Lideranças e crises da democracia antiga em Heródoto, Tucídides, Xenofonte e Políbio
Palavras-chave:
democracia;, Heródoto;, Tucídides;, Políbio;, narrativa.
Resumo
O texto examina passos dos referidos historiadores em busca de compreender quão frágil uma democracia pode ser enquanto fruto de escolha e criação coletiva e, ao mesmo tempo, quão resiliente quando da atuação de lideranças que tudo fizeram para destruí-la e, ao fim de todos os seus esforços, apenas fomentaram forças que acabariam por restaurá-la ou reforçá-la depois de temporariamente abatida. A partir da abordagem enativa proposta por Y. Popova (2015), discute como as narrativas produzidas a partir dos exemplos examinados permanecem válidas para se pensar problemas contemporâneos.
Referências
BARBOSA, L. M. (2011), “O demagogo e o homem providencial: Pisístrato pelas Histórias, de Heródoto”: Cadmo 21 (2011) 167-182.
BERENT, M. (1998), “‘Stasis’, or the Greek Invention of Politics”: History of Political Thought 19.3 (1998) 331-362.
CASSESE, S. (2017), La democrazia e i suoi limiti. Milano, Mondadori.
CONDILO, C. S. (2010), Heródoto, as tiranias e o pensamento político nas Histórias. São Paulo, Annablume.
CROUCH, C. (2019), “Post-Democracy and Populism”, The Political Quarterly 90.1 (2019) 124-137.
DEWALD, C. (2003), “Form and Content: The Question of Tyranny in Herodotus”: K. A. MORGAN (coord.) (2003), Sovereignity and Its Discontents in Ancient Greece. Popular Tyranny. Austin, University of Texas Press, 25 58.
ERSKINE, A. (2013a), “Making Sense of the Romans: Polybius and the Greek Perspective”: DHA 9 (2013a) 115-129.
ERSKINE, A. (2013b), “How to Rule the World: Polybius Book 6 Reconsidered”: B. GIBSON; T. HARRISON (coord.) (2013), Polybius and his World. Essays in Memory of F. W. Walbank. Oxford, OUP, 231-245.
FARRAR, C. (1988), The Origins of Democratic Thinking. The Invention of Politics in Classical Athens. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
FERRARIO, S. B. (2017), “Xenophon and Greek Political Thought”: M. A. FLOWER (coord.) (2017), The Cambridge Companion to Xenophon. Cambridge, CUP, 57-83.
FINLEY, M. I. (1985), Democracy Ancient and Modern. Revised Edition. New Brunswick, Rutgers University Press.
GIBBS JR, R. W. (2014), “Embodied Metaphor”: J. LITTLEMORE; J. R. TAYLOR (coord.) (2014), The Bloomsbury Companion to Cognitive Linguistics, London-New Delhi-New York-Sydney, Bloomsbury, 167-184.
GRADY, J. E. (2007), “Metaphor”: GEERAERTS, D.; CUYCKENS, H. (coord.) (2007), The Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics, Oxford, OUP, 188-213.
GUELFUCCI, M. R. (2010), “Polybe, le regard politique, la structure des Histoires et la construction du sens”: Cahiers des études anciennes 47 (2010) 329-357.
HANSEN, H. M. (1989), Was Athens a Democracy? Popular Rule, Liberty and Equality in Ancient and Modern Political Thought. Copenhagen, Det Kongelige Dansk Videnskabernes Selskab.
HANSEN, H. M. (2005), The Tradition of Ancient Greek Democracy and its Importance for Modern Democracy. Copenhagen, Det Kongelige Dansk Videnskabernes Selskab.
HANSEN, H. M. (2006), Polis. An Introduction to the Ancient Greek City-State. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
INTERNATIONAL IDEA (2018), The Global State of Democracy in Focus. The Global State of Democracy: Key Findings and New Data. Stockholm, International IDEA.
KROEKER, R. (2009), “Xenophon as a Critique of Athenian Democracy”: History of Political Thought 30.2 (2009) 197-228.
LANE, M. (2012), “The Origins of the Statesman—Demagogue Distinction in and after Ancient Athens”: JHI 73.2 (2012) 179-200.
LEVITSKY, S.; ZIBLATT, D. (coord.) (2018), How Democracies Die. New York, Crown.
LOPES, D. R. N. (2018), “O limite da democracia: o problema da tirania do ponto de vista psicológico em Heródoto e no Édipo Rei, de Sófocles”: B. B. SEBASTIANI et alii (coord.) (2018), A poiesis da democracia. Coimbra, Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra, 325-352.
MARSILI, L.; VAROUFAKIS, Y. (2017), Il terzo spazio. Oltre establishment e populismo. Bari; Roma, Laterza.
MORGAN, K. A. (coord.) (2003), Popular Tyranny. Sovereignty and its Discontents in Ancient Greece. Austin, University of Texas Press.
MOUNK, Y. (2018), The People vs. Democracy. Why our Freedom is in Danger and how to Save it. Cambridge, HUP.
MUSTI, D. (2006), Demokratía. Origini di un’idea. Roma, Laterza.
MYERS, R. (1991), “La démocratie chez Hérodote. Une étude du Débat sur les régimes”: CJPS 24.3 (1991) 541-555.
OBER, J. (1989), Mass and Elite in Democratic Athens. Rhetoric, Ideology, and the Power of the People. Princeton, PUP.
PATRIQUIN, L. (2015), Economic Equality and Direct Democracy in Ancient Athens. New York, Palgrave Macmillan.
PEBARTHE, C. (2012), “Faire l’histoire de la démocratie Athénienne avec Cornelius Castoriadis”: REA 114 (2012) 139-157.
PETRUCCIANI, S. (2014), Democrazia. Torino, Einaudi.
POPOVA, Y. (2015), Stories, Meaning, and Experience. Narrativity and Enaction, New York-London, Routledge.
PRICE, J. J. (2004), Thucydides and Internal War. Cambridge, CUP.
RODRIGUES, N. S. (2018), “Os tiranicidas de Atenas: entre a representação aristocrática e a ideologia democrática”: B. B. SEBASTIANI et alii (coord.) (2018), A poiesis da democracia. Coimbra, Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra, 157-186.
SALDUTTI, V. (2015), “Sul demagogo e la demagogia in età classica. Una sintesi critica”: Incidenza dell’Antico 13 (2015) 81-110.
SEAGER, R. (2013), “Polybius’ Distortions of the Roman ‘Constitution’: A Simpl(istic) Explanation”: B. Gibson; T. Harrison (coord.) (2013), Polybius and his World. Essays in Memory of F. W. Walbank. Oxford, OUP, 247-254.
SEBASTIANI, B. B. (2018a), “The Coups of 411 and 404 in Athens: Thucydides and Xenophon on Conservative Turns”: GRBS 58.4 (2018a) 490-515.
SEBASTIANI, B. B. (2018b), “Atenas, 411: do golpe oligárquico à poiesis da democracia”: B. B. SEBASTIANI et alii (coord.) (2018), A poiesis da democracia. Coimbra, Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra, 68-94.
SIGNER, M. (2009), Demagogue. The Fight to Save Democracy from its Worst Enemies. New York, Palgrave MacMillan.
SOARES, M. T. M. (2018), “Logomaquia e a crítica à retórica democrática ateniense em Tucídides”: B. B. SEBASTIANI et alii (coord.) (2018), A poiesis da democracia. Coimbra, Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra, 97-125.
SOLANO, E. (2018), Crise da democracia e extremismos de direita. São Paulo, FES-Brasil.
STIGLITZ, J. E. (2019), People, Power, and Profits. Progressive Capitalism for an Age of Discontent. New York; London, W. W. Norton & Co.
TAY, D. (2014), “Lakoff and the Theory of Conceptual Metaphor”: J. LITTLE-MORE; J. R. TAYLOR (coord.) (2014), The Bloomsbury Companion to Cognitive Linguistics, London-New Delhi-New York-Sydney, Bloomsbury, 49-59.
TEERGARDEN, D. A. (2014), Death to Tyrants! Ancient Greek Democracy and the Struggle against Tyranny. Princeton; Oxford, PUP.
THORNTON, J. (2013), “Polybius in Context: The Political Dimension of the Histories”: B. GIBSON; T. HARRISON (coord.) (2013), Polybius and his World. Essays in Memory of F. W. Walbank. Oxford, OUP, 213-229.
TUCI, P. A. (2013), La fragilità della democrazia. Manipolazione istituzionale ed eversione nel colpo di stato oligarchico del 411 a.C. ad Atene. Milano, Led-Online.
VAROUFAKIS, Y. (2018), “Introduction”: K. MARX; F. ENGELS. (2018), The Comunist Manifesto. London, Vintage, 7-14.
ZUNINO, M. L. (2013), “La maschera del tiranno. Il potere, la giustizia e l’identità civica”: F. GAZZANO; L. S. AMANTINI (coord.) (2013). Le maschere del potere. Leadership e culto della personalità nelle relazioni fra gli stati dall’ Antichità al mondo contemporaneo. Roma, “L’ Erma” di Bretschneider, 23-55.
BERENT, M. (1998), “‘Stasis’, or the Greek Invention of Politics”: History of Political Thought 19.3 (1998) 331-362.
CASSESE, S. (2017), La democrazia e i suoi limiti. Milano, Mondadori.
CONDILO, C. S. (2010), Heródoto, as tiranias e o pensamento político nas Histórias. São Paulo, Annablume.
CROUCH, C. (2019), “Post-Democracy and Populism”, The Political Quarterly 90.1 (2019) 124-137.
DEWALD, C. (2003), “Form and Content: The Question of Tyranny in Herodotus”: K. A. MORGAN (coord.) (2003), Sovereignity and Its Discontents in Ancient Greece. Popular Tyranny. Austin, University of Texas Press, 25 58.
ERSKINE, A. (2013a), “Making Sense of the Romans: Polybius and the Greek Perspective”: DHA 9 (2013a) 115-129.
ERSKINE, A. (2013b), “How to Rule the World: Polybius Book 6 Reconsidered”: B. GIBSON; T. HARRISON (coord.) (2013), Polybius and his World. Essays in Memory of F. W. Walbank. Oxford, OUP, 231-245.
FARRAR, C. (1988), The Origins of Democratic Thinking. The Invention of Politics in Classical Athens. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
FERRARIO, S. B. (2017), “Xenophon and Greek Political Thought”: M. A. FLOWER (coord.) (2017), The Cambridge Companion to Xenophon. Cambridge, CUP, 57-83.
FINLEY, M. I. (1985), Democracy Ancient and Modern. Revised Edition. New Brunswick, Rutgers University Press.
GIBBS JR, R. W. (2014), “Embodied Metaphor”: J. LITTLEMORE; J. R. TAYLOR (coord.) (2014), The Bloomsbury Companion to Cognitive Linguistics, London-New Delhi-New York-Sydney, Bloomsbury, 167-184.
GRADY, J. E. (2007), “Metaphor”: GEERAERTS, D.; CUYCKENS, H. (coord.) (2007), The Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics, Oxford, OUP, 188-213.
GUELFUCCI, M. R. (2010), “Polybe, le regard politique, la structure des Histoires et la construction du sens”: Cahiers des études anciennes 47 (2010) 329-357.
HANSEN, H. M. (1989), Was Athens a Democracy? Popular Rule, Liberty and Equality in Ancient and Modern Political Thought. Copenhagen, Det Kongelige Dansk Videnskabernes Selskab.
HANSEN, H. M. (2005), The Tradition of Ancient Greek Democracy and its Importance for Modern Democracy. Copenhagen, Det Kongelige Dansk Videnskabernes Selskab.
HANSEN, H. M. (2006), Polis. An Introduction to the Ancient Greek City-State. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
INTERNATIONAL IDEA (2018), The Global State of Democracy in Focus. The Global State of Democracy: Key Findings and New Data. Stockholm, International IDEA.
KROEKER, R. (2009), “Xenophon as a Critique of Athenian Democracy”: History of Political Thought 30.2 (2009) 197-228.
LANE, M. (2012), “The Origins of the Statesman—Demagogue Distinction in and after Ancient Athens”: JHI 73.2 (2012) 179-200.
LEVITSKY, S.; ZIBLATT, D. (coord.) (2018), How Democracies Die. New York, Crown.
LOPES, D. R. N. (2018), “O limite da democracia: o problema da tirania do ponto de vista psicológico em Heródoto e no Édipo Rei, de Sófocles”: B. B. SEBASTIANI et alii (coord.) (2018), A poiesis da democracia. Coimbra, Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra, 325-352.
MARSILI, L.; VAROUFAKIS, Y. (2017), Il terzo spazio. Oltre establishment e populismo. Bari; Roma, Laterza.
MORGAN, K. A. (coord.) (2003), Popular Tyranny. Sovereignty and its Discontents in Ancient Greece. Austin, University of Texas Press.
MOUNK, Y. (2018), The People vs. Democracy. Why our Freedom is in Danger and how to Save it. Cambridge, HUP.
MUSTI, D. (2006), Demokratía. Origini di un’idea. Roma, Laterza.
MYERS, R. (1991), “La démocratie chez Hérodote. Une étude du Débat sur les régimes”: CJPS 24.3 (1991) 541-555.
OBER, J. (1989), Mass and Elite in Democratic Athens. Rhetoric, Ideology, and the Power of the People. Princeton, PUP.
PATRIQUIN, L. (2015), Economic Equality and Direct Democracy in Ancient Athens. New York, Palgrave Macmillan.
PEBARTHE, C. (2012), “Faire l’histoire de la démocratie Athénienne avec Cornelius Castoriadis”: REA 114 (2012) 139-157.
PETRUCCIANI, S. (2014), Democrazia. Torino, Einaudi.
POPOVA, Y. (2015), Stories, Meaning, and Experience. Narrativity and Enaction, New York-London, Routledge.
PRICE, J. J. (2004), Thucydides and Internal War. Cambridge, CUP.
RODRIGUES, N. S. (2018), “Os tiranicidas de Atenas: entre a representação aristocrática e a ideologia democrática”: B. B. SEBASTIANI et alii (coord.) (2018), A poiesis da democracia. Coimbra, Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra, 157-186.
SALDUTTI, V. (2015), “Sul demagogo e la demagogia in età classica. Una sintesi critica”: Incidenza dell’Antico 13 (2015) 81-110.
SEAGER, R. (2013), “Polybius’ Distortions of the Roman ‘Constitution’: A Simpl(istic) Explanation”: B. Gibson; T. Harrison (coord.) (2013), Polybius and his World. Essays in Memory of F. W. Walbank. Oxford, OUP, 247-254.
SEBASTIANI, B. B. (2018a), “The Coups of 411 and 404 in Athens: Thucydides and Xenophon on Conservative Turns”: GRBS 58.4 (2018a) 490-515.
SEBASTIANI, B. B. (2018b), “Atenas, 411: do golpe oligárquico à poiesis da democracia”: B. B. SEBASTIANI et alii (coord.) (2018), A poiesis da democracia. Coimbra, Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra, 68-94.
SIGNER, M. (2009), Demagogue. The Fight to Save Democracy from its Worst Enemies. New York, Palgrave MacMillan.
SOARES, M. T. M. (2018), “Logomaquia e a crítica à retórica democrática ateniense em Tucídides”: B. B. SEBASTIANI et alii (coord.) (2018), A poiesis da democracia. Coimbra, Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra, 97-125.
SOLANO, E. (2018), Crise da democracia e extremismos de direita. São Paulo, FES-Brasil.
STIGLITZ, J. E. (2019), People, Power, and Profits. Progressive Capitalism for an Age of Discontent. New York; London, W. W. Norton & Co.
TAY, D. (2014), “Lakoff and the Theory of Conceptual Metaphor”: J. LITTLE-MORE; J. R. TAYLOR (coord.) (2014), The Bloomsbury Companion to Cognitive Linguistics, London-New Delhi-New York-Sydney, Bloomsbury, 49-59.
TEERGARDEN, D. A. (2014), Death to Tyrants! Ancient Greek Democracy and the Struggle against Tyranny. Princeton; Oxford, PUP.
THORNTON, J. (2013), “Polybius in Context: The Political Dimension of the Histories”: B. GIBSON; T. HARRISON (coord.) (2013), Polybius and his World. Essays in Memory of F. W. Walbank. Oxford, OUP, 213-229.
TUCI, P. A. (2013), La fragilità della democrazia. Manipolazione istituzionale ed eversione nel colpo di stato oligarchico del 411 a.C. ad Atene. Milano, Led-Online.
VAROUFAKIS, Y. (2018), “Introduction”: K. MARX; F. ENGELS. (2018), The Comunist Manifesto. London, Vintage, 7-14.
ZUNINO, M. L. (2013), “La maschera del tiranno. Il potere, la giustizia e l’identità civica”: F. GAZZANO; L. S. AMANTINI (coord.) (2013). Le maschere del potere. Leadership e culto della personalità nelle relazioni fra gli stati dall’ Antichità al mondo contemporaneo. Roma, “L’ Erma” di Bretschneider, 23-55.
Publicado
2021-04-10
Secção
Artigos
Direitos de Autor (c) 2021 Ágora. Estudos Clássicos em Debate
Este trabalho está licenciado com uma Licença Creative Commons - Atribuição 4.0 Internacional.
