Terâmenes nas Helênicas de Xenofonte
Palavras-chave:
Xenofonte;, Helênicas;, Democracia;, Terâmenes;, Atenas.
Resumo
Theramenes is a pivotal figure in the Hellenika, on account of his involvement in the condemnation of the Battle of Arginusae and his role as part of the Thirty Tyrants. In this article, we address the possibility of regarding Xenophon as an "inside critic" of Athe-nian democracy and propose a non-episodic reading, seeking to examine Theramenes as a politician of great influence within the dictates of the democratic structure, albeit being committed to dismantling it, and as a paradigm of the tyrant's friend.
Referências
ALLAN, A. (2013), “‘Thanks, but No Thanks’: Oikêia Kaka and Theramenes’ Failed Dokimasia”: Ancient History Bulletin 27, 23-28.
ALLEN, D. (2003), “Angry bees, Wasps and Jurors: The Symbolic Politics of Orge in Athens”: S. BRAUND, G. MOST (eds.) (2003), Ancient Anger: Perspectives from Homer to Galen. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 76-98.
ASMONTI, L. (2006), “The Arginusae trial, the changing role of strategoi and the relationship between demos and military leadership in late-fifth century Athens”: BICS 49, 1-21.
ASMONTI, L. (2010), "What do we mean by crisis? The culture of confrontation in the Greek city": Acme 63.1, 279-293.
ASMONTI, L. (2013), “‘From Athens to Athens’. Europe, crisis, and democracy: suggestions for a debate”: K. N. DEMETRIOU (ed.) (2013), Democracy in transition: political participation in the European Union. Heidelberg, Springer, 135-157.
AZOULAY, V. (2004), Xénophon et les grâces du pouvoir: de la charis au charisme. Paris, Publications de la Sorbonne.
BALOT, R. (2006), Greek Political Thought. Malden, Blackwell.
BEARZOT, C. (2013), Come si abbatte una democrazia. Tecniche di colpo di Stato nell'Atene antica. Roma/Bari, Laterza.
BEVILCQUA, F. (2018), “Socrates’ Attitude towards Politics in Xenophon and Plato: G. DANZIG, D. JOHNSON, D. MORRISON (eds.) (2018), Plato and Xenophon: Comparative Studies. Leiden/Boston: Brill, p. 461-486.
DANZIG, G. (2014), “The use and abuse of Critias: Conflicting portraits in Plato and Xenophon”: CQ 64.2, 507-524.
DELEBECQUE, É. (1957), Essai sur la vie de Xénophon. Paris, Klincksieck.
DILLERY, J. (1995), Xenophon and the history of his times. London/New York, Routledge.
ENGELS, J. (1993), “Der Michigan-Papyrus über Theramenes und die Ausbildung des 'Theramenes-Mythos'”: Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 99, 125-155.
FLOWER, M. (2015), “Implied Characterization and the Meaning of History in Xenophon’s Hellenica": R. ASH, J. MOSSMAN, F. B. TITCHENER (eds.) (2015), Fame and Infamy: Essays for Christopher Pelling on Characterization in Greek and Roman Biography and Historiography. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 110-127.
GISH, D. (2012), "Defending Dēmokratia: Athenian justice and the trial of the Arginusae generals in Xenophon’s Hellenica": F. HOBDEN, C. TUPLIN (eds.) (2012), Xenophon: Ethical Principles and Historical Enquiry. Leiden, Brill, 129-167.
GRAY, V. (1986). “Xenophon's Hiero and the Meeting of the Wise Man and Tyrant in Greek Literature”: The Classical Quarterly 36.1, 115-123.
GRAY, V. (1989), The Character of Xenophon′s Hellenica. London, Duckworth.
GRAY, V. (2004), “Le Socrate de Xénophon et la Democratie”: Les Études Philosophiques 2, 141-176.
HARDING, P. (1974), “The Theramenes Myth”: Phoenix 28.1, 101-111.
HARRIS, W. V. (2004), Restraining Rage: The Ideology of Anger Control in Ancient Antiquity. Cambridge/London, Harvard University Press.
HUMBLE, N. (1999), “Sôphrosynê and the Spartans in Xenophon”: A. POWELL, S. HODKINSON (eds.) (1999), Sparta: new perspectives. London/Swansea, Duckworth, 339-53.
HUMBLE, N. (2018), “Sparta in Xenophon and Plato”: G. DANZIG, D. JOHNSON, D. MORRISON (eds.) (2018), Plato and Xenophon: Comparative Studies. Leiden/Boston, Brill, 547-575.
HUNT, P. (2001), “The Slaves and the Generals of Arginusae”, AJPh 122.3, 359 380.
KROEKER, R. (2009), “Xenophon as a critic of Athenian democracy”: History of Political Thought 30. 2, 197-228.
LEÃO, D., SEBASTIANI, B. (2020). “Crises e mudanças na democracia ateniense: a atuação de Terâmenes entre oportunismo, legalismo e a ‘terceira via’”: Boletim de Estudos Clássicos 65, 35-55.
LEE, J. W. I. (2017), “Xenophon and his times”: M. FLOWER (ed.) (2017), Cambridge Companion to Xenophon. Cambridge/New York, Cambridge University Press, 15-36.
LOFTUS, A. (2000), “A New Fragment of the Theramenes Papyrus (P. Mich. 5796b)”: Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 133, 11-20.
LUCCIONI, J. (1947), Les idées politiques et sociales de Xenophon. Paris, Ophrys.
OBER, J. (1998), Political Dissent in Democratic Athens: Intellectual critics of popular rule. Princeton, Princeton University Press.
OSBORNE, R. (2003) "Changing the Discourse": K. A. MORGAN (ed.) (2003), Popular Tyranny: Sovereignty and its Discontents in Ancient Greece. Austin, University of Texas Press, 251-272.
PINTO, A. V. (2014), O Livro II das Helênicas de Xenofonte: estudo introdutório, tradução e notas. Dissertação de mestrado apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Letras Clássicas da Universidade de São Paulo. São Paulo.
POWNALL, F. (2004), Lessons from the Past: The Moral Use of History in Fourth-Century Prose. Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press, 2004.
POWNALL, F. (2012). “Critias in Xenophon's Hellenica”: Scripta Classica Israelica 31, 1-17.
PRITCHETT, W. K. (1974), The Greek State at War. Part II. Berkeley/Los Angeles, University of California Press.
RANCIÈRE, J. (2014), O ódio à democracia. São Paulo, Boitempo.
ROBERTS, J. (1977), “Arginusae once again”: CW 71.2, 107-111.
SAMMONS, L. (2004), What's wrong with democracy? From Athenian practice to American worship. Berkeley, University of California Press.
SANO, L. (2018), “O povo arrependido: Xenofonte e o julgamento dos generais da Batalha de Arginusas”: SEBASTIANI, B. B., LEÃO, D. et alii (eds.) (2018), A Poiesis da Democracia. Coimbra: Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra, 127-152.
SAUNDERS, T. (1994), Plato's Penal Code: Tradition, Controversy, and Reform in Greek Penology. Oxford, Clarendon.
SEVIERI, R. (2004). “The Imperfect Hero: Xenophon's Hiero as the (Self-)Taming of the Tyrant”: C. TUPLIN (ed.) (2004), Xenophon and his World. Stuttgart: F. Steiner, 277-288.
THOMAS, D. (2010). "Compositional Theories of Xenophon's Hellenica": R. STRASSLER (ed) (2010), The Landmark Xenophon's Hellenika. New York, Anchor Books, 417-419.
TUPLIN, C. (2017). “Xenophon and Athens”, M. FLOWER (ed.) (2017), Cambridge Companion to Xenophon. Cambridge/New York, Cambridge University Press, p. 338-359.
VAN WEES, H. (2004), Greek Warfare: Myths and Realities. London, Bristol Classical Press.
ALLEN, D. (2003), “Angry bees, Wasps and Jurors: The Symbolic Politics of Orge in Athens”: S. BRAUND, G. MOST (eds.) (2003), Ancient Anger: Perspectives from Homer to Galen. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 76-98.
ASMONTI, L. (2006), “The Arginusae trial, the changing role of strategoi and the relationship between demos and military leadership in late-fifth century Athens”: BICS 49, 1-21.
ASMONTI, L. (2010), "What do we mean by crisis? The culture of confrontation in the Greek city": Acme 63.1, 279-293.
ASMONTI, L. (2013), “‘From Athens to Athens’. Europe, crisis, and democracy: suggestions for a debate”: K. N. DEMETRIOU (ed.) (2013), Democracy in transition: political participation in the European Union. Heidelberg, Springer, 135-157.
AZOULAY, V. (2004), Xénophon et les grâces du pouvoir: de la charis au charisme. Paris, Publications de la Sorbonne.
BALOT, R. (2006), Greek Political Thought. Malden, Blackwell.
BEARZOT, C. (2013), Come si abbatte una democrazia. Tecniche di colpo di Stato nell'Atene antica. Roma/Bari, Laterza.
BEVILCQUA, F. (2018), “Socrates’ Attitude towards Politics in Xenophon and Plato: G. DANZIG, D. JOHNSON, D. MORRISON (eds.) (2018), Plato and Xenophon: Comparative Studies. Leiden/Boston: Brill, p. 461-486.
DANZIG, G. (2014), “The use and abuse of Critias: Conflicting portraits in Plato and Xenophon”: CQ 64.2, 507-524.
DELEBECQUE, É. (1957), Essai sur la vie de Xénophon. Paris, Klincksieck.
DILLERY, J. (1995), Xenophon and the history of his times. London/New York, Routledge.
ENGELS, J. (1993), “Der Michigan-Papyrus über Theramenes und die Ausbildung des 'Theramenes-Mythos'”: Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 99, 125-155.
FLOWER, M. (2015), “Implied Characterization and the Meaning of History in Xenophon’s Hellenica": R. ASH, J. MOSSMAN, F. B. TITCHENER (eds.) (2015), Fame and Infamy: Essays for Christopher Pelling on Characterization in Greek and Roman Biography and Historiography. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 110-127.
GISH, D. (2012), "Defending Dēmokratia: Athenian justice and the trial of the Arginusae generals in Xenophon’s Hellenica": F. HOBDEN, C. TUPLIN (eds.) (2012), Xenophon: Ethical Principles and Historical Enquiry. Leiden, Brill, 129-167.
GRAY, V. (1986). “Xenophon's Hiero and the Meeting of the Wise Man and Tyrant in Greek Literature”: The Classical Quarterly 36.1, 115-123.
GRAY, V. (1989), The Character of Xenophon′s Hellenica. London, Duckworth.
GRAY, V. (2004), “Le Socrate de Xénophon et la Democratie”: Les Études Philosophiques 2, 141-176.
HARDING, P. (1974), “The Theramenes Myth”: Phoenix 28.1, 101-111.
HARRIS, W. V. (2004), Restraining Rage: The Ideology of Anger Control in Ancient Antiquity. Cambridge/London, Harvard University Press.
HUMBLE, N. (1999), “Sôphrosynê and the Spartans in Xenophon”: A. POWELL, S. HODKINSON (eds.) (1999), Sparta: new perspectives. London/Swansea, Duckworth, 339-53.
HUMBLE, N. (2018), “Sparta in Xenophon and Plato”: G. DANZIG, D. JOHNSON, D. MORRISON (eds.) (2018), Plato and Xenophon: Comparative Studies. Leiden/Boston, Brill, 547-575.
HUNT, P. (2001), “The Slaves and the Generals of Arginusae”, AJPh 122.3, 359 380.
KROEKER, R. (2009), “Xenophon as a critic of Athenian democracy”: History of Political Thought 30. 2, 197-228.
LEÃO, D., SEBASTIANI, B. (2020). “Crises e mudanças na democracia ateniense: a atuação de Terâmenes entre oportunismo, legalismo e a ‘terceira via’”: Boletim de Estudos Clássicos 65, 35-55.
LEE, J. W. I. (2017), “Xenophon and his times”: M. FLOWER (ed.) (2017), Cambridge Companion to Xenophon. Cambridge/New York, Cambridge University Press, 15-36.
LOFTUS, A. (2000), “A New Fragment of the Theramenes Papyrus (P. Mich. 5796b)”: Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 133, 11-20.
LUCCIONI, J. (1947), Les idées politiques et sociales de Xenophon. Paris, Ophrys.
OBER, J. (1998), Political Dissent in Democratic Athens: Intellectual critics of popular rule. Princeton, Princeton University Press.
OSBORNE, R. (2003) "Changing the Discourse": K. A. MORGAN (ed.) (2003), Popular Tyranny: Sovereignty and its Discontents in Ancient Greece. Austin, University of Texas Press, 251-272.
PINTO, A. V. (2014), O Livro II das Helênicas de Xenofonte: estudo introdutório, tradução e notas. Dissertação de mestrado apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Letras Clássicas da Universidade de São Paulo. São Paulo.
POWNALL, F. (2004), Lessons from the Past: The Moral Use of History in Fourth-Century Prose. Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press, 2004.
POWNALL, F. (2012). “Critias in Xenophon's Hellenica”: Scripta Classica Israelica 31, 1-17.
PRITCHETT, W. K. (1974), The Greek State at War. Part II. Berkeley/Los Angeles, University of California Press.
RANCIÈRE, J. (2014), O ódio à democracia. São Paulo, Boitempo.
ROBERTS, J. (1977), “Arginusae once again”: CW 71.2, 107-111.
SAMMONS, L. (2004), What's wrong with democracy? From Athenian practice to American worship. Berkeley, University of California Press.
SANO, L. (2018), “O povo arrependido: Xenofonte e o julgamento dos generais da Batalha de Arginusas”: SEBASTIANI, B. B., LEÃO, D. et alii (eds.) (2018), A Poiesis da Democracia. Coimbra: Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra, 127-152.
SAUNDERS, T. (1994), Plato's Penal Code: Tradition, Controversy, and Reform in Greek Penology. Oxford, Clarendon.
SEVIERI, R. (2004). “The Imperfect Hero: Xenophon's Hiero as the (Self-)Taming of the Tyrant”: C. TUPLIN (ed.) (2004), Xenophon and his World. Stuttgart: F. Steiner, 277-288.
THOMAS, D. (2010). "Compositional Theories of Xenophon's Hellenica": R. STRASSLER (ed) (2010), The Landmark Xenophon's Hellenika. New York, Anchor Books, 417-419.
TUPLIN, C. (2017). “Xenophon and Athens”, M. FLOWER (ed.) (2017), Cambridge Companion to Xenophon. Cambridge/New York, Cambridge University Press, p. 338-359.
VAN WEES, H. (2004), Greek Warfare: Myths and Realities. London, Bristol Classical Press.
Publicado
2021-04-10
Secção
Artigos
Direitos de Autor (c) 2021 Ágora. Estudos Clássicos em Debate
Este trabalho está licenciado com uma Licença Creative Commons - Atribuição 4.0 Internacional.
