alster, B. (1989). The textual history of the Legend of Etana. Journal of the American Oriental Society, 109(1), 81-86.
Barbosa, R. A. (2022). O destino e a ação divina: uma abordagem à literatura suméria e acádica (III e II milénios a.C.) (Dissertação de Mestrado, Universidade Nova de Lisboa). Acessível em https://run.unl.pt/handle/10362/141004
Bottéro, J. (1982). La création de l’homme et sa nature dans le poème d’Atrahasîs. In M. A. Dandamayev, I. Gershevitch, H. Klengel, G. Komoróczy, M. T. Larsen & J. N. Postgate (Eds.), Societies and Languages of the Ancient Near East, Studies in Honour of I. M. Diakonoff (pp. 24-32). Warminster: Aris & Phillips, ltd.
Bottéro, J. (1998). La plus vieille religion. Paris: Éditions Gallimard.
Bottéro, J. (2004). No Princípio eram os deuses. Lisboa: Edições 70.
Black, J., George, A. & Postgate, N. (1999). A Concise Dictionary of Akkadian. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.
Charpin, D. (1991). Les mots du pouvoir dans les archives royales de Mari. Cahiers du Centre Gustave Glotz, 2, 3-17.
Charpin, D. (2014). “Am the Sun of Babylon”: Solar Aspects of Royal Power in Old Babylonian Mesopotamia. In J. A. Hill, P. Jones & A. J. Morales (Eds.), Experiencing Power, Generating Authority. Cosmos, Politics, and the Ideology of Kingship in Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia (pp. 65-96). Berlin: De Gruyter.
Charpin, D. & Ziegler, N. (2003). Mari et le Proche-Orient à l’époque amorrite. Essai d’histoire poli- tique, FM V (Mémoires de N.A.B.U. 6). Paris: SEPOA.
Dhorme, P. P. (1923). Noms de Parties du Corps en Hébreu et en Akkadien. Paris: Librarie Victor Lecoffre.
Durand, J.-M. (1991). Précurseurs Syriens Aux Protocoles Néo-Assyriens – Considérations sur la Vie Politique aux Bords-de-l’Euphrate. In D. Charpin e F. Joannès (Org.), Marchands, Diplo- mates et Empereus. Études sur la civilisation mésopotamienne offerts à Paul Garelli (pp. 13-71). Paris : Éditions Recherche sur les Civilisations.
Durand, J.-M. (1993). Le Combat entre le Dieu de l’Orage et la Mer. In J.-M. Durand & J. Mar- gueron (Dir.), MARI 7 (pp. 41-61). Paris : Éditions Recherche sur les Civilisations.
Durand, J.-M. (2008). La religion amorrite en Syrie à l'époque des archives de Mari. In G. del Olmo Lete (Ed.), Mythologie et religion des Sémites Occidentaux. Volume 1: Ebla, Mari (OLA 162) (pp. 163-716). Leuven – Paris – Dudley, MA: Peeters.
Durand, J.-M. (2000-2001). La redécouverte de Mari par l'archéologie : août 1933 – 23 janvier 1934. Dossiers d'Archeologie, 259, 74-77.
ePSD (2023). Electronic Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary Project. Acessível em http://psd.museum. upenn.edu/epsd1/index.html
ETCSL (2023). The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature. Acessível em http://etcsl.orinst. ox.ac.uk/
Feliu, L. (2003). The God Dagan in Bronze Age Syria (Culture and History of the Ancient Near East 19). Leiden/Boston : Brill.
Finkel, I. (2021). The First Ghosts: Most Ancient of Legacies. London: Hodder & Stoughton. Foster, B. R. (1993). Before the Muses. An Anthology of Akkadian Literature. Volume I: Archaic, Classical, Mature; Volume II: Mature, Late. Bethesda – Maryland: CDL Press.
Frayne, D. (1990). Old Babylonian Period (2003-1595 BC), RIME 4. Toronto: University of Toronto
Press.
Gelb, I. et al. (Eds.). (1956-2010). Chicago Assyrian Dictionary (The Assyrian Dictionary of the Orien-
tal Institute of the University of Chicago), 26 vols. Chicago: The Oriental Institute.
Guichard, M. (1997). Copie de la supplique bilingue suméro-akkadienne “Les malheurs d’un scribe”. In D. Charpin & J.-M. Durand (Eds.), FM III: recueil d'études à la mémoire de Marie-Thérèse Barrelet (Mémoires de N.A.B.U. 4) (pp. 79-82). Paris: SEPOA.
Guichard, M. (2014). L’Épopée de Zimrī-Lîm, FM XIV (Mémoires de N.A.B.U. 16). Paris : SEPOA. Hallo, W. (1968). Individual Prayer in Sumerian : The continuity of a Tradition. JAOS, 88, 71-89.
Huehnergard, J. (2005). A Grammar of Akkadian. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns.
Katz, D. (2005). Death they dispensed to mankind. The funerary world of Ancient Mesopotamia. Historiae, 2, 55-90.
Katz, D. (2013). Time in Death and Afterlife: The Concept of Time and the Belief in Afterlife.
In L. Feliu, J. Llop, A. Millet Albà & J. Sanmartín (Eds.), Time and History in the Ancient Near East. Proceedings of the 56th Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale at Barcelona, 26-30 July 2010 (pp. 117-126). Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns.
Knauf, Ernst Axel e Guillaume, Philippe (2004). Job. In Thomas Römer, Jean-Daniel Macchi e Christophe Nihan (Eds.), Introduction à l’Ancien Testament (pp. 590-600). Genebra: Editions Labor et Fides.
Koubková, E. (2017). Fortune and Misfortune of the Eagle in the Myth of Etana. In O. Drewnowska & M. Sandowicz (Eds.), Fortune and Misfortune in the Ancient Near East. Proceedings of the 60th Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale at Warsaw 21-25 July 2014, (pp. 371-382). Winona Lake – Indiana: Eisenbrauns.
Lafont, B. (1992). Messagers et ambassadeurs dans les archives de Mari. In D. Charpin & F. Joannès (Org.), La Circulation des biens, des personnes et des idées dans le Proche-Orient ancien: Actes de la XXXVIIIe Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale (Paris, 8-10 juillet 1991) (pp. 167- 184). Paris : Éditions Recherche sur les Civilisations.
Margueron, J.-C. (2014). Mari: Capital of Northern Mesopotamia in the Third Millennium. The archaeology of Tell Hariri on the Euphrates. Oxford: Oxbow Books.
Novotny, J. (2001). The Standard Babylonian Etana Epic. Pennsylvania: Penn State University Press. Pollock, S. (1999). Ancient Mesopotamia: the Eden that never was. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Rosa, M. F. (2015). A percepção da ordem e a consciência do tempo em Mari no período paleo-babilónico (sécs. XIX e XVIII a.C.). (Tese de Doutoramento, Universidade Nova de Lisboa). Acessível em https://run.unl.pt/handle/10362/15002
Rosa, M. F. (2020). “Código” de Hammurabi. In H. C. Buescu e S. Valente (Coord.), Literatura- Mundo Comparada: Perspectivas em português. Parte III: Pelo Tejo Vai-se para o Mundo. Vol. 5 (pp. 73-75). Lisboa: Tinta da China.
Rosa, M. F. & Almeida, I. G. (no prelo). “Olha a terra, meu amigo, como é que ela é?”: Tradução e análise do mito mesopotâmico Etana. Lusitania Sacra.
Roth, M. T. (1995). Law Collections from Mesopotamia and Asia Minor. Atlanta, Georgia: Scho- lars Press.
Sasson, J. M. (2015). From the Mari Archives. An Anthology of Old Babylonian Letters. Winona Lake – Indiana: Eisenbrauns.
Whybray, Roger N. (2008). Job. (Readings: A New Biblical Commentary Series). Sheffield: Sheffield Phoenix Press.
Barbosa, R. A. (2022). O destino e a ação divina: uma abordagem à literatura suméria e acádica (III e II milénios a.C.) (Dissertação de Mestrado, Universidade Nova de Lisboa). Acessível em https://run.unl.pt/handle/10362/141004
Bottéro, J. (1982). La création de l’homme et sa nature dans le poème d’Atrahasîs. In M. A. Dandamayev, I. Gershevitch, H. Klengel, G. Komoróczy, M. T. Larsen & J. N. Postgate (Eds.), Societies and Languages of the Ancient Near East, Studies in Honour of I. M. Diakonoff (pp. 24-32). Warminster: Aris & Phillips, ltd.
Bottéro, J. (1998). La plus vieille religion. Paris: Éditions Gallimard.
Bottéro, J. (2004). No Princípio eram os deuses. Lisboa: Edições 70.
Black, J., George, A. & Postgate, N. (1999). A Concise Dictionary of Akkadian. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.
Charpin, D. (1991). Les mots du pouvoir dans les archives royales de Mari. Cahiers du Centre Gustave Glotz, 2, 3-17.
Charpin, D. (2014). “Am the Sun of Babylon”: Solar Aspects of Royal Power in Old Babylonian Mesopotamia. In J. A. Hill, P. Jones & A. J. Morales (Eds.), Experiencing Power, Generating Authority. Cosmos, Politics, and the Ideology of Kingship in Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia (pp. 65-96). Berlin: De Gruyter.
Charpin, D. & Ziegler, N. (2003). Mari et le Proche-Orient à l’époque amorrite. Essai d’histoire poli- tique, FM V (Mémoires de N.A.B.U. 6). Paris: SEPOA.
Dhorme, P. P. (1923). Noms de Parties du Corps en Hébreu et en Akkadien. Paris: Librarie Victor Lecoffre.
Durand, J.-M. (1991). Précurseurs Syriens Aux Protocoles Néo-Assyriens – Considérations sur la Vie Politique aux Bords-de-l’Euphrate. In D. Charpin e F. Joannès (Org.), Marchands, Diplo- mates et Empereus. Études sur la civilisation mésopotamienne offerts à Paul Garelli (pp. 13-71). Paris : Éditions Recherche sur les Civilisations.
Durand, J.-M. (1993). Le Combat entre le Dieu de l’Orage et la Mer. In J.-M. Durand & J. Mar- gueron (Dir.), MARI 7 (pp. 41-61). Paris : Éditions Recherche sur les Civilisations.
Durand, J.-M. (2008). La religion amorrite en Syrie à l'époque des archives de Mari. In G. del Olmo Lete (Ed.), Mythologie et religion des Sémites Occidentaux. Volume 1: Ebla, Mari (OLA 162) (pp. 163-716). Leuven – Paris – Dudley, MA: Peeters.
Durand, J.-M. (2000-2001). La redécouverte de Mari par l'archéologie : août 1933 – 23 janvier 1934. Dossiers d'Archeologie, 259, 74-77.
ePSD (2023). Electronic Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary Project. Acessível em http://psd.museum. upenn.edu/epsd1/index.html
ETCSL (2023). The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature. Acessível em http://etcsl.orinst. ox.ac.uk/
Feliu, L. (2003). The God Dagan in Bronze Age Syria (Culture and History of the Ancient Near East 19). Leiden/Boston : Brill.
Finkel, I. (2021). The First Ghosts: Most Ancient of Legacies. London: Hodder & Stoughton. Foster, B. R. (1993). Before the Muses. An Anthology of Akkadian Literature. Volume I: Archaic, Classical, Mature; Volume II: Mature, Late. Bethesda – Maryland: CDL Press.
Frayne, D. (1990). Old Babylonian Period (2003-1595 BC), RIME 4. Toronto: University of Toronto
Press.
Gelb, I. et al. (Eds.). (1956-2010). Chicago Assyrian Dictionary (The Assyrian Dictionary of the Orien-
tal Institute of the University of Chicago), 26 vols. Chicago: The Oriental Institute.
Guichard, M. (1997). Copie de la supplique bilingue suméro-akkadienne “Les malheurs d’un scribe”. In D. Charpin & J.-M. Durand (Eds.), FM III: recueil d'études à la mémoire de Marie-Thérèse Barrelet (Mémoires de N.A.B.U. 4) (pp. 79-82). Paris: SEPOA.
Guichard, M. (2014). L’Épopée de Zimrī-Lîm, FM XIV (Mémoires de N.A.B.U. 16). Paris : SEPOA. Hallo, W. (1968). Individual Prayer in Sumerian : The continuity of a Tradition. JAOS, 88, 71-89.
Huehnergard, J. (2005). A Grammar of Akkadian. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns.
Katz, D. (2005). Death they dispensed to mankind. The funerary world of Ancient Mesopotamia. Historiae, 2, 55-90.
Katz, D. (2013). Time in Death and Afterlife: The Concept of Time and the Belief in Afterlife.
In L. Feliu, J. Llop, A. Millet Albà & J. Sanmartín (Eds.), Time and History in the Ancient Near East. Proceedings of the 56th Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale at Barcelona, 26-30 July 2010 (pp. 117-126). Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns.
Knauf, Ernst Axel e Guillaume, Philippe (2004). Job. In Thomas Römer, Jean-Daniel Macchi e Christophe Nihan (Eds.), Introduction à l’Ancien Testament (pp. 590-600). Genebra: Editions Labor et Fides.
Koubková, E. (2017). Fortune and Misfortune of the Eagle in the Myth of Etana. In O. Drewnowska & M. Sandowicz (Eds.), Fortune and Misfortune in the Ancient Near East. Proceedings of the 60th Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale at Warsaw 21-25 July 2014, (pp. 371-382). Winona Lake – Indiana: Eisenbrauns.
Lafont, B. (1992). Messagers et ambassadeurs dans les archives de Mari. In D. Charpin & F. Joannès (Org.), La Circulation des biens, des personnes et des idées dans le Proche-Orient ancien: Actes de la XXXVIIIe Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale (Paris, 8-10 juillet 1991) (pp. 167- 184). Paris : Éditions Recherche sur les Civilisations.
Margueron, J.-C. (2014). Mari: Capital of Northern Mesopotamia in the Third Millennium. The archaeology of Tell Hariri on the Euphrates. Oxford: Oxbow Books.
Novotny, J. (2001). The Standard Babylonian Etana Epic. Pennsylvania: Penn State University Press. Pollock, S. (1999). Ancient Mesopotamia: the Eden that never was. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Rosa, M. F. (2015). A percepção da ordem e a consciência do tempo em Mari no período paleo-babilónico (sécs. XIX e XVIII a.C.). (Tese de Doutoramento, Universidade Nova de Lisboa). Acessível em https://run.unl.pt/handle/10362/15002
Rosa, M. F. (2020). “Código” de Hammurabi. In H. C. Buescu e S. Valente (Coord.), Literatura- Mundo Comparada: Perspectivas em português. Parte III: Pelo Tejo Vai-se para o Mundo. Vol. 5 (pp. 73-75). Lisboa: Tinta da China.
Rosa, M. F. & Almeida, I. G. (no prelo). “Olha a terra, meu amigo, como é que ela é?”: Tradução e análise do mito mesopotâmico Etana. Lusitania Sacra.
Roth, M. T. (1995). Law Collections from Mesopotamia and Asia Minor. Atlanta, Georgia: Scho- lars Press.
Sasson, J. M. (2015). From the Mari Archives. An Anthology of Old Babylonian Letters. Winona Lake – Indiana: Eisenbrauns.
Whybray, Roger N. (2008). Job. (Readings: A New Biblical Commentary Series). Sheffield: Sheffield Phoenix Press.
Publicado
2024-12-16
Secção
Artigos
Direitos de Autor (c) 2024 Maria de Fátima Rosa
Este trabalho está licenciado com uma Licença Creative Commons - Atribuição 4.0 Internacional.
