Design do cinto de segurança automóvel: minimização do risco de ferimentos graves e fatais nos condutores seniores
Palavras-chave:
Design, cinto de segurança, condutores seniores, proteção do ocupante, acidente rodoviário, segurança, ergonomia
Resumo
O uso adequado do cinto de segurança automóvel é um meio efetivo de prevenção de ferimentos graves ou fatais em caso de acidente. Todavia, os ferimentos provocados pelo próprio cinto de segurança podem, por si só, resultar em lesões graves para o utilizador.
Este artigo analisa como minimizar o risco de ferimentos graves e fatais nos indivíduos seniores resultantes do cinto de segurança em colisões, com o objetivo de melhorar o design, o ajuste ergonómico e antropométrico, e o conforto dos cintos de segurança.
A metodologia de investigação utilizada é descritiva e correlaciona estudos recentes do setor automóvel, legislação e diretivas aplicáveis aos cintos de segurança em assentos, estatísticas de acidentes rodoviários, testes de colisão, relatórios médicos, avaliações ergonómicas, antropométricas e da saúde em idosos.
Este estudo permitiu concluir que o design dos cintos de segurança com três pontos de fixação, aplicados nos veículos ligeiros mais comercializados, não são os mais adequados à antropometria, fragilidade e fraqueza física, conforto e segurança do sénior. A partir desta investigação propomos aspetos de melhoria a considerar no design dos cintos de segurança para minimizar esta problemática.
Referências
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Bergeron E, Lavoie A, Clas D, et al. (2003). Elderly trauma patients with rib fractures are at greater risk of death and pneumonia. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2003; 54: 478–485.
Boulanger, B.R., Milzman, D., Mitchell, K., and Rodriguez, A. (1992). Body habitus as a predictor of injury pattern after blunt trauma. The Journal of trauma, 33(2): p. 228‐32.
Bulger EM, Arneson MA, Mock CN, Jurkovich GJ. (2000). Rib fractures in the elderly. Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery. 48:1040–1047.
Busetto, L., Romanato, G., Zambon, S., Calò, E., Zanoni, S., Corti, M. C., Baggio, G., Enzi, G., Crepaldi, G. and Manzato, E. (2009), The Effects of Weight Changes After Middle Age on the Rate of Disability in an Elderly Population Sample. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 57: 1015–1021. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2009.02273.x.
Crandall, M., Streams, J., Duncan, T., Mallat, A., Greene, W., Violano, P., Christmas, B. and Barraco, R. (2015). ‘Motor vehicle collision Y related injuries in the elderly: An Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma evidence-based review of risk factors and prevention’, J. Trauma Acute Care Surg., Chicago, Illinois, Vol. 79 (1), pp.152–158.
Chen L, Balci R, Vertiz A. (2003). Safety belt fit, comfort, and contact pressure based on upper anchorage location and seat back angle. Human Factors In Driving, Seating and Vision. SP-1772, pp.131–136.
Decreto-Lei n.º 190/2006, de 25 de setembro - Diário da República, 1ª Série, N.º 185/2006, de 25 de setembro.
Deurenberg, P., Weststrate, J., & Seidell, J. (1991). Body mass index as a measure of body fatness: Age- and sex-specific prediction formulas. British Journal of Nutrition, 65(2), 105-114. doi:10.1079/BJN19910073.
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Ho, L. M., Wang, M. P., Ho, S. Y., & Lam, T. H. (2015). Changes in Individual Weight Status Based on Body Mass Index and Waist Circumference in Hong Kong Chinese. Plos ONE, 10(3), 1-10. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0119827.
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Hu, J., Zhang, K., Fanta, A., Jones, M. L. H., Reed, M. P., Neal, M., Wang, J., Lin, C. and Cao, L. (2017). Stature and Body Shape Effects on Driver Injury Risks in Frontal Crashes: A Parametric Human Modelling Study. IRC-17-85 IRCOBI conference 2017, 656–667.
Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. (2009). Booster Seat Belt Fit Evaluation Guidelines for Ratings. Arlington, VA.
Kahane, C. J. (2013). Injury vulnerability and effectiveness of occupant protection technologies for older occupants and women. (Report No. DOTHS 811 766). Washington, DC, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
Kent R, Henary B, Matsuoka F. (2005). On the fatal crash experience of older drivers. In: Annual Proceedings/Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine. Vol. 49. 2005:371–393.
Key, C.E.J., Morris, A.P. and Mansfield, N.J. (2016) ‘Situation awareness: its proficiency amongst older and younger drivers and its usefulness for perceiving hazards’, Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, Vol. 40, pp.156–168.
Kuk JL, Saunders TJ, Davidson LE, Ross R. (2009). Age-related changes in total and regional fat distribution. Ageing Res Rev. 2009; 8:339–348.
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Kurczewski, Nick. (2015). Smart Crash Test Dummies – The Latest Car Safety Tech – RoadandTrack.com. Road & Track. Retrieved 2 June 2015.
Langford J., Methorst R., Hakamies-Blomqvist L. (2006). Older Drivers Do Not Have A High Crash Risk—A Replication of Low Mileage Bias. Accident Analyses and Prevention, Vol. 38, pp. 574–578.
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Li, G., Braver, E.R. and Chen, L. (2003) ‘Fragility versus excessive crash involvement as determinants of high death rates per vehicle-mile of travel among older drivers’, Accident Analysis and Prevention, Vol. 35, pp.227–235.
Ma, X., Laud, P.W., et al. (2011). Obesity and non‐fatal motor vehicle crash injuries: sex difference effects. International Journal of Obesity, 2011, 35(9): p. 1216‐1224.
MAI - Ministério da Administração Interna. (2006). Decreto-Lei N.º 190/2006. Diário Da República, n.º 185-2, 1.a Série. pp.6995–6996.
Masudi T, Capitelli McMahon H, Scott JL, L. A. (2017). Seat belt-related injuries: A surgical perspective. J Emerg Trauma Shock, 70–73. https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-2700.201590.
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Meuleners, L.B., Harding, A., Lee, A.H. and Legge, M. (2006). ‘Fragility and crash overrepresentation among older drivers in Western Australia’, Accident Analysis and Prevention, Vol. 38, No. 5, pp.1006–1010.
Mock, C.N., Grossman, D.C., Kaufman, R.P., Mack, C.D., and Rivara, F.P. (2002). The relationship between body weight and risk of death and serious injury in motor vehicle crashes. Accident Analyse Prevention, 34(2): p. 221‐8.
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Moran, S.G., McGwin, G., Jr., et al. (2002). Injury rates among restrained drivers in motor vehicle collisions: the role of body habitus. The Journal of trauma, 52(6): p. 1116‐20.
Morris A, Welsh R, Hassan A. (2003). Requirements for the crash protection of older vehicle passengers. In: Annual Proceedings/Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine. Vol 47. 2003:165–180.
Nakahama, K. (2010). Cellular communications in bone homeostasis and repair. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, 67, pp.4001 – 4009.
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NHTSA - Highway Traffic Safety Administration, N., & Department of Transportation, U. (2013). 2013 Data: Older Population, (May). Retrieved from https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/812273.
OECD/ITF. (2014). Road Safety Annual Report 2014. DOI: 10.1787/irtad-2014-en. Acessível em: http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/transport/road-safety-annual-report-2014_irtad-2014-en Acedido em 15 de julho de 2016.
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Parenteau CS, Zhang P, Holcombe S, Wang S. (2014). Characterization of vertebral angle and torso depth by gender and age groups with a focus on occupant safety. Traffic Injury Prevention. 2014; 15:66–72.
Platts-Mills, T.F., Flannigan, S.A., Bortsov, A.V., Smith, S., Domeier, R.M., Swor, R.A. and McLean, S.A. (2015) ‘Persistent pain among older adults discharged home from the emergency department after motor vehicle crash: a prospective cohort study’, Annals of Emergency Medicine, Vol. 67 (2), pp.166–176.e1.
Portugal, Luís. (2012). Osteopenia e osteoporose: fatores modificáveis e não modificáveis. Universidade Fernando Pessoa, Faculdade de Ciências Da Saúde. Retrieved from http://bdigital.ufp.pt/bitstream/10284/3208/3/TM_15335.pdf.
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Reed, M. P., Park, B.-K., Hallman, J. J., & International Research Council on Biomechanics of, I. (2015). Effects of Driver Attributes on Lower Abdomen Contour, pp 701-705. Retrieved from http://www.ircobi.org/wordpress/downloads/irc15/default.htm https://trid.trb.org/view/1370830.
Reed, M.P. and Rupp, J.D. (2013). An anthropometric comparison of current ATDs with the U.S. adult population. Traffic injury prevention, 2013, 14(7): p. 703‐5.
Reed, M. P., Ebert, S. M., & Hallman, J. J. (2013). Effects of Driver Characteristics on Seat Belt Fit. Stapp Car Crash Journal, 57(November), 43–57.
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Beck, L. F., Downs, J., Stevens, M. R., & Sauber-Schatz, E. K. (2017). Rural and Urban Differences in Passenger Vehicle Occupant Deaths and Seat Belt Use Among Adults-US 2014. Mmwr, 66 (17), 1–14. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/66/ss/pdfs/ss6617.pdf
Bergeron E, Lavoie A, Clas D, et al. (2003). Elderly trauma patients with rib fractures are at greater risk of death and pneumonia. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2003; 54: 478–485.
Boulanger, B.R., Milzman, D., Mitchell, K., and Rodriguez, A. (1992). Body habitus as a predictor of injury pattern after blunt trauma. The Journal of trauma, 33(2): p. 228‐32.
Bulger EM, Arneson MA, Mock CN, Jurkovich GJ. (2000). Rib fractures in the elderly. Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery. 48:1040–1047.
Busetto, L., Romanato, G., Zambon, S., Calò, E., Zanoni, S., Corti, M. C., Baggio, G., Enzi, G., Crepaldi, G. and Manzato, E. (2009), The Effects of Weight Changes After Middle Age on the Rate of Disability in an Elderly Population Sample. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 57: 1015–1021. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2009.02273.x.
Crandall, M., Streams, J., Duncan, T., Mallat, A., Greene, W., Violano, P., Christmas, B. and Barraco, R. (2015). ‘Motor vehicle collision Y related injuries in the elderly: An Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma evidence-based review of risk factors and prevention’, J. Trauma Acute Care Surg., Chicago, Illinois, Vol. 79 (1), pp.152–158.
Chen L, Balci R, Vertiz A. (2003). Safety belt fit, comfort, and contact pressure based on upper anchorage location and seat back angle. Human Factors In Driving, Seating and Vision. SP-1772, pp.131–136.
Decreto-Lei n.º 190/2006, de 25 de setembro - Diário da República, 1ª Série, N.º 185/2006, de 25 de setembro.
Deurenberg, P., Weststrate, J., & Seidell, J. (1991). Body mass index as a measure of body fatness: Age- and sex-specific prediction formulas. British Journal of Nutrition, 65(2), 105-114. doi:10.1079/BJN19910073.
Doherty, T. (2003). Invited review: ageing and sarcopenia. J. Appl. Physiol. 95 (4), 1717e1727 (Bethesda, Md: 1985).
Duarte, Vera Mafalda Gomes. (2013). Fragilidade nas pessoas idosas. Tese de doutoramento em Gerontologia e Gereatria, Universidade de Aveiro.
Dympna Gallagher, Marjolein Visser, Dennis Sepúlveda, Richard N. Pierson, Tamara Harris, Steven B. Heymsfield. (1996). How Useful Is Body Mass Index for Comparison of Body Fatness across Age, Sex, and Ethnic Groups?, American Journal of Epidemiology, Volume 143, Issue 3, 1 February 1996, Pages 228–239, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a008733.
Eby, D.W. and Molnar, L.J. (2012) Has the Time Come for an Older Driver Vehicle?, Report No. UMTRI-2012-5, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, Ann Arbor, MI, https://www.aaafoundation.org/sites/default/files/SeniorsAndSelfRegulationReport.pdf (Accessed 15 July 2016).
Fernandes, Susana C.F., Esteves, Jose L., Simoes, Ricardo (2017). Characteristics and human factors of older drivers: improvement opportunities in automotive interior design. International Journal of Vehicle Design. Vol.74 (3), pp. 167–203. Print ISSN: 0143-3369 Online ISSN: 1741-5314. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJVD.2017.086418.
Fong, C. K., Keay, L., Coxon, K., Clarke, E., & Brown, J. (2015). Seat belt use and fit among drivers aged 75 years and older in their own vehicles. Traffic Injury Prevention, 9588 (just-accepted), 0. https://doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2015.1052420.
Guccione, Andrew A. (2002). Fisioterapia Geriátrica. 2.ª Ed. Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan, pp.256.
Hammerberg, E. M., and Wood, K. B. (2003). Sagittal profile of the elderly. Journal of Spinal Disorders & Techniques. Vol.16, pp.44–50.
Hanson, F. in Dailymail.com. (10 de fevereiro de 2017). That's one big dummy! Crash test dummies pile on up to 100lbs and are molded like a 70-year-old to reflect today's changing society of older and heavier drivers. Acessível em: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-4212828/Crash-test-dummies-fatter-older.html. (Acesso em 10 de julho de 2017).
Ho, L. M., Wang, M. P., Ho, S. Y., & Lam, T. H. (2015). Changes in Individual Weight Status Based on Body Mass Index and Waist Circumference in Hong Kong Chinese. Plos ONE, 10(3), 1-10. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0119827.
Hope, Jenny in Dailymail.co.uk. (2013). Fat drivers are 80% more likely to die in a crash: Extra weight stops seat belts tightening properly. Acessível em: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-2266178/Fat-drivers-80-likely-die-crash-Extra-weight-stops-seat-belts-tightening-properly.html (22 de janeiro de 2013).
Hu, J., Zhang, K., Fanta, A., Jones, M. L. H., Reed, M. P., Neal, M., Wang, J., Lin, C. and Cao, L. (2017). Stature and Body Shape Effects on Driver Injury Risks in Frontal Crashes: A Parametric Human Modelling Study. IRC-17-85 IRCOBI conference 2017, 656–667.
Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. (2009). Booster Seat Belt Fit Evaluation Guidelines for Ratings. Arlington, VA.
Kahane, C. J. (2013). Injury vulnerability and effectiveness of occupant protection technologies for older occupants and women. (Report No. DOTHS 811 766). Washington, DC, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
Kent R, Henary B, Matsuoka F. (2005). On the fatal crash experience of older drivers. In: Annual Proceedings/Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine. Vol. 49. 2005:371–393.
Key, C.E.J., Morris, A.P. and Mansfield, N.J. (2016) ‘Situation awareness: its proficiency amongst older and younger drivers and its usefulness for perceiving hazards’, Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, Vol. 40, pp.156–168.
Kuk JL, Saunders TJ, Davidson LE, Ross R. (2009). Age-related changes in total and regional fat distribution. Ageing Res Rev. 2009; 8:339–348.
Kumanyika, S. K., & Brownson, R. C. (2007). Handbook of Obesity Prevention: A Resource for Health Professionals. New York: Springer.
Kurczewski, Nick. (2015). Smart Crash Test Dummies – The Latest Car Safety Tech – RoadandTrack.com. Road & Track. Retrieved 2 June 2015.
Langford J., Methorst R., Hakamies-Blomqvist L. (2006). Older Drivers Do Not Have A High Crash Risk—A Replication of Low Mileage Bias. Accident Analyses and Prevention, Vol. 38, pp. 574–578.
Lawrence Cheskin in National Geographic (2016). Why Are We So Fat?. Acessível em: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/health-and-human-body/human-body/fat-costs/. Acesso em: 10 de novembro de 2017.
Li, G., Braver, E.R. and Chen, L. (2003) ‘Fragility versus excessive crash involvement as determinants of high death rates per vehicle-mile of travel among older drivers’, Accident Analysis and Prevention, Vol. 35, pp.227–235.
Ma, X., Laud, P.W., et al. (2011). Obesity and non‐fatal motor vehicle crash injuries: sex difference effects. International Journal of Obesity, 2011, 35(9): p. 1216‐1224.
MAI - Ministério da Administração Interna. (2006). Decreto-Lei N.º 190/2006. Diário Da República, n.º 185-2, 1.a Série. pp.6995–6996.
Masudi T, Capitelli McMahon H, Scott JL, L. A. (2017). Seat belt-related injuries: A surgical perspective. J Emerg Trauma Shock, 70–73. https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-2700.201590.
McGill, S. (2007) Low Back Disorders: Evidence Based Prevention and Rehabilitation, 2nd ed., University of Waterloo, Human Kinetics, Champaign, IL.
Meuleners, L.B., Harding, A., Lee, A.H. and Legge, M. (2006). ‘Fragility and crash overrepresentation among older drivers in Western Australia’, Accident Analysis and Prevention, Vol. 38, No. 5, pp.1006–1010.
Mock, C.N., Grossman, D.C., Kaufman, R.P., Mack, C.D., and Rivara, F.P. (2002). The relationship between body weight and risk of death and serious injury in motor vehicle crashes. Accident Analyse Prevention, 34(2): p. 221‐8.
Molnar, L.J. & Eby, D.W. (2009). “Getting around: meeting the boomers’ mobility needs’, in Houston, R. (Ed.): Boomer Bust?”. Economic and Political Issues of the Graying Society, Praeger Publishing, Westport, CT, Vol. 2.
Moran, S.G., McGwin, G., Jr., et al. (2002). Injury rates among restrained drivers in motor vehicle collisions: the role of body habitus. The Journal of trauma, 52(6): p. 1116‐20.
Morris A, Welsh R, Hassan A. (2003). Requirements for the crash protection of older vehicle passengers. In: Annual Proceedings/Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine. Vol 47. 2003:165–180.
Nakahama, K. (2010). Cellular communications in bone homeostasis and repair. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, 67, pp.4001 – 4009.
Narayan, Y., Nahum, A. M., and Melvin, J.W. (2014). The Medical College of Wisconsin Inc., Accidental Injury: Biomechanics and Prevention, Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London, DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1732-7.
NHTSA - Highway Traffic Safety Administration, N., & Department of Transportation, U. (2013). 2013 Data: Older Population, (May). Retrieved from https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/812273.
OECD/ITF. (2014). Road Safety Annual Report 2014. DOI: 10.1787/irtad-2014-en. Acessível em: http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/transport/road-safety-annual-report-2014_irtad-2014-en Acedido em 15 de julho de 2016.
OECD/IRTAD. (2014). Road Safety 2014 Annual Report. International Transport Forum. International Traffic Safety Data and Analysis Group. http://www.itf-oecd.org/sites/default/files/docs/14irtadreport.pdf Accessed July 15, 2016.
Parenteau CS, Zhang P, Holcombe S, Wang S. (2014). Characterization of vertebral angle and torso depth by gender and age groups with a focus on occupant safety. Traffic Injury Prevention. 2014; 15:66–72.
Platts-Mills, T.F., Flannigan, S.A., Bortsov, A.V., Smith, S., Domeier, R.M., Swor, R.A. and McLean, S.A. (2015) ‘Persistent pain among older adults discharged home from the emergency department after motor vehicle crash: a prospective cohort study’, Annals of Emergency Medicine, Vol. 67 (2), pp.166–176.e1.
Portugal, Luís. (2012). Osteopenia e osteoporose: fatores modificáveis e não modificáveis. Universidade Fernando Pessoa, Faculdade de Ciências Da Saúde. Retrieved from http://bdigital.ufp.pt/bitstream/10284/3208/3/TM_15335.pdf.
PGDL – Procuradoria-Geral Distrital de Lisboa, Ministério Público. (2005). Regulamenta o uso de cinto de segurança pelo condutor e passageiros de veículos automóveis - Portaria n.º 311-A/2005, de 24/03. Acessível em: http://www.pgdlisboa.pt/leis/lei_mostra_articulado.php?nid=369&tabela=lei_velhas&nversao=1. Acesso em 5 de setembro de 2017.
Randi Belisomo in Reuters ‘Health News’ (2016). ‘Down the road: better seatbelts for seniors ‘. December 16, 2016. Acessível em: http://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-seniors-seatbelts/down-the-road-better-seatbelts-for-seniors-idUSKBN1452GO.
Reed, M. P., Park, B.-K., Hallman, J. J., & International Research Council on Biomechanics of, I. (2015). Effects of Driver Attributes on Lower Abdomen Contour, pp 701-705. Retrieved from http://www.ircobi.org/wordpress/downloads/irc15/default.htm https://trid.trb.org/view/1370830.
Reed, M.P. and Rupp, J.D. (2013). An anthropometric comparison of current ATDs with the U.S. adult population. Traffic injury prevention, 2013, 14(7): p. 703‐5.
Reed, M. P., Ebert, S. M., & Hallman, J. J. (2013). Effects of Driver Characteristics on Seat Belt Fit. Stapp Car Crash Journal, 57(November), 43–57.
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2019-09-09
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Direitos de Autor (c) 2019 Revista dos encontros internacionais Ergotrip Design
Este trabalho está licenciado com uma Licença Creative Commons - Atribuição 4.0 Internacional.
